![Bibliografia przekładów literatury polskiej w Słowenii w latach 2007—2012](/api/image/getissuecoverimage?id=picture_2014_16282.jpg)
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Amila Buturović describes an archetypical Bosnian-Herzegovinan literary form - macaronic verse, i.e. verse which switches to and fro between languages (in this case, Bosnian and Turkish). Crucially, Buturović argues, this is a poetry of "multiplicity" rather than "national purity". At the moment, as even the Serbo-Croat language has split into the particularities of Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian, there seems to be little room for linguistic multiplicity. "One Saturday morning as the cottage country north of Toronto awoke to a temporary ice age, my three-year old daughter broke its frigid stillness outdoors by resorting to a polyglot description: "Mommy," she said, "çok je zima outside." Put in plain English it meant, "Mommy, it is very cold outside". Enchanted by her linguistic economy and multivocality, I found myself face to face with a set of questions raised by her spontaneous leap through three languages - English, Turkish, and Bosnian - which captured with such candor her impressions. It struck me that the difference between the two statements." (...)
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Linguistic representation of new extralinguistic reality and phenomena (with newly lexicalized denotata) establishes a relation between a newly opened referential conceptual world and the current, productive vocabulary, resulting in a broader socially functional capacity and effi cacy (funcionality) of the Slovene language. Electronic texts in conversational form are characterized by a structure highly resemblant of the structure of spoken texts, the main difference being in the pattern of turn taking, which is a media-related feature. E-texts also include communicative signals in the form of specific signs (various punctuation marks, suspension dots etc). Developmental semantico-syntactic changes are discussed primarily in terms of transitivity. As a categorial semantic component, transitivity makes part of the denotative meaning mainly of verbs and deverbal derivational expressions. As a systemic indicator of semantico-syntactic changes in verbs, it causes rearrangement of their meaning within a lexeme or it reveals and determines new meanings. Transitivity changes are analyzed for two types of verbs: (a) verbs which themselves denotate new extralinguistic reality (technical: digitalizirati/internetizirati vse, to digitalize/to internet everything, ekologizirati regionalni sistem, to ecologíze the regional system, internetizirati vse, to internet(ize) everything, piratizirati programe, to piratize software, poračunaliti vsa opravila, to computerize all tasks poskenirati sliko to skan a picture, to network with a system of channels, vitaminizirati margarino, to vitaminize margerine, tehnizirati kmetijstvo, to technicize agriculture, etc, or sociopolitical: albanizirati/ amerikanizirati/ argentizirati se/koga, to albanize/americanize/argentinize oneself/somebody, globalizirati družbo, to globalize society, internacionalizirati študij, to internationalize studies, regionalizirati dejavnost, to regionalize one’s activities, reprivatizirati lastništvo, to reprivatize ownership (=to restore private property), zdemoralizirati družbo, to demoralize society, etc; (b) verbs that only introduce new extralinguistic reality (igrati (se) na računalnik, to play with the computer/to play computer games, pognati programska okna, to run program windows, prostituirati se industriji, to prostitute oneself (=to sell out) to the industry, servisirati izstope na sisteme, to service access to systems, seliti se na strežnik, to move to (another) server.
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The paper analyses two groups of verbs in the Bulgarian language (primary imperfectives and denominal derivatives in -iram/-iziram, -uvam/-ovam), morphologically uncharacterized w.r.t. aspect and without suffixal aspectual correlates. In classical theories of aspect they are traditionally interpreted as biaspectual – i.e. verbs which, depending on their nominal and adverbial environment, function in certain conditions as imperfectives, in others – as perfectives. We have chosen, as a theoretical starting point to the analysis of such verbs, the theory of aspect of St. Karolak, where aspect is interpreted as a conceptual (universal) category, the aspectual component being an inherent constituent of the lexical meaning of the verb – that is to say, a specific aspectual concept cannot be subjected to transformation and elimination. Such an approach makes it possible to demonstrate that the concept of “biaspectual verb” in the above-defined sense is untenable and has no heuristic value. The analysis of the verbs from the two differentiated groups proves that, independently of their formal similarity, the verbs belonging to them relate to different aspectual classes and are the markers of aspectual structures, which are non-identical in character and in degree of complexity. It is necessary to point out that the aspectual oppositions in such verbs are achieved within their stems (present, imperfect vs aorist; present vs present), where it is possible to observe a semantic derivation and increase in complexity of the aspectual structure along with a change in the hierarchy between components, without this taking place in the manner typical of the Slavonic languages – by means of aspectual suffixes. Precisely this is the reason why such verbs are treated as “biaspectual”.
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The paper presents an investigation of the semantics of past passive participles derived from intransitive verbs and structures with the component ce, which marks a variety of semantic and syntactic changes in the proposition, as well as the functioning of predicative structures with such participles. The study is based on the methodology of semantic syntax and, in particular, on the understanding of the compound structure of complex concepts and the varying theme-rheme order of the arguments of the predicate – which opens possibilities for different conceptualizations of one and the same situation. We also refer to Prof. Karolak’s theory of aspect as a semantic category and on aspectual meaning as a configuration of the simple aspectual meanings of perfectivity and imperfectivity, as well as on his classification of verbs. An analysis is made of the dependency between the possibility to form passive participles out of ntransitive verbs and the semantic structure of the predicate, expressed by the respective verb. It is established that passive participles are formed out of intransitive verbs with the component ce, which are bearers of configurations of aspectual components with a specific semantic value, one of these being state – predominantly of inchoative configurations, semantically derived from resultatives, and of triaspectual telics, reduced in the aorist stem to inchoatives. We arrive at the conclusion that structures with the auxiliary "s'm" and passive participles of intransitive verbs are markers of statal passive and mainly express states from man’s emotional and mental sphere. Such structures are also used to code states of affairs as a result of processes and activities, which according to the speaker’s assessment are not subject to specification, are not brought about by intensional impact, are not observable, or their substantiation is not communicatively relevant.
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High frequency of VV clusters is typical for Albanian language. As can be seen foreign lexicon is the rich source of vocalic clusters occurring within morphemes. In the domestic words vocalic sequences are found mainly on morphemic boundaries. Thanks to the morphology of verbs the inventory of final VV clusters in Albanian words is quite rich too. Frequency of VV clusters in Albanian is compared with other Slavic Languages.
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The paper reviews the syntactic-semantic structures including the realization of the relative temporal determination of the sentence predication by a nominal form – nondeverbal and deverbal – in the genitive case in the standard Serbian language. The author presents the semantic types (temporal identification, temporal quantification, temporal frequency) and corresponding syntactic models, discussing, in relevant cases, their special pragmatic characteristics. This paper deals with the analysis of a part of the semantic field of ‘hope’ in the contemporary Serbian language. The oncoming analysis is an illustration of the implementation of the semantic prime devised by Anna Wierzbicka to show the meanings of the verb „nadati se” (to hope), its synonyms, antonyms, as well as the Christian meaning of' „hope”. The classification of the meanings of the verb „nadati se” is looked at in the context of three different spheres of Apresjan's „picture of the world”, these being emotional, intellectual, and illocutionary.
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The author talks about how and when the conjunctions da and kako can be used concurrently in a complex sentence in Serbian language. She claims that conjunction kako has variable signifícance, depending on whether it introduces a complement clause without any consequences to its semantics (neutral, not stressed conjunction kako1), or it introduces new additions to the semantics (semantically marked kako2), while conjunction kako3 can be at the same time compulsory determinant of the complement predicate, where it is not possible to exchange it with a complementary conjunction da. The author illustrates all the above mentioned usages of the complementary conjunction kako through examples from the literary texts of the Serbian writers from the end of 19th and the beginning of 20th century.
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