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Expression of directivity in opinion articles written by politicians is analysed.
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Article is devoted to the genre and stylistic analysis of modern epistolary texts involved in the sphere of commercial, social and political advertising. Purpose of the article − to reveal the universal property of the epistolary genre, capable of virtue and polidiskursivity polyfunctionality move from one sphere of communication to another, from one style to another. In line with the approach indicated distinguished authentic (owned by the original genetically spoken communication) and inauthentic (operating in other areas of interpersonal interaction) epistolary texts. Advertising works with the format of letters have specific structural, typological, functional and pragmatic qualities, appearance is due to the union organization in the stylistic texts began several styles. Letter qualifies as a stable functional stylistic variety epistolary Amenable stylistic modifications, but at the same time preserving their invariant features.
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This paper highlights new development of lexicographical practice and new forms of dictionary information representation. The contemporary lexicographic discourse is considered in sociocultural, cognitive and communicative-pragmatic aspects with emphasis on interaction of objective and subjective parts of a dictionary meaning representation. The paper discusses a possibility of introduction the prototype meaning as a mean of keeping balance between academic and unsophisticated types of knowledge of the language user. There are also examples that show the increasing role of personality in a process of dictionary creation. The methods of culturally labeled information introduction into dictionary zones are discussed. Special focus is orientated on textual corpuses during somatization of the word. It helps to give a full characteristic of discursive potential of the word and build the dictionary entry in a way leading to the right usage of the word. In the end some conclusions about peculiarities of modern lexicographic discourse are made.
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The article is devoted to analysis of semantic of concepts “reading” and “writing” in the semantic structure of the provincial plot of Russian literature XIX century. These concepts make thematic differences between different groups of the plots. In the story-telling level province also presents a-lexical and a-graphical world, where reading is replaced by a card game or other un-intellectual pastime. Writing as creative act is compared with writing as work with business papers. In the article variants, connected with destruction of archaic model “the world as book”, are analyzed. This semantic is determined of typological peculiarities of fiction (P. Zasodimsky, M. Al’bov, D. V. Grigorovich and other). These concepts are changed in the mas-terpieces of the Russian literature (N. Leskov, I. Goncharov, A. Chekhov). Here, reading and writing (as “pisanie”) are contrasted with Creative and New Testament (“Pisanie”).
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In the first part of the article examines the history of the study of the Russian language in Mongolia, the positions that it held in society under socialism, a little more analysis of the current state of the Russian language in Mongolia. In this case the author highlights the fact that the Soviet-Mongolian relations were characterized by a deliberate policy in the sphere of cultural rapprochement between the two nations and a high level of integration, so that in the period in Mongolia has formed a group of intellectuals focused on Russian language. Further notes with some regret that in the democratic changes of the late twentieth century. The country's linguistic situation changed: the fore made English, is considered an international means of communication, then what now we talk about Russia's dominant position in the educational and cultural space of Mongolia is not necessary. However, the author emphasizes that at the moment, in the apt definition V. G. Kostomarov Academician, Russian language in Mongolia take its rightful place alongside other foreign languages. In the second part of the article the author examines the issues related to “interference” mistakes made by students Mongols while studying Russian language, among which, according to the author, the first place is occupied by the Russian verb occurrences.
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The article describes the dynamic processes, happening in the semantic field “Laugh”. It consists of lexico-semantic groups of verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs, words of a category of state and interjections. The author considers the changes of the lexical structure of the lexico-semantic groups of verbs, verbal idioms and nouns, entering this semantic field. Special attention is paid to the emergence of new words and new lexical meanings, and also a release of words from the use. At the end of the article the author sums it all up by saying, that the semantic field “Laugh” is a self-organizing dynamic fragment of the Russian lexical system. It constantly changes and develops. On the one hand, dynamic processes in the semantic field “Laugh” show changes of life of the Russian society, but on the other hand, changes in the Russian language picture of the world are reflected in them. А release of words from the use shows changes of a condition of the Russian laughter culture.
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The authors describe the formation of an adult person’s lexicon, including multistage processes of inclusion/replacement of lexical units. Dynamic processes in the structure of language personality are constant, but the intensity of these processes can be caused both by the external factors and the potential of language personality. The acquisition of new language and mental zones, as well as the changes in the significance level of language unit (so called “vocabulary cleaning”) have the same nature and the same stages. These stages include looking for a new word or inappropriate “old” word, defining its significance level, comparing the certain word with the rest of vocabulary (firstly with its synonyms), building the micro-paradigm of the rival (correlated) words, learning to mine the usual meaning and then – the new one, commented by the usual, and at the very end – the new word, marked as new, recently acquired word. Dynamic processes in the personal vocabulary enable to characterize the person in a certain way, introducing new aspects in the typology of language personalities that are language sensitivity/insensitivity, quality, speed and ways of changes in the personality’s lexicon.
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The paper is devoted to Linguocultural lexicography. Existing and potential Russian-English and Russian-German Linguocultural dictionaries are examined. Examples of dictionary entries are given. Linguocultural dictionaries are based on certain theoretical principles and among these are cultural specifity of information, combination of linguistic and extralinguistic aspects, logical and psychological components of meanings, ostensive definitions. Linguocultural dictionaries are compiled according to two main principles: 1) cultural specificity of the lexeme or any components of word meanings; 2) familiarity of the dictionary information for all the speakers of the given language. Studying language it is necessary, on the one hand, to examine the material artifacts of culture, science, history, folklore etc. On the other hand we enter the area of mental entities determined both by social factors and personal experiences of individuals. Extralinguistic reality determines certain explicit and implicit components of word meanings. These components in turn transform the linguistic environment of the given word, its combinability, distribution and contextual valency.
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The article "Tropes and realia in the language of art works in the correlation with aesthet-ic sign" is based on the idea of V. V. Vinogradov (1959) and D. S. Likhachev (1967) of one im-portant law of the literary work – the possibilities of tropes to be motivated by objective world of the text. The author develops the position of N. A. Kozhevnikova (1991) that the connections of metaphors and comparisons with names of realia actualize emotionally-shaped potential of the artwork, and expands the idea of the diversity of ways of expressing this relationship, but also connects this phenomenon with the concepts of “aesthetic sign”, “artistic kvazisubject”. Fragments of literary works of XIX–XX are under analysis, main attention is given to T. Tolstaya artworks. The variants of representation of realia correlated with trops are analyzed, and the idea the of tropes` varieties is complemented: not only metaphor and simile but meton-ymy and metabola can be found. The connection metaphor-metonymy images with the realia is specified. The phenomenon is often manifested in titles: “Spring Water”, “Ravine”, “Excava-tion”, “Heart of a Dog”. The attention is drawn to the peripheral manifestations of the phenom-ena, as well as the fact that the relations of trops and realitia in the text are similar to the com-mon usage of lexical derivation, the results of which are secondary meanings of words and word-formation derived words, corresponding to “epidigmatic measurement of vocabulary” (D. N. Shmelev) and is associated with lexical-semantic and derivational inner form of the word.
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The object of our research is a type of multi-word connectors (Russ. analiticheskaya skrepa), which consist of four components: in the main clause there is an antecedent phrase with a demonstrative pronoun (T-pronoun) and the particle ZhE, whereas the subordinate clause begins with the indeclinable ChTO followed by a phrase beginning with the particle I. It is shown, that each component has its own meaning, but together they combine to make a unit that functions as a marker of a specific type of syntactic relation, which is called equating-similizing relation. The T-pronoun in the antecedent phrase can belong to any POS, with the exception of verbs. The equating-similizing relation between the main and subordinate clauses can be expressed not only with the connectors in question, but also with connectors that have a wh-pronoun or complementizer KAK instead of the indeclinable ChTO. In many of the cases these variants are interchangeable. The absolute frequencies of "connectives" with different T-pronouns differ to a considerably extent (cf., for example, TAKOI vs. POTOMU and OTTOGO). In all types of "connectives" one can use a wh-pronoun, however, in the "connectives" with T-pronouns TAKOI and TAKOV wh-pronouns KAKOI and KAKOV are less frequent than the complementizers. The wider distribution of ChTO in comparison with KAK creates good prerequisites for its future development.
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In this article, the questions concerning the structural components of a descriptive interpretation of anglicisms in Russian and Mongolian languages are concerned. The structure of this type of interpretation, both in Russian and Mongolian languages,consists of two parts: nominative and concretizing (descriptive). Without a thorough study of the structure and content of such definitions, it is not possible to revealthe lexical meaning ofa single word, orthe lexical-semantic system of a language as a whole. A characteristic feature is its descriptive interpretation of binomial. If Russian language identifier and specifies the part can be in different positions with respect to each other (preposition, interposition, postposition) in the Mongolian language is strictly defined position identifier: identifiers descriptive interpretations are always at the end, that is occupied in relation to the postposition Narrow part. All this is primarily due to the structural features of languages.
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