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This article examines the possible influence of Antoine Meillet’s thinking on the Prague Linguistic Circle, especially on Jan Mukařovský. Based on a comparison of Jan Mukařovský’s studies from the 1930s and selected works by Antoine Meillet, we find three intersecting topics: the rhetoric of the new science, the sociological conception of linguistics and in particular the concept of general linguistics as a science of the laws of development. We show that Meillet’s and Mukařovský’s sociological conception of language and artwork leads in the final instance to a reference to a certain material basis for the norms under examination. In the case of both theorists, the role of this basis is complementary to the idea of the law-based development of developmental “series” and the possibility of pursuing a general discipline concerning them. We note that this emphasis on the compatibility of diachronic and synchronic perspectives is distinct from the doctrine in the Course in General Linguistics and speculate that it may have figured as a common theme in “Prague” and “Paris” structuralism.
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This paper aims to identify the thematic categories associated with the word and the figure of the citizen in several texts published in France in the 18th century before the Revolution of 1789. The author examines the main themes linked to the appearance of the word citoyen and classifies them in the hyperonymic categories, collected at the end of the paper in the “grappe de themes” and shows that under the pen of some great authors of the time the word and the figure of the citizen are associated with the great themes of the Enlightenment like happiness, morality, protection of human life and virtue.
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From: The Golden ratio. Great essayists of the ‘Neue Rundschau’. 1890-1960. Frankfurt on Main, 1960, pp. 400-420
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This article presents some trends in educational policy in Ukraine in recent decades as a prerequisite for improving the language competences of young people there. Among the challenges hindering the successful acquisition of a foreign language is the low personal motivation of learners. Observations and positive personal experiences from the author’s participation as a volunteer in an international GoCamp project aimed at increasing motivation to learn English, German and French in informal settings in small towns in Ukraine are shared. For many children and young people, extracurricular activities with foreign volunteers during summer language camps (projects, educational games, quizzes, discussions, arts and sports activities, etc.) are the first steps towards developing intercultural communicative competence, without which success in a globalizing world is difficult to achieve.
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The use of electronic portfolios as an effective tool for formative assessment enables students to track their own learning experiences, thus enhancing their engagement, motivation and autonomy. The present data-driven research is based on quantitative and qualitative data on the implementation of e-portfolios in the English for Specific Purposes classes at the University of National and World Economy in the online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. An overview of the recent literature related to the use of e-portfolios is provided and the benefits and challenges of implementing an e-portfolio assessment tool using the application Microsoft Class Notebook for the purposes of assessment for learning are presented. Student participants in the study developed e-portfolios, providing reflection on their learning, supported with artefacts, collected in the process of acquiring skills and competences. A survey and interviews among students of economics in the experimental group were carried out at the end of the academic year in order to evaluate the efficacy of the e-portfolio assessment tool.
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This paper presents an analysis of several sequences of talk-in-interaction, highlighting the ironic and sarcastic references made by candidates to the US presidential elections in the debates of 2016 and 2020. The participation framework of the two events (one same male candidate–Donald Trump - in subsequent election debates, first with a female opponent – Hillary Clinton, then with a male – Joe Biden) offers an interesting perspective on how “the gender thing” is manifested in speech. Despite the almost gender-blind character reached by the genre of the pre-election debate as discourse-in-interaction, the analysis addresses the relevance of the speaker’s gender in significant moments of talk, particularly focusing on protagonists’ lexical choices to refer to the other in an ironic and sarcastic way. Trying to fill the is-ought to gap in the minds of the audience, candidates to presidency make sophisticated use of words in debates. In their permanented ort to disqualify the opponent while seducing the people, irony and sarcasm are effective weapons in the battles of words that these events are without exception turned into. The analysis considers the normative component of Political Discourse Analysis, as presented by Fairclough & Fairclough (2012, 2015), as well as the perspective on investigating verbal irony and sarcasm, as presented in Gibbs & Colston (2017) and the formulae for interpreting categories of humour, elaborated by Patrick Charaudeau (2011, 2013).
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Modernist author Herbert Read was best known as an art critic, anarchist, and poet, but one of the few works of his which remains in print is his little understood only attempt at fiction: his novel, The Green Child (1935). The novel updates a medieval tale about mysterious green-hued children who suddenly appear in a village, and in Read’s work, the so-called Green Children set off a narrative where, I argue, that individual liberties like freedom of movement and political debates around human rights and refugees are staged and thought through. In reapproaching this semi-fantastical tale, I analyse how Read imagines a form of social utopia and also offers commentary on the mid-20th century refugee crisis.
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Identity interweaves with the emotions of its bearer, either as an individual or a group member. Identity defines the emotional attitude towards other people (their ‘own’ or ‘alien’), towards the social and natural environment, towards the world as a whole. On the other hand, the emotional attitude determines the identity. This attitude could be spontaneously occurring, but very often it is culturally conditioned, and purposefully designed. Postulates of national identity can take the form of imperatives like „Love your motherland!” Very often they are formulated in another way that replaces the imperative with allegations expressed by claims in first person (single or plural) or in impersonal form. Such statements are similar and operate as spells. The ambivalent attitude to the ‘own’ contains some negative elements. Their designation may indicate a trauma, frustration caused by some kind of insufficiency (including a lack of heroic deeds), inferiority complex. Trauma and shame can be pushed to the unconscious, but can also be productive as a cohesive element and as search for compensatory actions or verbal structures.
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The subject of the article is a recently discovered printed book from the library of the King Sigismund II Augustus, currently preserved in the monastery of Carmelites of the Ancient Observance in Kraków. The book contains legal texts published in the middle of the 16th century, and was once part of a large collection of legal works belonging to the King, especially books devoted to the revived Roman law. The collection had a comprehensive character, involving multiple languages and wide range of subjects, which proved its Renaissance character as well as its European dimension. After the King’s death in 1572, his library was dispersed. The book in question belonged first to Wojciech Perlicki, who died in 1607, then to the Cathedral Chapter in Lviv, next to the Carmelites of the Ancient Observance in Lviv, and only after the Second World Warit found itself in the Carmelites’ monastery in Krakow.
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Recently there has been a growing body of research interested in the concept of love and in the emotional life of bilinguals. The aim of this research was twofold. One aim was to explore the love styles of young people in Vojvodina, Serbia in the context of Hungarian and Serbian language. On the other hand, a monolingual Serbian group and a bilingual group of Hungarian-Serbian young people were studied to see if there were significant differences in their intimate relationships in Serbian, as the dominant language and in Hungarian, as a minority language. The goal was to explore if there were different love styles connected to each language in a majority and a minority group. Additionally, we wanted to see if there were detectable language dominance effects in bilinguals, whether bilinguals had different romantic relationship constructs in their two languages.In this research, Susan and Clyde Hendrick's Love Attitude Scale-Short form was applied. The scale was translated into Hungarian and Serbian. The equality of the meaning of the two scale versions was carefully matched.The results showed that comparing the monolingual group and the bilingual group in the first language there were group differences in Eros and Agape. In the monolingual Hungarian and bilingual Serbian answers we can find the same differences: Eros and Agape were found to be more powerfully expressed in the bilingual group in both of their languages compared to the monolingual group. Considering bilinguals' first and second language results, two styles have been found to differ. These were Mania and Storge, which were present in different amounts in the first and the second language. The relevance of this study lies in the fact that there is a rising number of multiethnic and multicultural intimate relationships. Many of the partners have to use a second language to express love and affection. Expression and understanding of emotions may depend on the language which is used in communication and on cultural variation in values and norms. This research has important implications for the study of ethnocultural differences and first- and second language modulated affective functioning.
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The article serves as an analysis of Familia, a Polish independent fiction podcast from 2020 produced by the Teraz Poliż theatre as a response to increase of state supported homophobic propaganda in the recent years. By pointing out similarities and differences between the podcast in question and mainstream Polish audio series, as well as drawing comparisons to popular globally distributed independent audio fiction produced in English, the author aims to prove the unique position of Familia as a sole representative of a politically conscious podcast drama presenting a specifically Polish perspective on queer emancipation. The author then proceeds to analyse the narrative content of the podcast, presenting the ways in which the story plays with elements of traditional, Polish national identity, reframing them via a radical lens as potential symbolic tools for LGBTQ+ emancipation and antifascist resistance in everyday life, while at the same time warning of the limited scope of use for such tools.
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Obremski offers a comparative analysis of “Posłania do ludzi pracy Europy Wschodniej”[A Message to the Working People of Eastern Europe], formulated during the SolidarityTrade Union’s First National Congress of Delegates, and Jan Józef Lipski’s essay Dwieojczyzny, dwa patriotyzmy [Two Homelands, Two Patriotisms]. Both speaking subjectsare independent of state and party power, and their messages both help create anincompatible compatibility: they are openly anti-socialist but project two differentperspectives on Poland in the year 1981. Although not opposed to each other, thesetwo perspectives present Poland in different dimensions.
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Czardybon explores the remarkable increase, in twenty-first-century Polish literature,of texts on the national community, its traditions and its history. Following PrzemysławDakowicz, the author of one of these texts, the entirety of these works is described hereas “contemporary national literature”. Besides Dakowicz, Czardybon refers to works byJarosław Marek Rymkiewicz and Wojciech Wencel. Inspired by the Romantic tradition,these writers attempt to create a new national sacred. Czardybon supports his argumentby drawing on narratology, anthropology and history; he also identifies the strategies ofthis sacralisation and formulates proposes a rational for their emergence.
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