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Classified and alphabetical subject catalogues were developed in libraries reflecting the book content and subject as well as the kind of the work and the form of the text. They were developed on the basis of knowledge from logic, philology and linguistics. Linguistics has prevailed recently and for this reason they are called »indexing languages« and »retrieval languages«. The aim of this paper is to inform linguists about the successful application of linguistics in librarianship and establish a dialogue with them. We suppose that they will understand the ideas put forward in this article, because linguists are frequent library users and they read bibliographies. In addition to differences in the means of expression - symbols of classified catalogue and natural language words from the alphabetical subject catalogue - these two catalogues have essential properties of any language in common: dictionary, grammar and speech. Dictionaries and grammar are helping devices (library classification scheme, thesaurus, codes and instructions), whereas librarians perform speech by means of catalogue headings. This language is referential according to the Jacobson's classification of languages. The theory of alphabetical subject catalogueshows that both the explanation of subject headings and the adopted terminology were influenced by logic, especially by the idea of categories, which did not prove to be helpful. The subject heading was regarded as a title of the subject, but relatively lately it came to be understood as a kind of a sentence. This idea was formulated by librarians I. Dahlberg from Germany and D. Austin from Great Britain. The author of this paper made a research in the syntactic nature of the subject heading. Being supported by Croatian linguists she created the Syntactic(al) System for Subject Designation (SSSD). In this system the subject heading components are understood as part of the sentence (subject, atribute, predicate, object, adverbials of place and time) instead of being understood as concepts i. e. representatives of large conceptual categories. Correct interpretation of a subject heading and transfer of sense of the document content are insured by symbols which are assigned to sentence components. Adequate software will facilitate the search of the wanted subject because it will enable subject retrieval by all the access points.
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The analysis of the German language used in the criminology of violent crimes is based on the text corpus consisting of 21,784 tokens and 6,042 types. Words with frequency >3 cover 1,213 types and make 20.07% of the total number of the types, thus covering 73.3% of the corpus text. In addition to the statistical lexical analysis of the text, its morphological characteristics have been given with special reference to the attributing of nominal parts of a sentence. Word formation in German, through exemplification of the interpretation of the meaning of compound nouns has been presented, and the sentence level has been outlined, with special reference to attributive clauses. The first twenty lexical words Gewalt, Gewaltkriminalität, Opfer, Täter, Jahre, Straftaten, Familie, Jahren, Menschen, Frauen, Gruppen, Erpressung, Gesellschaft, jugendlichen, Zahl, vorsätzlichen, Art, Bundesrepublik, Kriminalität, Vergewaltigung, Delikte, läßt, Prozent, Raub, Verhalten, Kinder, lassen, letzten, Polizei and soziale could be considered to be the key words of the register since they define the scope of the criminology of violent crime. The purpose of this article is to point out the most important characteristics of the register and to serve as an aid for more efficient acquisition of the language of that register. It contains a minimal vocabulary of German language of the criminology of violent crime with about 1,360 words, the meanings of which have been obtained through the contextual analysis of the register corpus (analysis of concordances).
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In der Arbeit werden kroatische und deutsche Phraseme mit onymischer Komponente bearbeitet und vor allem jene, aus denen ersichtlich wird, wie die zwei Sprachgemeinschaften sich gegenseitig und auch selbst wahrnehmen. Es werden ausgewählte Phraseme untersucht, wobei Resultate der Stereotypenforschung von Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie und Thesen der kognitiven Linguistik einbezogen werden. Viele Phraseme sind das Ergebnis einer kognitiven Kategorisierung der Realität auf Grund prototypischer Modelle oder deren metaphorischer Projektion. Deshalb zeigt ein Vergleich der Phraseme beider Sprachen eine Übereinstimmung in einigen konzeptuellen Feldern, obwohl sich die onymischen Komponenten größtenteils unterscheiden, was Ausdruck der spezifischen geographischen, gesellschaftlichen u. a. Gegebenheiten jeder Sprachgemeinschaft ist.
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This paper deals with the analysis of innovative structural metaphors and metaphors based on image-schemata from the corpus of H. James's novels. The introductory section includes a review of the relationship between the two elements of the conceptual metaphors, referred to as tenor and vehicle (I. A. Richards), focus-frame (M. Black), source/donor domain and target/recipient domain (Lakoff & Johnson), etc. The relationship has been analyzed by various theoreticians and has greatly influenced the comprehension of metaphors. The first section deals with structural metaphors conceptualizing the abstract concept of life by using more concrete concepts of journeys, theatre and play. The second section deals with innovative metaphors based on image-schemata where a schema is defined as a recurrent pattern in, or of, our ongoing ordering activities Johnson (1987: 29). The axiological dynamism embodied in the image schemata is transferred to the metaphorical expressions; hence, it can be stated that image schemata have an overall importance in the metaphorical expression of value judgements. In our analysis of metaphors in both sections special attention is paid to the contribution of specific donor domains to the expression of value judgements which may be transferred from the source domain directly, or may come in only after the extension to a specific aspect of the target domain. The conclusion deals with the interplay of metaphors, i. e. the processes of extension, elaboration and composing which lead to the creation of complex innovative metaphors.
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Both Russian and Croatian distinguish three genders: masculine, feminine and neuter. Sex distinctions determine gender distinctions denoting occupation. However, sex distinction is not always consistently expressed since there are many linguistic and extra linguistic barriers in forming a feminine gender of nouns denoting occupation. In these cases some other markers are used to determine sex distinctions. Russian and Croatian do not use markers with similar frequency. In Russian, there are possibilites of determining the female sex according to occupation, which is related to the stylistic differentiation. In Croatian the possibility of stylistic differentiation is neglected. In this paper some suggestions have been offered in order to determine female sex according to occupation in the Croatian language.
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The paper is based on the cognitive theory of metaphor laid out in George Lakoff and Mark Johnson's book Metaphors We Live By published in 1981. The aim of the paper was to determine whether collocations of the lexeme 'ljubav' in Croatian correspond to the conceptual metaphor LJUBAV JE RAT. Lakoff and Johnson's definition of conceptual metaphor is accepted, with reservations about their conclusion concerning the overall metaphoric nature of the human thought process. The research was conducted on the Croatian National Corpus (CNC) available over the Internet. Syntactic and semantic analysis of the data suggests that the conceptual metaphor LJUBAV JE RAT can be found in collocations of the lexeme 'ljubav'; however, because of unrepresentative sample (caused by incompleteness of the CNC) it is impossible to predict the frequency with which this metaphor occurs in Croatian.
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Lexical morphology plays an important role in the process of designating the new conceptual categories emerging in the field of science. The modalities of noun suffixation patterns are analysed using the data base of the English-Croatian and Croatian-English Dictionary of Electronics. The semantic analysis points to polysemous suffixes whose meaning is activated by the corresponding semantic frame, i. e. the frame of general language, or that of the language of science. On the other hand, synonymous suffixes are grouped according to their specific meanings. The role of suffixes in differentiating the meaning of general language from that of the language of science is pointed out, and the tendency of some suffixation patterns to form polysemous lexemes is discussed. The statistical analysis reveals groups of suffixes characteristic of the lexis of electronics, as well as the correspondence of English and Croatian suffixation patterns.
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Unification Grammars use the knowledge from the field of linguistics, informatics, logic and mathematics, as well as the operation of unification in order to achieve unification and to import the elements from the context. The name Lexical-Functional Grammar discovers the difference from other grammars: linguistic phenomena are analyzed through grammatical functions and represented in the lexicon, unifying in that way morphological, lexical, syntactic and semantic levels. What reasons have influenced development of Unification Grammars, and the Lexical-Functional Grammar (LFG) especially? In what way the LFG could be used to represent the Croatian language? Most of formal descriptions are related to the English, and some to German, French and Italian. How to represent the languages with rich morphological system and relatively free word order, as the Croatian? These are some of the questions that I will try to answer. After introduction, I will say something about development of Unification Grammars and the basic principle of unification, then about the Lexical-Functional Grammar and its application to the Croatian language.
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The article studies the image of the ‘Other’, the stereotype of the ‘Stranger’ in the contact between different cultures. The ideas of the foreigner are an integral part of the self-identification of any ethnic group. They are also used to establish the models of one’s own self-definition on the basis of comparisons, which could be tolerant or aggressive.
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The paper considers the orthographic practices of hyphenation in the spelling of new loan words in contemporary Bulgarian. It presents the results of an experimental interview with students.
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The article represents briefly the Common European Framework (CEF) and the European Language Portfolio developed by the Council of Europe.
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Article is focused on the questions of the kinship organization of the Orthodox Bulgarians in the light Dimitar Marinov and Vasil Kanchov's studies. The problemsof the tribe and zadruga are discussed in the context of marital rules and the power in the kinship groups. The text pays attention to epigamy, exogamy and endogamy and their ethnical and religious motivation as norms, which form and exercise controlover the cultural model of marriages.
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The aim of the present article is it to focus on the question of the connection of verbal prefixes with the Aspect of the verb in Modern Bulgarian. According to the author of the research, Associate professor Dr. Maria Zhereva, in the last years this question seems to escape from the attention of linguists (with some exceptions which Zhereva draws attention to). The other issue being focused on, is the perception of the same connection as consequence of the historical development of the studies of the prefixes
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I have dealt with many problems in the forthcoming article. The critical approach has been applied assiduously and intermittently. The analysis basis is foregrounded on a couple of Nobel laureates. The scope of my overall view is limited in some Russian, Soviet and American writers. Samuel Beckett has been included as well. Many perspectives voiced by foreign literary critics have been taken into account, but they have not been represented as my own. The dissident angle can be seen and contemplated upon in these pages.
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The Bulgarian poet Theodor Trayanov is considered to be a ‘genius of the Slavic race’ – with his noumenon of absolutely abstract thinking. His poem ‘Song of the Songs’ is a solemn demonstration of his abstract thinking about the move of the spirit.
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The article studies the difficulties in identifying the similarities in the lexical wealth, morphological inflexion and syntactic structure, as well as in the reconstruction of the common protolanguage.
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