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The author of the article – using the example of France at the turn of the nineteenth century – discusses the consequences of the great social reform from the mid-nineteenth century, i.e. the Rowland Hill postal reform in England and other countries. Due to the unification and lowering of tariffs (The Uniform Penny Post) traffic in the postal network reached the level of frenzy; by way of example, in Paris mail had to be delivered to addressees eight times a day. Nonetheless, researchers dealing with visual culture (e.g. Paul Virilio) focus on the category of “speed” and mistakenly treat the postal system of the era of Modernism as a relic of little interest and not as a key institution of the “modern” state. Meanwhile, the totality of the postal network during the second half of the nineteenth century redefined social relations, private and economic life, as well as the “discourse of power”. Taking those facts into consideration the author (referring to, i.a. Postcard by Jacques Derrida) considers the social consequences of the fact that the essential factor within the functioning of this network was the delay “co-efficient”: letters sent “today” reached the addressee “tomorrow”. Moreover, all postcards were social media of sorts and every postcard – an element of the constant oscillation of correspondence. In the social dimension, therefore, the postal network constituted an enormous, rhythmicised structure (here the author’s theoretical inspiration is the Henri Lefebvre rhythmanalysis conception). Finally, the article considers the dialectical relation between the figures of the flâneur and the facteur (postman).
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The war goes on. It takes place close by and pertains to us directly. Ukraine fights for its freedom and the truth of its existence, but also for the freedom of all of us and the truth of our identity as people. It fights in defence of its sovereignty, but also to protect that which remains the foundation of our culture – aware of its roots, sovereign, based on the human dignity of the culture of Europe and the free world. This year the Drohobych SchulzFest has exceptionally also a Lublin version. An expression of solidarity with struggling Ukraine – a symbolic act and, at the same time, actual activity. I believe in the real power of such acts. More, I profoundly believe in the human value of the fact that we are here and that some of us will soon be in Drohobych. Numerous institutions have supported both parts of this year’s SchulzFest. They include also Polish PEN Club – hence I cite the opening sentences of the PEN Charter: “Literature knows no frontiers and must remain common currency among people in spite of political or international upheavals. In all circumstances, and particularly in time of war, works of art, the patrimony of humanity at large, should be left untouched by national or political passion. Members of PEN should at all times use what influence they have in favour of good understanding and mutual respect between nations and people; they pledge themselves to do their utmost to dispel all hatreds and to champion the ideal of one humanity living in peace and equality in one world”. This is exactly what we are doing. This is also how I envisage SchulzFest. I believe that our presence here constitutes a special value and is a symbolic act that possesses real power. We are people of the word, thought, and imagination. Our domain is culture, art, the symbolic tissue of the world. This enables us to see the full spectre of human reality. We do not close our eyes against the horror of war, its cruelty and absurdity. On the contrary, we keep our eyes wide-open. They reflect terror and anger. There is the pungent smoke of phosphorus bombs. And there are tears. But we should not allow for our world to be written exclusively with the alphabet of war so that the latter would dictate our existence. This is also why we return to Schulz, are both here and on our way to Drohobych. This year’s SchulzFest is symbolic and, at the same time, actual activity. I believe in the real power of such acts. I believe in the profoundly human value of the fact that we are here and that we use art to oppose the senseless and bestial Russian invasion of Ukraine. Art is not weak and helpless. It contains authentic force – that of a spell and a promise. Art never gives up. An artist may be killed but art will survive. It contains life and truth. It is tantamount to freedom. Yes, living art is free – it teaches us freedom and reminds that we have to fight for the latter. It comes to our aid at the most difficult moments. Just like prayer.SchulzFest is the site of art and thus also a form of a struggle. This is also the reason why we return to Schulz and are present here – in Drohobych, in Ukraine shedding blood, the living heart of Europe and the free world. Our force is our imagination. Free and courageous; victory would be much more difficult without it. I believe that SchulzFest brings us closer to such victory.
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In his collection: Maleńka (Little One) Janusz Majewski, film director born in Lviv, published three stories with a dedication: “An homage to Bruno Schulz”. The protagonist of two of the stories is the acclaimed writer from Drohobycz… Presentation at the SchulzFest 2022 festival.
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The paper presents the results of a survey which aims to determine the extent to which students have absorbed literary theory by the end of their compulsory school attendance period, as well as to determine the level of their knowledge of terminology related to figurative designations, and their ability to apply their knowledge when working with an artistic text. The survey responds to the unclarified content of literary education at upper primary schools. It also provides suggestions for primary school teachers, and the results can also be used in undergraduate preparation of future Czech language teachers.
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Článek se zabývá efektivní adaptací žáků s odlišným mateřským jazykem v online prostředí, a to v kontextu distančního vzdělávání. Východiskem pro článek bylo doporučení ministerstva školství k realizaci distančního vzdělávání pro jarní období školního roku 2019/2020.
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The relationships between comparative research and traductology are interconnected, because comparative studies use translations as a method of obtaining knowledge about other systems, and the results of comparative research are a source of knowledge for translation. These connections occur both in translating and comparing the law between different legal systems and languages, and in comparing multilingual literature. Similarly, translation work and comparative work, although starting at the linguistic level, go beyond it, in order to establish the cultural context of the text. The critical moment of this thought process is a specific linguistic “profit and loss account”, forced by the transfer of meanings from one language to another. This transfer can be compared to crossing borders: in relation to the law they are the borders of the empire, and in relation to literature – the borders of the world. In these empires and worlds, translators and comparativists play special cultural roles, mediating the transfer of meanings and symbols between the authors of texts and their recipients. Each of these roles, if played well, requires effort, courage, and understanding between different empires and worlds. The metaphor of the crew of the ship, on which the Argonauts set off on a “linguistic expedition”, believing that they will bring “the golden fleece”, that is, the same meanings in different worlds, defines the framework of the presented sketch.
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On February 24, 1920, Adolf Hitler announced the 25-point program of the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (German: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, NSDAP). Article 19 of the program proclaimed: “We demand that Roman Law, which serves a materialistic world order, be replaced by a German common law” (German: Wir fordern Ersatz für das der materialistischen Weltordnung dienende römische Recht durch ein deutsches Gemeinrecht). The presence of Roman law on the Nazi agenda aroused surprise from the beginning. The more time passed, the more sophisticated attempts were made to find its cultural-ideological basis. As a result, a complicated ideology was added to it post factum. Meanwhile, it cannot be ruled out that the inspiration for Hitler and his aides was not some great political tracts, but a primitive anti-Semitic lampoon – Judas Schuldbuch: Eine Deutsche Abrechnung. The book, under the pseudonym Wilhelm Meister, was published by a minor financial official named Wilhelm Meister in 1919.
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Imagination can be associated with the innocent capacity to contemplate on either non-existent or absent objects, which for some reason or another seem to be nonexistent in our immediate or actual surroundings. It enables us to escape the confines of instantaneous reality, thereby liberating us from the subjection to our immediate surroundings and transferring us to transient worlds in our minds, which are somewhat cut off from actuality. With respect to this suggested nature of the imagination, some may argue that the ultimate power of imagination lies in its ability to empower the subject with a profound sense of freedom, that is innately strong enough to break the limits of what is actual and what is real. While on a personal level, imagination gives one the ability to traverse bounds of immediate reality; on a macro/community level, imagination can be very toxic for some. This paper will look at different real and fictional literary examples, while journeying through Sartre, Husserl, Castoriadis and Ricouer’s ideas and theories of imagination, and, trying to map out the essential aspects of the needs and formations of identities of different marginal individuals/communities. Along side that, it will also try and connect the different ways of survival and perseverance that people find via imagination.
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This paper explores the connections between Iain Sinclair’s 2015 travelogue Black Apples of Gower and the Merlin legend. Despite the fact that, on the surface, Sinclair does not refer to the early Welsh merlinistic tradition, on closer inspection both share what M. Wynn Thomas has described as “hidden attachments” – cross cultural connections and experiences between the two literatures of modern Wales. The archaic bedrock of the Merlin legend and the alchemical imagery in Sinclair’s book are both rooted in the mythico-ritualistic complex of symbolic regeneration based on the repetition of the act of original creation. Both Merlin and the alchemical process involve an ontological transformation which is mirrored in Black Apples of Gower by the transcendence of textual and medial boundaries: a complex network of intertextual allusions and word-image relationships (ekphrases, reproductions and illustrations). By exploring these relationships, along with the merlinistic and alchemical imagery present in the text, I argue that the work employs the strategy of what I call textual nigredo – a process of intertextual and intermedial transformation. The affinities identified between the Merlin legend and Sinclair’s travelogue provide an argument for seeing Iain Sinclair as a Welsh writer and shed new light on the links between the Welsh-language literary tradition and English-language Welsh writing which may be pursued further in the future.
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This paper explores conceptual metaphors in the realisation of the word economy in Serbian and English economic newspaper articles. The aim is to identify all conceptual metaphors that describe the word economy in both corpora, determine their similarities and differences on a cognitive and linguistic level, and show values attributed to the word economy on a pragmatic level. Our research has shown that the word economy is metaphorically conceptualised mostly as a LIVING ORGANISM, OBJECT, MECHANICAL PROCESS, CONTAINER, VERTICAL MOVEMENT and BUILDING in both corpora. The results of the analysis have proved that Serbian and English show great similarities regarding linguistic expressions and their conceptual metaphors that describe the word economy due to the fact that they are based on universal bodily experience. However, since the process of the word meaning construction is dynamic and inseparable from the culture in which it originates, we have found certain differences that are reflected in different linguistic expressions, different conceptual metaphors and different aspects of the word economy that are emphasised.
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Cohesive devices are used to form ties between adjacent parts of the text. Owing to the short form of abstracts, particular parts of their structure can be highlighted using conjuncts as cohesive elements. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to study what kind of conjuncts are used by authors from different disciplines, aiming to determine the most common forms and functions as well as their place in the rhetorical macrostructure of the abstract. The corpus consists of 100 abstracts published in journals, namely 25 social science and 25 mechanical engineering abstracts in English and Serbian. Overall, the English authors guide their readers more often through the text by using conjuncts in comparison with their colleagues writing in Serbian. Additive conjuncts prevail in both parts of the English corpus, signifying a range of specific meanings. Whereas adversatives in the social science abstracts in English mainly serve to identify a research niche, in the engineering abstracts these forms are present in methodology, the same as temporal conjuncts. Considering the structural realization of causatives, English examples include mostly single-word adverbials, while almost all of these forms in Serbian are prepositional phrases with referential elements pointing backwards to the previous text. These results are relevant given the fact English is the medium of international and regional academic publications. This is why cultural and discipline specific aspects of writing should be taken into account and integrated into teaching and learning at universities.
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This article is about the language of mission statements of a sample of Slovenian and Austrian higher education institutions in the field of business and economics. We analysed the content of these statements by using WordSmith tools, a suite of programmes for identifying key words in each text, generating word lists in frequency order, and/or studying certain words in context. First, we searched the Internet and saved mission statements of all Slovenian and Austrian business and economics higher education institutions (HEIs) that had such a document in English. For our research, we first created two corpuses (one for the Austrian HEIs and one for the Slovenian HEIs) in plain text format. After that we used WordList to create two-word lists and used Concord to see how the most frequently used words in those two lists are used in the context. We analysed and interpreted the results by highlighting the main characteristics of the discourse used in the sample texts, as well as pinpointing the main differences and similarities.
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The demand for clear and accurate translation either for business, educational or culturally adoptable purposes is increasing every day. The above demand is affected considerably by the translation of a set of or fixed expressions such as idioms, phrasal verbs and other types of multi-word lexical units or in other words called ‘Phraseology’. Therefore, phraseology translation is an important skill or a technique for any English as a Foreign Language (EFL) university students when translating from source language into target one or vice versa, which also means that an EFL student (either as a translator or interpreter) must also understand not only the economical, and political, but also the cultural differences between two cultures or parties in order to create a smooth and transparent communication between them. Since phraseology translation is considered as a difficult skill or technique to be equipped with, in order to develop or improve EFL students’ phraseology translation technique, it is the universities or faculties duty to use and adapt various programs or subjects as well as find a way to implement them and assist the teaching of the phraseology translation process. The objective of this study is to find out whether phraseology translation is considered a translation problem among the EFL university students in Kosovo, and how do they cope or deal with the phenomena when they are encountered with. The results of the study revealed that despite almost all students of both universities consider themselves as good or confident translator/interpreter, but when it came to translating phraseology, they lacked knowledge or techniques and needed improvements especially in regard to idioms and sayings. The study also provides advice and recommendations for universities and new generations of EFL university students who would like to become skilful translators or interpreters and at the same time compete effectively in this demanding globalized market.
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This article presents various aspects of the historical development of the passive voice in German and Albanian. The passive voice is a grammatical category, which is an important part of grammar in both languages. The passive voice helps the speaker to express himself skillfully or confidential. In order to better understand today's passive structures, it is helpful to gain insight into the historical development of such structures. In German, this representation begins since Gothic and then with Old High German and Middle High German. In Albanian, on the other hand, we can only rely on the book of Buzuku (1555), which constitutes the first written official document of written Albanian. Corresponding examples illustrate the stages of development of the passive voice in both languages. They have been translated into today's German or Albanian to make it easier for the reader to understand the content. The summary for each stage of development of the languages is given at the end of each presentation.
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This paper presents an analysis and interpretation of the essential narrative specifics in the latest (third) collection of short stories by Venko Andonovski, titled “Taming of the Bitch” and subtitled “Stories about Madness”, published in 2018 by the publishing house “Tri”. In the analysis and interpretation of the short stories we follow the moral decline of the modern man, but also of man in general, which is the dominant theme in this collection. This moral decline is demonstrated successively in the three narrative cycles (“Frescoes”, “Icons”, “Caricatures and Grotesques”), starting from the sacred (in the first two cycles of the collection) and through the profane to the chthonic (in the third cycle of short stories). In the conclusion of the paper, it is emphasized that the primary message in the collection of short stories “Taming of the Bitch” by Venko Andonovski - which is a narrative presentation of all forms of madness whose negative reflections result in moral decline and dehumanization of man - is demonstrated very skillfully both through the form and through the content of the short stories.
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This paper contains the analysis and observation of the text „Novelle“ by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. According to the author, the most important is to be aware that novels are a literary genre that is required to influence the human soul. Besides, he himself defines the novel as an „unheard-of event “. In the organized and cultivated fictional world in „Novelle“, there is a fast spreading fire, that sways the old societal context and brings the safety of the world into question. Because the terrifying event challenges the humanity in mankind, we will look at its effect on the developmental processes of the characters in this novel. There will be a presentation of the ambivalent meaning of the term „crisis “, as it has a negative-destructive and a positive-rescuing function. This paper will explore the impact of the destructive force of the fire towards the characters, as well as the impact of the miraculous and unheard-of event. That way, we will hopefully get closer to answering the question: „What does it mean to be human? “, while also honoring Goethe’s biggest wish, to get to know mankind.
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The paper refers to the book “Long journey home” (2022) by Vesna Kozhinkova, which resulted from her research for her doctoral dissertation on the topic: “The Aegean Theme in Contemporary Macedonian Prose through the Modalities of Domesticity”. With this book, Kozhinkova explored a whole thematic complex in Macedonian literature, recognizable by the fact that it treats the subject of forcibly exiled Macedonians from Aegean Macedonia during the Civil War in Greece. The paper presents the overall content of the book's chapters and comments on the issues raised in it, as well as the author's approach and conclusions. Kozhinkova's “Long Journey Home” represents an extremely big research in the field of Macedonian philology and cultural science, more precisely in the field of contemporary Macedonian literature and culture, which contributes to the affirmation and reference of Macedonian literary-theoretical scientific thought. This book represents a thorough research that will be the basis on which some future researchers will build on, supplement and debate.
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This paper presents a comaparative lexical-semantic analysis of the loci selected from the late antique Greek texts of Christian and non-Christian origin that advocate the dominant anthropological notions of the time. The analysis encompasses the two main anthropological paradigms, the Christian and the Platonic, which in many respects opposed each other, but also met and intersected throughout history, fostering the development of religious and philosophical thought. The Christian paradigm, marked by anthropological monism, is examined in this work in the key passages from the Old Testament and St. Paul’s Epistles, whereas the Platonic paradigm, marked by anthropological dualism, is analysed in the examples taken from Plato himself, Philo, Plutach and the Corpus Hermeticum. The main objective of the analysis is to examine the analogies and parallels between the two paradigms on the lexical, terminological and rhetorical plane. These analogies reveal a literary and intellectual dynamics that characterized the discourse on man’s nature in the era of early Christianity and late Antiquity. The analysis pays a particular attention to the tropes of „dressing“ and „undressing“ the body and the „nudity“ of the soul, as well as to the comparison of death with sleep.
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