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Research into language learning pays more attention to how rules are learnt, rather than to the goals of such learning. Conventionalized multiword expressions, or idioms, and the lexis itself have been relatively neglected in language studies. Such neglect can be ascribed to the vocabulary being viewed as the non-generative component. Picking up prefabricated expressions constitutes one of the means of acquiring language. Idiomatic expressions have the potential of appearing anywhere and everywhere, and are marked as occurring in mature discourse. The analysis of reading texts, taken from two English course books series at the advanced level of profi ciency, aims to reveal whether and to what extent idiomatic expressions are used in this type of discourse, and what functions they perform.
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The tradition in Lithuania, like in the European Union, is to use the British standard when writing in or translating to English. However, due to globalisation, the infl uence of the American culture and language on various types of texts in English produced in Lithuania cannot be denied. The nature of the institutional register requires writers to follow one or the other variant, and British English is usually expected in Lithuania. Other registers are more fl exible although a mixture of two most popular varieties, i.e. British and American, in one and the same text may demonstrate incompetence of the text producer. The study focuses on English in new media, namely websites of offi cial institutions, a news portal and business websites. An assumption is made that in new media settings neither of the two variants of English prevails.
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Recently, linguistic descriptions of the expression of evaluative meaning in various genres have received a lot of attention (e.g. Bednarek, 2006; Hunston & Thompson, 2000; Martin & White, 2005). Drawing on Martin and White’s Appraisal Theory, the present paper sets out to explore three questions: 1) What means do British online newspapers use to express attitude? 2) Do they convey predominantly opinion (i.e. appreciation or judgement) or emotional evaluation? 3) What differences (if any) are there in expressing attitude between tabloids and broadsheets? To answer these questions six articles from British online tabloids and six from broadsheets were analysed. The study has shown that the two types of newspapers differ mainly in the expression of emotion (affect), which constitutes the dominant subsystem of attitude.
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The word order as an important carrier of sentence dynamism has a substantial impact on the overall impression and effect a text will make on the addressee. With English and Czech, representing typologically different languages, the Czech translation of the English sentences with marked word order, i.e. such structures that serve the emphatic and expressive functions of the language, represents a demanding and challenging phenomenon. The focus of this paper is on the English literary texts whose Czech translations have been published, more specifi cally on two books by the same author, yet translated into Czech by different translators, as well as three versions of translation of the same English novel, which were carried out within the spell of fi fty years.
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The paper presents a survey of the translations from classical languages published in the last three decades, focusing mainly on the prose works. The period under consideration is subdivided into two sub-periods, 1995 – 2005 and 2005– 2020. Predominant trends for both of them are noted, including the prevalence of Greek original texts, the persisting interest in philosophical authors (particularly Aristoteles), and the lasting tendency, with some notable exceptions, to give attention to texts which have not been previously translated into Bulgarian.
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The paper provides a review of the history, results, and perspectives of the research on the language use of the Hungarian audiovisual and online press in Romania. In the first part, I present the background of the monitoring of the Hungarian press in Romania, its legal basis and its place in the context of the objectives set by the National Audiovisual Council of Romania. I describe the basic principles and methodology of the study while presenting the four volumes containing the results of the research. The second part of the paper presents the background, methodological principles, and preliminary results of the research phase of the study launched in 2021 on the language use of the online Hungarian press in Romania, and it concludes with a brief discussion of possible applications.
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The article proposes a new approach to Italo Svevo’s dramaturgy based on the example of his masterpiece The Regeneration, in the context of the poetics of modern and contemporary drama. Despite the matrix of the text, which seems to respect the old formal constraints, the Italian author questions certain foundations inherent in the aesthetics of the canonical form. The different strategies that go beyond the generic rules are also manifested in Zeno’s Conscience (known also in English as Confessions of Zeno), which contains some solutions of today’s theatrical aesthetics. Concluding remarks on this matter will be reserved for this work.
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Italo Calvino describes cosmological issues both through narrative reworkings, as in the case of many stories, and with essay reflections. He divulges the most recent scientific discoveries and hypotheses relating to the world’s birth and development through myth, following the model of some Latin authors such as Lucretius, Ovid and Pliny the Elder. The methodology of this study aims to compare the Calvinian critical readings of the three authors, highlighting the affinities, in order to understand the role they play in his reworkings. After having identified some thematic and stylistic constants, the emphasis is placed on the differences between the three authors and on the three level of analysis of their “cosmicity” in a cosmological, cosmogonic and cosmographic point of view. The cosmicomic story La forma dello spazio is a specific example of how Calvino analyzes and re-elaborates cosmological elements of Latinity with the aim of finding an expedient to address scientific topics through the literary medium. The purpose of this analysis is to identify the influences of these authors in Calvino’s essay production in the 1970s and 1980s and to examine the rewriting of some Latin elements in his cosmicomic stories and in Palomar. In the perspective of understanding how the analysis of Latin classics’s reception allows the ancient to relive in the contemporary, the research question is if Calvino’s proposal takes on a new light, certainly free from the postmodern canon, in the panorama of literature of the second half of the twentieth century. Calvin himself, in the footsteps of the Latin authors, would become a classic among the classics.
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The study is devoted to the issue of Bulgarian conversion in some Byzantine and Latin sources as places of memory. The author traces the use of medieval sources alongside their use of the Cyrillo-Methodian tradition as a means of historical reconstruction of the universal Christian European narrative in the writings of Matthias Flacius Illyricus, Caesar Baronius and the Bollandists. In discussing their work, the paper accents the first attempts at a critical reading of the motives for the conversion of the Bulgarians in connection with the activity of the holy brothers in the Baroque scholarly works of the Bollandists.
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The topic of the Christian past of the Bulgarians, their conversion and the controversies in connection with the acceptance of Christianity from Constantinople or Rome, including the work of the holy brothers Cyril and Methodius, form one of the ideological highlights in Petar Bogdan’s treatise The Antiquity of the Fatherland and the Deeds of the Bulgarians. The author of the first historical treatise in our new history interprets these events from the perspective of a senior Catholic prelate, in unison with key works of Catholic scholarship of the era in the realm of polemical theology. The study tries to shed light on exemplary Catholic writings followed by Petar Bogdan, such as the Care for the Salvation of All Nations by Thomas de Jesus of Baesa, or Roberto Bellarmino and his famous Disputations on the Controversies of the Christian Faith, which on the one hand influence on the genre of P. Bogdan’s work itself, on the other hand, could provide additional valuable information on the above issues. In this sense, Petar Bogdan’s treatise should be considered not an isolated case in the Bulgarian historiography from the Ottoman period, but could be placed in the frame of Catholic science from the period of Counter-Reformation.
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The Eulogy for Cyril and Methodius is one of the earliest Slavic sources for the life and work of the Slavic apostles. According to the latest data, it has been preserved in 31 copies, created in a wide area and period of time – from the Balkans to the northernmost Russian literary centers and between the 12th and 18th centuries. Its text is an invariable part of the earliest layer of Slavic sources for the two first teachers and bears the marks of a primary author created by immediate witnesses of the time. It is important to note that this is the second Slavic source after the Vita Metodii to preserve the text of Pope Adrian II’s letter to princes Rostislav, Svetopolk and Kotzel, whose Latin original has not reached us. The text in the two sources is different. As an invariable part of the earliest layer of Slavic sources about Cyril and Methodius and their disciples, which invariably accompanies one of the two main Slavic Cyrillo-Methodidian sources – Vita Cyrilli and Vita Metfdii, the Eulogy for Cyril and Methodius is part of the Bulgarian historical, cultural and literary heritage and part of Bulgarian memory for the two Slavic apostels. The purpose of this study is to trace in which and what type of literary environments the text of the Eulogy was copied and where its copies are currently stored. The manner of their formation and their fate over the centuries is of great importance for the nature of the collections in which the copies of the work are kept, for which basic information is given in the article. These data can answer the question of how the text of this work was distributed, why it was preserved in these manuscript collections. The information is summarized and presented in the form of a geographical map, which shows the distribution and influence of the Eulogy among the southern and eastern Slavs.
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The paper raises the question of memory in and memory of the most famous Bulgarian literary work dedicated to St. St. Cyril and Methodius, that is the poem Cyril and Methodius by Stoyan Mihaylovski (1892). The aim is to trace the complex fate of the work in Bulgarian culture in two additional contexts: the role of the Cyrillo-Methodian tradition in modern Bulgarian culture and the place of Mihaylovski in the canon of Bulgarian literature. The starting point is the research on the topic by a Polish expert in the field of Bulgarian studies, Grażyna Szwat-Gyłybowa. The methodological framework is based on the concepts of Aleida and Jan Assmann, as well as Astrid Erll, as the idea is to unfold the hermeneutic potential of the category of a medium of memory. The analysis of the hymn Cyril and Methodius, in terms of both the history of its reception and the function of the Cyrillo-Methodian tradition, problematizes its status as a cultural text, and contribute to the question of the religious in the discourse of the Bulgarian cultural and scientific elites.
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The aim of this paper is to treat the problem of traductibility of toponyms from the perspective of the possible equivalence between place names originally coined in Hungarian and their translation into Romanian. The linguistic corpus used for illustrating the methods and possibilities of translation contains the existent equivalents of toponyms in Transylvania, Romania. The study is based on exploring the possibilities of forming toponyms, both in source and target language, and their translations. Equivalence implies a correspondence between the two members of different sets, the source language and the target language; it is a relationship within which the terms considered to be equivalent are in a logical, semantic, and pragmatic correlation. However, this situation is not appliable in the case of toponyms, hence the interest in this particular domain of traductology. This paper intends to analyse the existent cases of equivalence regarding toponyms and the translation methods used to correspond the terms of source and target languages. To do so, we examine the toponyms from three perspectives: fully traductible, partially traductible, and untraductible ones. Apart from expecting interesting findings, one of the main objectives of this study is to fill a scientific void by creating an applicable precedent for upcoming similar studies in bi- or multilingual areas.
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In this paper, I will present all the surnames of the 17th century which are related to Csíkszentlélek [RO: Liliceni] according to the sources available to me at the moment. As a result of this research, the reader can learn the meaning of these names, compare their different spellings, and get an idea of the diversity of Szentlélek surnames. The exploration of the historical name material also provides an opportunity for a contrastive study of the name material of today and can thus also provide valuable data for those involved in name or genealogical research.
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The present study deals with certain sociocultural and linguistic aspects related to the counties of Harghita, Covasna, and Mureş. Several nationalities live in these counties, and in regions characterized by bilingualism there is a particular linguistic landscape, where speakers use structures from their mother tongue in the second language as well. Second language learning is a dynamic process, and the motivation underlying L2 acquisition is influenced by language learning biases. In general, the official language learning takes place implicitly, given the natural context of daily life. But for people from Harghita, Covasna, and some localities in Mureş County, where speakers rarely use Romanian, but also for students who use it only at school (3-4 hours/week), Romanian can be considered a foreign language. In this context, people who succeed in acquiring the language at a productive level use word-for-word translations from their mother tongue when communicating in Romanian. Socio-cultural contacts may reorganize the language system, thus interference, code switching, borrowings, and linguistic calques can be observed both in written and oral texts because the same person alternatively uses two languages – Hungarian and Romanian –, and linguistic interchanges among bilinguals may include elements of both spoken languages. Furthermore, certain extra-linguistic factors, such as ethnicity, race, social class, sex, or age play a major role in language and language contact research. At the same time, the effectiveness of successful interethnic communication also depends on the mutual knowledge of culture, traditions, and customs.
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Hungarian as a foreign language is a great challenge for Romanian-speaking students, as they have to absorb a foreign culture along with a completely foreign structure and function. Discovering a new language is also discovering a new culture. These two presuppose and complement each other. I have talked and written many times over the years about several pitfalls of learning Hungarian descriptive grammar and the possibilities of avoiding these pitfalls, but there are always new questions that have not yet been discussed. In this thesis, I would like to talk about relation words among the Hungarian word species groups, especially two relation words of morphological nature, the postpositions, and the verb particles, pointing out at the same time the means of expression of these words in Romanian. In Hungarian, the vocabulary group of relation words includes words whose autonomy is relative, temporary, and their function is sometimes very diverse. For example, verb particles range from concrete directional notation to abstract use, often accompanied by a change of meaning or nuance of verb approach (Szili 2011, p. 187).Among the general characteristics of relation words, I would like to emphasize that the communicative-pragmatic meaning of these words is primary (Keszler 2000: 69–71), and therefore they play an important and nuanced role in communication.
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