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Loliness and solitude in Bian Zhilin’s poems [Samotność i osamotnienie w poezji Bian Zhilina]

Author(s): Jarosław Zawadzki / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The concepts of loneliness and solitude (which for the purpose of this article I will call conceptemes) may take the forms of alloconcepts, similarly to morphemes deriving their physical shapes from morphs. Many distinct alloconcepts may express a single concepteme, some of them being antagonyms of the concepteme. Each alloconcept gives the concepteme a unique flavor, which determines the function of the concepteme. I will analyze what alloconcepts have been used by Bian Zhilin to express the conceptemes of loneliness and solitude in his poems. I will also provide an explanation of what such presentations may portend for the semantic and cultural meanings of the text, that is, what function they serve. The manner, time and place of being lonely or alone may reveal interesting cultural facts about a given community or society and give insight into the feelings experienced by the loners, be they the protagonists of a poem’s “story” or the lyrical voice itself.

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Dùzi bǎole or tùzǐ pǎole? The perception of Mandarin word-initial stops by Poles [Dùzi bǎole czy tùzǐ pǎole? Postrzeganie nagłosowych spółgłosek zwartych w mandaryńskiej chińszczyźnie przez Polaków]

Author(s): Katarzyna Knoll / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This paper concentrates on the perception of voicing contrasts in Mandarin Chinese stops by Polish speakers: advanced adult learners of Mandarin, and adults and children who have no knowledge of this Asian language. The results indicate that short-lag stops (0–20 ms VOT) pose a difficulty for Poles, and that the perception of voicing contrasts is both age- and experience-dependent. Advanced learners consistently divide stops into lenis (/p t k/) and fortis (/ph th kh/), and identification of the place of articulation of a given stop is relatively easy for them. Adults who do not know Mandarin, on the other hand, do not have such a strong categorisation effect, their voicing judgments are more ambiguous, and making distinction between labials, denti-alveolars and velars appears to be more difficult for them. Recognition of stops is also difficult for the youngest Poles, who tend to identify lenis /p t k/ and fortis /ph th kh/ as belonging to the same, fortis, category.

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Shuangguan: Linguistic and cultural aspects of the Chinese art of punning [Shuangguan: językowe i kulturowe aspekty chińskiej sztuki posługiwania się kalamburami]

Author(s): Agnieszka Solska / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

With only 405 distinct syllables, Mandarin Chinese is particularly rich in homophones. Not surprisingly, this peculiarity of the language is exploited in wordplay, which is encountered in all manner of communicative settings, including poetry and prose, cultural symbols, jokes, advertisements and even public service posters and telegram messages. Interestingly, while speakers of English would use the term ‘pun’ to identify most instances of ambiguity-based wordplay, the speakers of Chinese take a much narrower view of what constitutes shuangguan, the term which is typically treated as the equivalent of the English word ‘pun.’ This article examines both more and less prototypical shuangguan, encountered in contexts representative of both high and low culture. It identifies three qualities of the Chinese language which make it particularly well suited for punning wordplay as well as three cultural factors underlying both the partiality Chinese speakers have for the ambiguity-based language play and the ways in which this partiality manifests itself.

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Living the abhinaya: Sensory-somatic approaches to rasa-bhāva in Odissi dance [Przeżywanie abhinaya: zmysłowo-somatyczne sposoby podejścia do rasa-bhāva w tańcu Odissi]

Author(s): Sabina Sweta Sen-Podstawska / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Odissi, one of the Indian classical dance forms, involves stylised and codified movements built upon a set of grammar and vocabularies that are interconnected with body-mind philosophy and the aesthetic theory of bhāva (mood, feeling, emotion) and rasa (essence, sentiment). In this expressive and dynamic performance a dancer internalises certain bhāvas within herself/himself and performs them with her/his entire body-mind to touch the audience’s body-mind by evoking rasa in both the performer and the audience. While learning and performing, the dancers carefully attend to their psychophysical sensations alongside the socio-cultural and aesthetic influences which together create meanings for the performer, and then become a point of reference for the audience. In this paper, I discuss the sensory-somatic approaches taken by contemporary Odissi dancers to explore the transformations in training and performance methodology. Drawing from my ethnographic fieldwork in India and my personal experience as an Odissi dancer, I analyse examples from abhinaya, expressive dance items, to demonstrate how rasa-bhāva can be re-interpreted as an enactive, embodied and animated aesthetic experience of the dancer.

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Projekt e-ma: pobudzanie nadziei – spojrzenie na pedagogikę krytyczną Freire’a poprzez wgląd w społeczność Belfastu w oparciu o sztukę

Author(s): Andrew R. Woollock / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This paper sets out to present project e-ma, a doctoral research project carried out within the school of education at the Queen’s university of Belfast. Project e-ma explores the potentiality of the shin-tou artefact e-ma [絵馬] as a means to discuss and engage hope within a specific deprived working-class community of south Belfast; the Donegall Pass. Using the theoretical frame of Paulo Freire’s (1970, 1974) Critical Pedagogy and an arts-based educational research approach (ABER), which incorporates the methodological frame of Mertens’s (2007, 2010) “transformative paradigm,” project e-ma sets out to examine whether the key tenets of Freire’s Critical Pedagogy: dialogue, praxis, transformation, problem-posing, disruption, conscientização, undergirded by democracy and social justice can be explored via the conduit of the votive tablet e-ma, and if so what that might look like.

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Czy istnieje filozofia japońska? [Does Japanese philosophy exist?]

Author(s): Zuzanna Fluder / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article addresses the issue of whether philosophical thought had existed in Japan before the arrival of what the Japanese call tetsugaku. The term, coined from the words tetsu (“wisdom”) and gaku (“learning”), was introduced in 1874 by Amane Nishi to refer to Western philosophy. The need for such a term arose in the Meiji period, when Japan opened to the Western world and the Japanese started to study philosophical disciplines. The article presents the peculiarities of the Japanese way of thinking, which has been inspired by other cultures (especially the Chinese, Korean and starting from 20th century, the European one) and affected by the ideas grounded in Buddhism, Confucianism as well as the native Shintoism. It examines the development of the native Japanese thought and attempts to determine whether there is a specifically Japanese philosophy, exhibiting its own characteristic features, distinct from the foreign influences and clearly distinguishable from religion and mythology.

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Fenomen haragei – japońska tradycja w komunikacji interpersonalnej oraz w biznesie [The phenomeon of haragei – A Japanese tradition of interpersonal and business communication]

Author(s): Ewa Tomporek-Fukuoka / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The Japanese term haragei (literally, “the art of the stomach” or “the art of the belly”) refers to a special sensitivity that allows people with similar experiences and cultural backgrounds to exchange thoughts and feelings and to achieve mutual understanding by relying on empathy and/or emphasis instead of resorting to verbal communication. The article attempts to present the uniqueness of the haragei-based Japanese way of communicating and to describe how in the Japanese high-context culture haragei is used in everyday life, in the sphere of politics and especially in the business world, where it functions as a method of assessing people and situations and as a way of avoiding potential confrontations and the resulting problems.

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Trywializacja kultury japońskiej w mediach masowych [The trivialization of the Japanese culture in mass media]

Author(s): Marcelina Mrowiec / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article aims to discuss the ongoing banalization of the Japanese culture in the Polish mass media. Especially Polish television limits its portrayal of Japan to stereotypes and simplifications, giving the viewers practically no opportunity to get acquainted with Japanese thought patterns and turning them into passive consumers of programmes whose informative content is questionable. Japanese feature movies (such as The Ring), offered on prime time TV, are nearly exclusively horror shows of dubious quality. Morning shows (such as Dzień Dobry TVN), presented on breakfast television, depict Japan as an exotic country full of peculiar people. The article argues that this banalization of the Japanese culture results from the spread of infotainment, the ever-increasing tendency for the mass media to treat presenting information merely as a pretext for providing entertainment and thus attracting and keeping an audience.

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Współcześni samurajowie? Ewolucja modelu społecznego salarymana w Japonii XX i pierwszych lat XXI wieku [Present-day samurai? The evolution of the social model of the salaryman in the Japan of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century]

Author(s): Julian Marcinów / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article discusses the Japanese model of the salaryman, which has been present in the culture of the Land of the Rising Sun since mid-twentieth century and which has formed a prominent element of the Japanese workplace and educational system. The author analyzes the emergence of the model on the wave of the social changes at the turn of the 19th and 20th century. He presents its subsequent evolution and the reasons why it became such an important component of the Japanese mentality. He draws attention to the connections of the model to the values which the Japanese society holds dear and mentions the claims that it has been inspired by the moral code of the samurai, the former Japanese warrior caste. Finally, he discusses the changes that are currently affecting the world of the Japanese whitecollar workers, changes which result from the crisis of this type of employment and the emergence new models of masculinity.

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Yoroshiku onegaishimasu – koncepcja „twarzy” czy „stanowiska”? Rodzaje grzeczności w japońskiej formule grzecznościowej [Yoroshiku onegaishimasu – The concept of ‘face’ or ‘social standing’? Types of politeness in a Japanese politeness formula]

Author(s): Maria Spiechowicz / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Brown and Levinson (1987) described politeness as a face-saving strategy and distinguished between its positive and negative variety. Supposedly universal, their model of politeness does not seem to be fully applicable to the way politeness is realized in the Japanese culture. For instance, it cannot completely account for the Japanese politeness formula yoroshiku onegaishasu. The way it is translated into other languages is heavily affected by the context of its use and researchers do not agree on how to describe the kind of politeness that the formula is meant to convey, describing it as a “form of dependence” (Matsumoto 1988), a “concept of a situation” (Fukushima 2000), “positive face behavior” (Pizziconi 2003) or the “tachiba concept” (Obana 2010). By examining selected examples of its use and contrasting them with the relevant Polish equivalents the article attempts to describe the formula at semantic-pragmatic and meta-pragmatic levels.

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Paradoks (acintyatva) w filozofii Dźiwy Goswamina [Paradox (acintyatva) in Jiva Goswami’s philosophy]

Author(s): Dagmara Wasilewska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article deals with the role of the paradox in the philosophical thought and mysticism of Jiva Goswami. This sixteenth-century Vaishnava theologian placed his system within the Vedanta school, in which the relation of the Absolute to the phenomenal world and to the man functions as the main criterion underlying the distinction into various Vedantic sub-traditions. These range from strict monism, which assumes total unity of the world and the Absolute, to a strict dualism, where they always constitute separate entities. Jiva Goswami’s system, whose full exposition can be found in the Sanskrit treatise Sat Sandarbhas, is based on the innovative concept of acintya-bhedābheda – the paradoxical simultaneous identity and separateness of God and creation. Although the term acintya (“incomprehensible”, “paradoxical”) seems merely a specification of the ontological relation referred to by earlier thinkers and theologians as dvaitādvaita (“unity in diversity”), the consequences of its application are enormous both for philosophy in general and for the model of mysticism as well as the concept of liberation postulated in the Bengali school of Vishnuism, which Goswami represents.

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Puns as tools for teaching English grammar in a university context

Author(s): Agnieszka Solska / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This paper addresses the issue of teaching grammar to students who are learning English at the tertiary level, especially those who have taken up English as a university subject. It makes a case for incorporating yet another tool in the extensive toolkit already available to their teachers: puns, an ambiguity-based wordplay whose effect springs from correlating two distinct meanings via one linguistic form. The paper outlines arguments for the pedagogical value of using puns in the classroom and presents examples of specific activities that can be employed in the classroom to raise L2 learners awareness of a whole range of grammar-related issues.

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Developing speaking skills in conversation classes

Author(s): Dagmara Gałajda / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This chapter focuses on the issues and challenges connected with teaching conversation classes in a university context. It briefly discusses the theoretical background of communication studies related to communicative competence and psychological aspects of communicative behaviour of a language learner, that is, willingness to communicate, communication apprehension, and self-perception. The section devoted to implications gives hints and possible solutions which can be implemented in order to make conversation classes engaging and effective. The final part of the present chapter offers a list of tasks and questions which can be used in the process of designing, planning, and conducting conversation classes.

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Kij i marchewka – pożywienie jako narzędzie kontroli w narracjach niewolników

Author(s): Urszula Niewiadomska-Flis / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The aim of the article is to trace the role of food as a tool of violence in shaping the relations between white plantation owners and their black slaves in the southern states of the USA. The subject of the analysis has been the use of food in a clash of oppressive domination of white people with disobedience of black slaves, both in “white” residences and in “black” huts. Slave narratives, published after the abolition of slavery, as well as interviews with former slaves conducted in 1930s within the scope of The Works Progress Administration’s (WPA) Federal Writers’ Project serve as a corpus for the analysis of methods of using food as a tool for controlling slaves that can be traced in literature.

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Czy można ufać dorosłym? Przemoc w czarnych społecznościach z perspektywy dziecka Pantery. The Beautiful Struggle autorstwa Ta-Nehisi Coatesa

Author(s): Aleksandra Hołubowicz / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Black people in the United States, according to the mainstream racist story, are embroiled in violence. Pop culture, and in particular the influence of Hollywood productions, in its passive audience creates a perception that African-Americans are more likely than white people to be perpetrators of crime, and evidence is cited of higher criminal records of dark-skinned individuals (proportional to population). Gang wars, drug trafficking and participation in shootings are often mentioned in the discussion of black community problems. Poverty affecting families depicted as multi-children, in which the upbringing of offspring falls in many cases on a single mother, contributes to the criminal activity of this group of people and makes them vulnerable to domestic violence. Such stereotypes, although recognized by American liberals as untrue (after all, one can mention outstanding individuals involved in the civil rights movement, such as Martin Luther King, or artists, such as actor Morgan Freeman, or President Barack Obama, to whom people from various countries, including Western liberal democracies, have particular liking) – are at the root of the furious lyrics of rappers from Public Enemy. In his book, entitled The Beautiful Struggle. A Memoir Ta-Nehisi Coates, who grew up in the days when Public Enemy became famous, describes life in a patchwork family formed by the Black Panther activist, his wife, their common children, and the offspring of the father’s previous relationships. This brilliant prose written in the language of intelligent rap becomes the starting point for addressing the issue of violence as seen through the eyes of a child. The main issue discussed in the article is an attempt to answer the question to what extent minors can count on adults when they fall victim to unpleasant incidents. In the analysis, violence experienced by adolescent members of the community has been particularly taken into account.

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Historia, mit amerykańskiego Zachodu, przemoc. Wojenne i rewolucyjne reminiscencje w Tetralogii Pogranicza Cormaca McCarthy’ego

Author(s): Joanna Wildowicz / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Blood Meridian, Or the Evening Redness in the West, All the Pretty Horses, The Crossing, Cities of the Plain, which are set on the southwestern edge of America, are the volumes of the brilliant Border Trilogy by Cormac McCarthy. Although none of the novels is set in a time of great warfare or revolution, the strong repercussions of a bloody and violent era accompany the protagonists, who try to get to know and understand the South of America and Mexico, stigmatized by the memory of historical events. The Mexican War (1846–1848) and the Mexican Revolution (1910–1920) form the narrative background for this prose. Reminiscences of destructive conflicts, which carry with them barbarity, suffering and death, haunt the protagonists, not allowing them to forget the atrocities associated with war and revolution. Some are burdened with the memory of a bloody wartime past, others are affected by the mere recollections of these experiences. McCarthy in the history of Borderland exposes the feelings and emotions of people affected by turbulent historical events, combining a fictional story with history, the past with the present. All the novels go deep into American history, face its facts and myths. McCarthy, in turn, tries to present the history of his country according to historical facts, thus destroying well-functioning myths. The writer’s revisionist approach to the restless and unruly history has turned the most recognizable symbol of America, the Wild West, into an American myth, which is deprived of its own raison d’être.

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Pomiędzy faktem a fikcją – reportaż z Operacji „Iracka Wolność”

Author(s): Anna Samborowska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Presenting facts in the most faithful way possible deprives the history of emotions, colours and turns it into a bare report. According to the principles set by New Journalism, a trend that introduced the use of literary techniques in journalistic texts, a press article should evoke in the recipient as strong an experience as possible, thanks to which s/he will be able to feel the events described, even if the price is the loss of their status of “facts”. The aim of the article is an attempt to demonstrate the way in which David Finkel, a war correspondent who witnessed the implementation of “Operation Iraqi Freedom”, builds a narration describing difficult, violent events; how he shapes, through appropriate rhetoric, the reactions of readers to the content which they receive. The methodological background of the article has been built with reference to Paul Ricoeur’s triple mimesis concept, and an additional tool for analyzing trauma in literature are the results of research by Richard McNally and Joshua Pedersen. With the aid of the aforementioned theoretical tools it is possible to show the links between the rhetoric used in the narration and the horizon of the contemporary receiver, which stimulate the reader’s experience.

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„Krew patriotów i tyranów”: motyw przemocy w powieściach amerykańskiego nurtu patriotyczno-konstytucjonalistycznego

Author(s): Eric Starnes / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article discusses the problem of violence as a specific genre of American literature – the so-called “patriotic”, or “constitutional” novels. The intention of these novels is to issue a warning against the dangers of allowing the ideas of left-wing progressives, known in these novels as ‘left-wingers’, ‘socialists’ and ‘progressives’, to be rooted in American society. According to the authors of the constitutional novels, if the left wing occupies a place in society, there is a danger that the freedoms guaranteed by the Constitution of the United States will be inhibited, and thus the constitutional rights of all Americans will have to be defended by the constitutional patriots. Violence appears to be a natural form of defence against the potential loss of any freedoms, of which the first two amendments to the United States Bill of Rights have particular value for constitutional patriots: freedom of religion and the right to keep and bear arms. The actions to defend these rights described in the novels under consideration are presented as a struggle for justice and equity. Given that the United States was built on the foundation of violence (American Revolutionary War) and that since colonial times brutal revolts have regularly accompanied life on the western border, it can be said that violence is an integral part of American national identity. The article explores the issue of violence on the western border (frontier), and also discusses selected novels referring to the subject of armed uprising against overly far-reaching government or left-wing agitators. The analysis of the phenomenon of violence in these contexts includes the theories of forensic psychiatrist James Gilligan on the causes of violence and social psychologist Thomas Scheff on shame and the cycle linking shame and anger.

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Przemoc nigdy się nie zmienia: obrazy przemocy w twórczości fanów gier wideo z serii Fallout

Author(s): Magdalena Bednorz / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Similarly as in the case of other, numerous video games, Fallout: New Vegas employs a motif of violence treated as one of the basic ways of interacting with postapocalyptic setting of the game. The omnipresence of violence in this game also translates into numerous fan meta-arrangements, i.e forms of creative expression referring to New Vegas. The author of the article focuses on the analysis of selected examples of fan practices in English-speaking fandom centred around social media platform called Tumblr. The purpose of the analysis is to outline the characteristics of violence representations in the selected works with respect to their subject-matter, such as, for example, the relationship between violence and the psyche of the characters, and explanation strategies adopted in these works, such as parody or gap filling. The text also discusses the aesthetics of the works, often romanticizing or exaggerating the violence of the source text. The analysis of these issues is aimed at showing the transformative character of fanworks and emphasizing the role of the motif of violence in shaping both the individual and the collective experience of the game.

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Przypisy do przypisów Benisławskiej do Benisławskiej

Author(s): Jan Zieliński / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

This dissertation concerns the rare phenomenon in the Polish eighteen-century poetry, particularly authored by a woman, that is footnotes, occasionally extensive, which Konstancja Benisławska included in some parts of the volume Pieśni sobie śpiewane… (1776). These footnotes, far beyond source references, are where the poet expresses, sometimes emphatically, her moral and religious convictions, and criticisms regarding her contemporary literary life and editorial movement. Thus, Benisławska’s footnotes become an individual seal of a poet-erudite. Aside from the main argument, while delineating the field of research, the author of the article offers a bibliography of the nineteen-century editions of the prayer-book which have not been associated with Benisławska’s name up to now.

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