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The aim of the article is primarily to present the etymology of the names and surnames of the Jubilarian as well as the way these onimas function both historically and today. The source material for analysis was excerpted from dictionaries of the Polish language: etymological, general (explanatory: historical and contemporary dictionaries), phraseological, and onomastic.
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The article presents the results of the research of Danuta Bieńkowska, a linguist from Łódź, on the issue of Polish biblical style. For this purpose the author recalled the main results and findings made by Bieńkowska in the monograph Polish Biblical Style (2002) published 20 years ago, which was the first attempt at a synthetic approach to this issue in the Polish language. The author of the study drew attention to three dimensions of this work, which, from the contemporary perspective, have the following character: 1. permanent, 2. constituting a field for discussion and 3. opening perspectives for further research in this field.
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The meaning of the Greek lexeme φύραμα (or Latin massa) in Rom 11:16, 1 Cor 5:6 and Gal 5:9 - ‘any substance mixed with water and kneaded; a mass, lump’ – only generally indicates the referent. Therefore, in Polish biblical Renaissance translations, it has several synonymous equivalents: ciasto – przymieszanie – rozczyna – rozmieszenie – zaczynienie – zadziałanie – zamies – zamieszanie.In the New Testament of Jakub Wujek from 1593 (Wuj93) there are three of them: ciasto, zaczynienie, zadziałanie. Textual distribution of equivalents of Greek φύραμα or Latin massa in Wuj93 is a result of a philological translation strategy, which consits in revealing the meaning of the Latin translation text basis also by confronting it with the Greek New Testament text. The equivalent ciasto is attested in earlier Catholic renderings of 1556 and 1561. The other two equivalents are attested in Protestant New Testament renderings –zaczynienie in the Anti-Trinitarian one from 1577, zadziałanie in the Calvinist one from 1563. The textual provenance of these equivalents are less relevant to their semantic adequacy in specific biblical contexts.However, in the New Testament in the Bible of Jakub Wujek from 1599 (Wuj99) in all biblical contexts only one equivalent was used: ciasto, attested in the earlier Catholic renderings. The Jesuit censorship commission led by Stanisław Grodzicki, which revised Jakub Wujek's translation, chose a literal translation strategy. The rendering should be strictly in line with the Latin Clementine Vulgate (1592). As a result, the contextual synonymous equivalents of Latin massa (i.e. ciasto, zaczynie, zadziałanie) were replaced with one lexeme only (i.e. ciasto).
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In his “Słownik języka polskiego” (vols 1-6, Warsaw 1807-1814) S. B. Linde included a large number of quotations from Polish 16th and 17th century Bible translations. They illustrate the semantic meaning of numerous words of the Polish language but also show alternative translation choices thanks to quoting parallel extracts from two or more Bible versions. Linde not only rendered great services for Polish and Slavic lexicography, but also pioneered philological research on Polish Bible translations. In addition, the lexicographer was interested in the translations of Luther and Skoryna, Lithuanian bibles and the Gothic New Testament of Ulfilas.
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This paper attemps to characterize the language of the latest Catholic translation of the Holy Scriptures, i. e. the Bible edited by the Society of Saint Paul (2008). The translation strategies adopted by the translators are discussed in respect of: 1) the translation of Polish Biblical style (established by the Rev. Jakub Wujek), 2) the tradition of the Millennium Bible (1965). The aim is to show the extent to which the translators managed to fulfil two postulates that are usually difficult to reconcile: faithfulness to tradition and comprehensibility of language. In the Millenium Bible the postulate of faithfulness is often fulfilled at the expense of comprehensibility. The Paulist Bible is a response to the challenges posed by the contemporary culture; it is meant to convey Biblical ideas in language appealing to the contemporary recipient. The author uses selected samples to illustrate how the Paulist Bible departing from the method of literal translation, manifested in, e.g., reflecting Semitisms, does not abandon the principle of fidelity and remains consistent with the idiosyncrasies of the Polish Biblical style.
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This study focuses on a rhymed adaptation of the four gospels, Jezusa Chrystusa Zbawiennego Pana Nowina Wspaniała wierszem rozgłaszana [Jesus Christ the Saviour and the Lord’s Gospel Most Magnificent in verse], published in Krakow in 2017 by Antoni Gazda under the pseudonym of Bogurym Polski. Subject to discussion are selected conventionalized constructions representing quotation variants: continuous linguistic units and textual sequences of different text genre status (biblicisms in the broader sense), established in the Polish language and disseminated in social discourse, e.g. “like sheep without a shepherd; the harvest is plentiful, but the labourers are few; no one can serve two masters; you cannot serve God and mammon; friend, go up higher; come to me, all you who labour and are heavy laden, and I will give you rest; learn from me; for I am gentle and lowly in heart; my yoke is easy and my burden is light; for all things are possible with God; by their fruits you shall know them; in my Father's house are many rooms; even now the axe is laid to the root of the trees.” The biblical phraseology treated as one of the basic exponents of the Polish biblical style in Bogurym Polski's work is preserved on a general scale, which can be interpreted as a general indication of compliance with the hieratic translation tradition. Individual modifications of biblicisms are those necessitated by the poetic form of the work. The basic types of change are addition of component(s) and changes in word order.
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The article presents introductory remarks on the functioning of women in the sixteenth-century sermons of “Postylla Minor” (“Postylla mniejsza”) by Jakub Wujek. The method of naming female persons was characterized. Women are most often called “białogłowy” or “niewiasty” and are usually shown by their roles: mother, wife, daughter, virgin, widow, nun. A group of women mentioned in “Sermons for the days of saintly patrons” was discussed. Mary, the Mother of Christ, is mentioned most often in the sermons. Jakub Wujek also recalls other female biblical heroines: from the Old Testament – Anna, Ewa, Sara, Rachab, Rut, Tamar, Uriah's wife, from the New Testament – Anna, Elżbieta, Maria Magdalena / Magdalena, Marta and not found in the Bible Anna, the mother of Mary. Historical figures also appear in the sermons: Elżbieta – most likely Elżbieta of Thuringia, Empress Helena, Jadwiga widow – Jadwiga of Silesia, Paula – Paula Rzymianka, Pulcheria – Empress of Constantinople, Katarzyna – probably Katarzyna of Alexandria, Agrypina Młodsza – Nero’s mother. In Wujek's sermons, women are shown primarily as acting in God's plan of salvation.
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The subject of considerations of this article are 16th-century feminine names (feminatives) formed with the suffixes ”-i/-yc(a)” and ”-nic(a)”, and derived primarily from masculine personal nouns (masculinatives) ending in ”-ec”, ”-ic”, “-ik”, and ”-nik”. The three female suffixes form nouns belonging to the categories of agents, attributive names, and affinity names. The research material was excerpted from the ”Słownik polszczyzny XVI wieku” [SPXVI, ”The Dictionary of 16th-Century Polish Language”] and included 68 lexemes in 1,097 uses. For the authors, the purpose of the research was to interpret selected 16th-century feminatives by subjecting them to formal historical word-formation analysis, using the lexicographic description contained in SPXVI and other historical lexicons. The analysis was supplemented with an attempt at painting the linguistic image of the woman of the Renaissance era. In the material discussed, the most represented group were the ”nomina attributiva”, an explicatively difficult category. On the other hand, the least represented group were the affinity names. The research demonstrated that modifying derivatives (so-called simple feminatives) were the most frequent in the group of names studied, more than half of which originated in the 16th century. Although some of the examples are nonce words, this fragmentary overview of 16th-century material allowed the authors to formulate several conclusions about the image of the woman of the era, both in the professional context and in the stereotypical perception.
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The purpose of the article is to show the difficulties involved in compiling the Latin-Polish dictionary of Bartholomeus de Bydgostia. Based on selected entries, the differences between the Latin and Polish parts are shown. They result from the different way of defining the Latin entries, whose author was the German humanist J. Reuchlin, and the nature of their Polish explanations added by Bartholomew. Very often, Latin headwords are explained by close synonyms of both Latin and Polish words, which do not form a coherent whole. For this reason, the meaning cannot be precisely determined for all words.
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The observation of scientific texts from the nineteenth century, devoted to the history of Poland and the Polish language, presents a tendency to use various manners of rhetorical provenance to create a message with a specific cognitive value, persuasive power and axiological character. Interest in this phenomenon is related to reflection on the scientific language of history and the paradigm of cognitive objectivity as well as the concept of linguistic distance. The use of various figurative transformations: metaphors, metonymies, hyperbolas, comparisons and metaphorical epithets in the works of historians in the 19th century turns out to be particularly puzzling. The publication of “Starodawnych prawa polskiego pomników” (from 1865, 1870) by Antoni Zygmunt Helcel was used as illustrative material. The legal historian expressed the content related to the discipline of knowledge he practiced, the research material as well as the methods and cognitive strategy of the researcher with suggestive, expressive tropes. They are proof of the erudition of the author who knows how to use the rich resource of elocutionary linguistic procedures. They also testify to the manner of expressing content adopted in a particular communicative community. The exploitation of tropes in a 19th-century scientific text does not contradict the postulated logic of inference and research intuition. As a result, an image of the nineteenth-century scientific discourse in the history of law is created in which the author does not avoid expressing his views clearly, unambiguous and expressive criticism, pictorial presentation of concepts and problems, and metaphorical determination of historiosophical foundations and historical ideas. At the same time, he declares and adopts the attitude of impartiality and objectivity.
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The aim of the article is to analyse language games in columns, which are a source of humor. The research material was a column by Tomasz Olbratowski and Michał Rusink. The introduction discusses the concepts of column and humor. In the analytical part, examples of language games were selected, in which the authors use the sound and meaning of words for artistic purposes, break conversational rules, creatively refer to other styles and genres and well-known cultural texts. Analysis of the material showed that the authors of the columns are very creative. They put a lot of effort into the selection and juxtaposition of means of expression in order to produce a humors effect. The recipient of the columns must demonstrate knowledge of the political, social and cultural context and actively participate in the process of interpreting the text.
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The article contains a structural, semantic and functional analysis of slogans as manifestations of verbal communication among MKS Pogoń Szczecin fans. The conducted descriptions prove that the analyzed texts are characterized by: structural simplicity (the majority of expressions and single sentences), the use of lexical means from various stylistic registers of the Polish language (next to vulgarisms and invectives, mainly - marked colloquiality) and thematic diversity (apart from prescribed behaviors and feelings towards the club or other fans, also elements of a patriotic nature). The characteristic features of slogans described in these considerations ensure that they perform the most important functions from the point of view of the existence of the described community, i.e. integrating, informative and persuasive.
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The article presents the stylistic diversity of official biographical notes and family periodicals. The paper demonstrates the peculiar pragmatic relation among the authors and readers connected with the Janota Bzowski family tradition. Some family members have been described in texts from different sources: more official biographical notes and more private as well as emotional memoirs. The official notes from biographical lexicons contain the most important facts about the hero, a clan member. On the other hand, the family memoirs reveal a subjective choice of events, which are, however, described specifically and in details.
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One hundred and twenty-nine diary entries made by Ludwig Wittgenstein in the years 1930–1932, 1936–1937, and published for the first time in 1997 were the subjects of linguistic and linguistic theoretical analysis. The history of the diary as well as its structure and semantics were discussed. The most important fragments of the entries in the diary have been subjected to onomasiological analysis, as a result of which they are assigned to the names of concepts expressing their semantics globally and creating a conceptual structure.
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Ius est ars boni et aequi (Dig. 1,1,1). The famous definition of the Roman jurist Celsus still amazes legal scholars, legal historians, linguists, and philosophers. If we consider the definition without much elaboration and specification of meaning - law is the art of the good and fair – such a statement could be perceived as mere rhetoric with an ethical focus. I venture to offer the following more specific understanding of the meaning of Celsus's definition: Law is the skill of right evaluation of facts (expediency) and impartial justice. I join those scholars who believe that the definition Ius est ars boni et aequi is a definition of the function and meaning of law during Roman antiquity.
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The article describes communicative competences that undergraduates − future economists − should possess, and presents methods used in speaking skills practice at ESP seminars at the University of Economics in Bratislava. The target group are undergraduates at B2 and C1 levels of language competence. The autor sums up the situations in which an undergraduate may fi nd himself/herself in an academic and professional setting as well, defi nes factors that may affect an undergraduate’s ability to get involved successfully in verbal communication, and gives examples of exercises/tasks which simulate various situations and are applied successfully at ESP seminars. Opinions and attitudes expressed by the author are based on her vast teaching experience and direct observations made at ESP seminars conducted by the author. She has grounds for supposing that the intensity and scope of interpersonal communication among the younger generation is becoming narrow. Poor communication in Slovak as their mother tongue corelates with poor verbal communication in the target English language.
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Compared to scientifi c texts, legal texts are more diffi cult to follow for two reasons: the complexity of legal systems and the purpose of the communication. They are intended to be clear and unambiguous so as to allow precise interpretation. This intention results in complex grammatical and syntactic structures. Common features of legal texts with the focus on style, terminology and syntax were studied by Hiltunen (1990), Bhatia (1993) and Trosborg (1997). Based on Bhatia´s move-structure approach, the paper is to present a comparison of English and Czech syntactic structures in English and Czech legal texts.
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Language studies consider cultural models as well as linguistic cultural models which are of particular interest for phraseology since collectively shared cultural norms, attitudes or values can manifest themselves in presuppositions underlying proverbs, idioms and other prefabricated stereotypes. Culture is defi ned as the complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, art, morals, law, customs and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. The close link between culture and phraseology is best revealed by proverbs and fully idiomatic set phrases because they heavily rely on images, traditions and habits that are characteristic of a given culture. The paper deals with English phraseology which is the embodiment of English people consciousness and culture and at the same time serves as the means of communication and the knowledge of reality.
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In the European Union, which represents linguistically diverse institution sui generis, texts are produced in a supranational multicultural discourse community describing specifi c aspects and concepts of European law or of national legal systems. The efforts of unifying and harmonising national laws with the aim of developing a European system of law have resulted in a number of new concepts that in turn caused proliferation of numerous new terms – the Euro-terms. They represent a basis for shaping a kind of supranational language: legal Euro-English. Nevertheless, can we talk about a new emerging variety? What are the features and characteristics of it compared to legal language in general?
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