We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.
Pakistan is the place of a less-known conflict between Baluch national movements and federal government in Islamabad, which bear deeply on geopolitics in the region. Pakistani federal forces have been trying to suppress Balochi national movements for more than 50 years. Its aim was to replace Baluch identity with Pakistani, or at least muslim one, by force. The goal hasn’t been reached so far, with most attempts being counter-productive in its results. Moreover, the conflict made national movement switch from mainly political one to national insurgency. The main factor of the conflict is Pakistani government and military’s disregard for Baluchis economical, political and cultural aims.
More...
People's Republic of China is one of the most emerging markets in the world. Its economy and military capabilities have attracted attention of the other world powers in recent years. How should the United States, who has created a special economic relation with China called "Chimerica", respond to this new player in the world game? Can the China's "peaceful rise" threaten its neighbors form the Asia and Pacific Region? What would be the new world order? The aim of the article is to respond to those questions by providing the analysis of the new China's strategy in post-Cold War era. At first, the author introduces idea of strategy and then presents his interpretation of the origins, elements and main goals of the China's foreign policy. In addition he explains evolution of the Chinese perception of the international relations and indicates the examples of the new strategy's implementation.
More...
Turkey and Iran are two neighbors who are competing for being a regional power in the Middle East. Defense spending has an important status for both countries, in terms of both the state of continuous turmoil in the countries of the region and as an indicator of national power. On the other hand, there is an increasing volume of trade between two countries as well, in parallel to the trend of improvement in diplomatic relations within the last decade. In this study, mutual trade relations between Turkey and Iran and effects of defense spending on the economies of both countries are discussed theoretically. Improvement of economic relations between both countries in 2000s resulted in a situation of mutual existence rather than regional competition. Further improvement and diversification of economic relations may have positive outcomes for both countries. The strengthening economic relations may change the perception of threat by two countries against each other and may allow utilization of some resources reserved for defense spending in more productive areas.
More...
In this article, gender equality in the trade unions was addressed, and insufficient representation of the women in the trade union managements was dealt with. This insufficient representation can be due to not only the market conditions, but also gender discrimination. However, it is obvious that in the last 20-30 years, trade-unions need female directors at the point of trade-unions’ renewing themselves in order to attract increasing female labor to the market. Therefore, in the last section of our study, strategies developed for women’s participation in trade union activities at any level within the trade-union movement was focused on, and in this context, solution suggestions on the steps to be taken have been developed.
More...
The main theme of this survey concerns the problems about Bulgarian and Romanian collaboration in the sphere of the archival heritage in both countries. It traces the first publications of importance for Bulgarian historiography on documental sources, mainly found in Romanian depots. This activity began in the late 19th century. It is well known that Romania has an opportunity to offer to the Bulgarian researchers more archival sources than Bulgarian archives could ever offer to their Romanian colleagues. Thus one of the accents of this paper is about the formation of a unique collection of microfilms of documents about Bulgarian history in the Central State Archive in Bulgaria from the Romanian state archives. These microfilms have been gained through the way of the official exchange between the two countries during the 20th century as a part of a cultural and scientific collaboration. It began in 1965 and still stands in negotiations for what is more necessary to be done. The author`s aim is to show as possible as she can, what was the document collecting policy of the institutions, concerning the history of the exchange between the two neighboring countries and the problems of collecting nowadays, still waiting for resolving in front of researchers and institutions.
More...
The French critic reveals a whole extensive network of affinities which connect Schulz’s oneiric fiction with that of Alfred Kubin, E.T.A. Hoffmann, Max Blecher, and – perhaps not surprisingly – Franz Kafka. Selecting from the world of Schulz three specific motifs: the city, the mannequin, and the metaphysical machine, he demonstrates that the writer from Drogobych joined, for the most part unawares, the mainstream of European modernism both in its literary and artistic varieties, including the self-reflexive art of Marcel Duchamp.
More...
The texts referring to Bruno Schulz can be divided into two groups: first, those featuring a protagonist of that name, connected with the events from the writer’s life, and second,those in which there reader can recognize some motifs from his fiction or the Schulzean model of the fictional world. The former includes works by the Serbian fiction writers Jovic Acin and Mikhailo Pantic and the Croatian poet Damir Sodan, the latter those bythe Croatian poets Ivan Samia and Delimir Resicki, and the Serbian poet Dragan Boskovic. The Serbian writer’s Mirko Demic’s novel, Amber, Honey, and Sorb, belongsto both groups. In the works of those authors one can find descriptions of Schulz’s deathand the following metamorphoses, similar to those experienced by the characters fromhis short stories. Few writers have been interested in Schulz’s life before World War II– his legend came into being at the moment of his death. Tatarenko presents and explainsthe creative responses to Schulz’s oeuvre and his bio- and necrography by the authorsfrom the former Yugoslavia.
More...
For the last several decades Schulz’s oeuvre has been a kind of “work in progress.” Although he has been long dead, more and more of his texts, drawings, and paintings seem to come down to us from the hereafter – both known from more or less credible testimonies, andquite unexpected and never before acknowledged. Certainly the most impressive findingsof the recent years are Schulz’s frescoes from Landau’s villa in Drogobych, discovered bythe German filmmaker, Benjamin Geissler, in 2001 and then partly removed to Israel to cause an international scandal. As it turns out, however, to find new traces of Schulz’s lifea nd work one does not have to penetrate into inaccessible archives or count on a miracle. In the Poznań newspaper "Nowy Kurier", an interview with Schulz and a review of his "Sanatorium under the Sign of the Hourglass" have been just found, both never reprinted or commented upon. The present paper changes this state of affairs.
More...
Edward Mielniczek’s novel, as unattractive in many respects as it is, surprises the reader with Bruno Schulz as its protagonist. The author presents the last weeks of Schulz’s life, stressing no so much his tragic lot, but his efforts to keep his personal identity underthe Nazi occupation. The narration, rooted in the tradition of a psychological thriller,denies the received portrayal of Schulz and his vicissitudes as material for “reflective”or “philosophical” discourses. In spite of its many weaknesses – simplistic language, scanty descriptions, and unnatural dialogs – Mielniczek’s forgotten deserves to be reintroduced among texts focusing on the writer from Drogobych.
More...
The absence of the Drogobych synagogue in Bruno Schulz’s fiction suggests his strategy of erasing all the traces of his cultural identity. Next to that absence, one can notice his significant choice of names – to realize that, it is enough to compare Schulz’s short storieswith Julian Stryjkowski’s novel, "Austeria". Apparently, Schulz eliminated from his represented world all Jewish connotations. His use of foreign words, borrowed from different languages, may be explained as an effort to make his fiction as cosmopolitan as possible.This refers not just to the represented reality, but to the very structure of Schulz’s imagination and his linguistic sensibility. The writer did not renounce his Jewishness, but wantedit to be only one component of his fiction. Biblical references and the paraphernalia ofthe Jewish culture were to be just one piece in a multicultural narrative mosaic which tended toward universality.
More...
Predicting future direction of a share price is a subject on which a special emphasize should be put in terms of not only investors but researchers, business owners, managers and economy of a country as well. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to discuss the factors that affect share prices in both micro- and macro-economic point of view using dynamic panel data analysis. In this study, quarterly balance sheets and income statements of manufacturing firms, which were publicly traded in Borsa Istanbul between 2005 and 2011 and which displayed continuity, were used to measure effects of the microeconomic factors. Microeconomic factors, namely firm-specific factors or financial ratios consist of liquidity, profitability, activity, leverage, and stock exchange performance ratios. As to macroeconomic factors, they consist of exchange rate, inflation rate, money supply, interest rate, GDP, gold prices, oil prices, balance of trade, and industrial production index. As a result of the analysis in this study, direction of the relationship between micro- and macroeconomic factors, and the share price has been determined.
More...
Henri Lewi’s book, "Bruno Schulz or, Messianic Strategies", published in 1989 in Paris, is an attempt to read the fiction and correspondence of Schulz as a record of his individual lot and the collective condition of Jews in the pre-Second World War Poland. The author interprets Schulz’s writings, in which the writer resorted to myths and metaphors and avoided direct autobiographical confessions, as a disguised presentation of his personal experience. Lewi tries to prove that even though Schulz did not openly refer to his Jewishness, he drew from the Judaic tradition and his most important myths are deeply rooted in the Old Testament.
More...
Schulz studies were born of rapture. In 1943 Jerzy Ficowski wrote a short study on Bruno Schulz, bound it, and titled it "Regions of Great Heresy". That event can be now called the founding act of Schulz studies. Commenting on his work many years later, Ficowski realized that its permanent element was his rapture and the title to be assigned to more and more comprehensive versions of his early study. Schulz had attracted the critics’ interest already before, but the early critical reviews were all in one way or another involved in current literary debates in which Schulz represented the “regions of great heresy.” His death in 1942 changed the situation immediately since it excluded him from any future dialog. Not knowing about it, Ficowski wrote a letter to Schulz, hoping that the writer would respond, but the dead do not write letters. His rapture Ficowski translated into his study of Schulz. Today we know that it was a work of his lifetime, thanks to which Schulz, after years of marginalization and even absence, survived in literature. Ficowski was the founder of Schulz studies. Many readers have approached his Regions of Great Heresy as a document, a genuine source of information. Equally important is a trilogy also prepared by Ficowski, including, first, the "Book of Letters", second, the "Book of Images", and now it is high time we had the "Book of Memories". It should consist of the letters wrritten to Ficowski by the witnesses of Schulz’s life.
More...
In Schulz’s short story “Spring” the interest in stamps and a stamp album, which plays the role of a quasi-mystical Book, equals fascination with distant, exotic realms located outside the familiar. It is also a praise of imagination, since in Rudolf’s hands a collection of stamps was nothing but a mere collection, while in Joseph’s hands it acquired its peculiar extra meaning. The author adds new meanings to the story by considering the stamp album in the context of Walter Benjamin’s understanding of time and the task of the historian. Using Benjamin’s concepts of the “homogeneously empty time,” the nonlinear “historical time,” and the distinction between two types of the “present,” Łysik succeeds in revealing the reasons why Schulz chose for his story an unusual narrative strategy related to the activity of the historian according to Benjamin. The passage from stamps to fiction is successful, but will the protagonists manage to make what they sawin the stamp album come true? The answer must remain ambiguous, just like Benjamin’s thought between translating "The Paris Peasant" by Aragon and writing "One-Way Street".
More...
Both Bruno Schulz and Aflred Kubin moved freely between image and word. In their artistic quests they first turned toward the iconic and only then chose the verbal art.In Schulz’s work, the relationship between woman and man is reduced to adoration. Schulz’s man knows that the beauty he admires is beyond his reach, while Kubin reaches further. For him, the sexual act means loss of masculinity. The Austrian draughtsman approaches sexual desire as difficult to control, sometimes animal in its forms, whilefor Schulz desire is subtler and more sublimated. Both Schulz and Kubin addressed theproblem of limited and imperfect reality which sustains the artist’s imagination while he tries to improve it. Both also surprised the audience with their teriomorphic ideas.In the age when most painters preferred chromatic richness, both Kubin and Schulz chose drawing and etching. They preferred techinques which stressed the realtionship of light and color. White and black, making an ascetic combination, let them achieve the maximum of expression. Their works are visions of somnambulists.
More...
The essay is an interpretation of a story from "The Sanatorium under the Sign of an Hourglass". Its most important frame of reference is the history of European culture, since apparently Schulz parodied in his text two key currents of the Mediterranean tradition: the heritage of the Greek philosophy and the Judeo-Christian thought. What seems to prompt such a hypothesis is the language convention used to present the two male protagonists of the story. The handicapped title hero, Dodo, is introduced as if he were an ancient philosopher, while Uncle Jerome, mentally ill, resembles the heroes of saints’ lives. Such a choice of the conventions appears to serve the purpose of parodying the European tradition, particularly that both protagonists are male. The target of the parodymay be the patriarchal model of culture on which both pillars of the Old Continent heritage actually rest. This idea stands in tune with the avant-garde tendencies of theearly 20th century, particularly the Dadaist program of rejecting the whole tradition of European culture.
More...
The article deals with one of the most important issues in the Soviet political and legal history. The choice of the political form that was established almost immediately after the victory of the Bolsheviks in the Revolution of 1917, meant a change in the direction of development of the state. Councils became an alternative to the parliamentary republic. The article analyzes the basic principles of both political systems and the reasons for such a choice. The author emphasizes transnational political direction of the so-called “direct action” which took place not only in Russia, but also in several European countries.
More...
Unfair distribution of income and poverty are the common problems of all countries in these days. Therefore, local or global plans must be arranged concerning the solution of the problems of unfair distribution of income and poverty by considering the effects of both issues to each other. Unfair distribution of income and poverty is seen to a certain extent in Turkey as well as in the world. Although unfair distribution of income and poverty seemed relative rise with the effect of global crisis, recovery in income distribution, relative decrease in absolute poor number and poverty ratio have been witnessed in Turkey. Economic and politic stability, provided after the crisis of 2001, and the rise in social welfare contributed to this positive process. However, the amount of rise of social welfare is not sufficient. Permanent solutions must be generated to the process of challenging with unfair distribution of income and poverty.
More...