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Estonian soldiers and officers in old photographs often wear all kinds of decorations and not all of them are of Estonian origin. They reflect the entire Estonian history in its complexity and controversy. Estonian men usually emerged from World War I wearing the decorations and medals of Imperial Russia and the badges of regiments and military schools. From 1919, the Republic of Estonia tried to regulate and restrict their use with various types of legislation. Therefore, only decorations awarded for military services were allowed on military uniforms. Estonians also received some decorations from the other member states of Allied Powers. There were no special regulations regarding their use. Estonian citizens, mainly of Baltic German origin, had also been awarded military decorations by Central Powers, primarily Germany. The constitutions of 1920 and 1933 prohibited Estonian citizens from accepting decorations from foreign countries. However, this requirement was constantly violated until 1936, when the Decorations Act was passed. As most World War I decorations had been earned before the irst constitution was passed, the prohibition did not apply to them.
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In the Piotrkow district (without the city Piotrkow Trybunalski) in the years 1900–1913 was established at least 63 legitimate social organizations of various types and 26 branches nationwide associations. During regulate social life by state authorities (1894–1906) created 7 organizations, and in the period of liberalization (1906–1914) – 56 organizations and 26 branches. Among the established independent organizations were the farmers’ associations (32), consumers’ associations (12) and volunteer fire brigades (11). Howerver, among the branches of national organizations dominated by subsidiaries of social associations (11), educational associations (7) and trade unisons (6). In social terms initially the evinced the most active small merchants and craftsmen. It was not the revolution in 1905 activated the socially peasants and workers. An important role in the establishment and activities of the organization played by Catholic priests and landowners. Apart from the Poles, isolated associations funded only Germany (1). The area of cooperation between Poles and Jewes were volunteer fire brigades and companionship loan and savbings. State authorities closed down the branches of trade unions and educations associations, as threatening the interests of the Russian Empire.
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Since the end of the 1960s the Estonian Communist Party (ECP) was in a complicated and unique situation as the higher party authorities declared that the ideological struggle within the Cold War keeps intensifying. At the same time, the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic (ESSR) governed by the ECP was in addition to “the radio voices” in the influence sphere of the “bourgeois television” – the Finnish TV. The ECP tried to counter the bourgeois “ideological diversions” with an attempt to implement technical measures like signal interference or the sale impediment for TV set sound converter devices which enabled to watch the Finnish TV. For various reasons these efforts failed. As with the “radio voices”, one of the main methods that were used in the ECP’s anti-Finnish TV propaganda was the “uncovering”, thus creating an image of the enemy. This image of the bourgeois television and the Western propaganda apparatus was meant to facilitate discrediting the trustworthiness of the Finnish TV as well as other “bourgeois” media channels in the eyes of the ESSR’s inhabitants and hold the citizens in the influence sphere of domestic mass media. (Longer version of this abstract is included in the article, starting from p 280.)
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In the early summer of 2007, a collection of the autographs of various defendants at the Subsequent Nuremberg Trials arrived in Estonia, from Canada, having been donated to the collections of the Estonian War Museum. This autograph collection had belonged to the exile Estonian photographer Evald “Tommy” Tomson (1924–2006). After World War II, Tomson served in Estonian Guard Company 4221, which had been formed by the United States occupation authorities in Germany. (Longer version of this abstract is available as a separate file)
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As known Manufacturing Industry is one of the main sources of the Turkish economy. Moreover, Manufacturing Industry, with its high production capacity and with its volume of foreign trade, constitutes a driving force for growth and development. Of the country for this reason, in this study, the relationships among the economic variables related with the Turkish Manufacturing Industry are investigated by using time series analysis techniques. The study puts forward a distinctive and original study due to its investigation of the trade deficit related to the Manufacturing Industry and its identification of long term relationships among the selected economic variables. In this study, co- integration analysis is applied among production, import and export series of Turkish Manufacturing Industry for the period of January 1989- March 2013. Taking into consideration the economic crises that happened in this time period, related structural break tests are employed as well. As a result of the co-integration analyses used between Manufacturing Industry production and imports as well as exports of this industry branch, no relationship is found. On the other hand, a long term relationship is identified between Manufacturing Industry Imports and Exports. When the results of the method of Dynamic Ordinary Least Square, which can be applied to co-integrated series and which often used by the literature for the decision concerning sustainability, are examined and the Manufacturing Industry foreign trade deficit is found to be sustainable.
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The purpose of this study is to investigate the short-run relationship among education, economic freedom, democratization and human development rankings in four different country groups using graphical method. The data of the Human Development Report, Heritage Foundation and Economist Intelligence Unit have been used for the period of 2006- 2011. Country groups were classified as: (i) Eastern European members of the EU; Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland; (ii) some high human development index ranked members of the EU; Austria, Denmark and Germany; (iii) countries that became members to the EU in the 1980s; Spain, Portugal and Greece; and (iv) some non-members to the EU; Switzerland, Norway and Turkey. The study concludes that there is a close relationship among education, democratization and human development.
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The concept of competition basically is undertaken at the firm level yet in recent years competition is restructured globally and its important relationships with various locations has been proposed. The role of location on the performance of enterprises is restructured with the impact of globalization. In recent years, many studies expose an undeniable fact that the growth of the global economy yet this growth is mainly as a result of the reflection of spatial processes that occur at the local level. As a result of increasing the relationship between location and competitiveness and dominating location as the engine of growth and regional development, the role of location has been recognized and the importance spatial theories have increased in the literature.
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One of the risk that country economies most threatening is systemic risk under which the world’s financial system can collapse like a row of dominoes. Financial crisis appeared in USA at the end of the year of 2008 has effected most of countries as well as our country and it has significantly affected the macroeconomic balances. The aim of this study is investigate the predictability of 2008 financial crisis for Turkey economy by “signal approach” proposed by Kaminsky, Lizondo and Reinhart (1998). In this study, 33 variables were used and it is aimed to find evidence of usability of these variables for an early warning system.
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Democratization had occurred in a long historical process and it had developed itself by having different evolutions. It had been claimed that democratization is based on some social conditions until 1959. However, in 1959, Lipset suggested that democracy is based not only on social conditions but also the condition of realization of economic development. In this context, democratization is a fact fulfilled with economic growth. Relationship between economic growth and democracy has been an important issue for many studies particularly in the last three decades. In this study, effects of economic growth on democratization are investigated by using a panel data set for 1993-2005 period for 59 countries. For his purpose some models are estimated. According to the estimating results, democratization process is positively affected from income level and growth. While democratization level negatively affected by inflation, human capital growth contributes it.
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The Kars province is one of the most backward provinces of Eastern Anatolia Region. However, according to historical and cultural accumulation, it is one of cities that has to be heeded in Turkey. In this province, in the old world order period before 1990 there were several disadvantages. But after the collapse of the Soviet Union were captured very special advantages. One of the most important of these opportunities is trade capability with Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan. In addition, domestic potentials of Kars province are enough to ensure their development. In this study, the current status of Kars province, the availability and development potentials are discussed. According to the results obtained, general evaluation and recommendations are made.
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The article attempts to present how at the turn of the 20th century the attitude of the inhabitants of Warsaw towards wild birds living in the city was being shaped. The author focuses on objects used to allocate such birds their space within the city, on practices related to birds and discourse concerning this subject. She points to changes that were initiated then, mainly by members of Warsaw Society for the Protection of Animals and journalists publishing in its magazine, „Przyjaciel Zwierząt” (Friend of Animals).
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The paper examines the use of the Atreides myth in Theo Angelopoulos’s film The travelling players (1975) in the context of the director’s interpretation of the phenomenon of myth. Angelopoulos treated myth as a set of archetypical situations and patterns of conduct constantly reproduced in the history of the world. He intertwined elements of classical stories with the history of Greece and the Byzantine tradition, thus showing their universal character. In The travelling players, Angelopoulos used the story of betrayed and murdered Agamemnon, who is avenged by his children: Orestes and Electra, but he moved it into modern times, setting the film in Greece of the 1940s and 1950s. The myth is reproduced with modulations: the most important events take place as a result of interventions of History, not fate or decisions of the gods. Moreover, the characters’ conflicts are enriched with a political dimension, as Angelopolous portrays the discord between their ideological stances. But the members of the acting company are as helpless in the face of events as the family of the king of Argos.
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The article deals with the problem of Ovidius phenomenon in the context of general principles of the interpretation theory. The understanding of the artist’s fate in Polish, Austrian and Ukrainian literature of the second half of the 20th century has been investigated. The work also exposes the peculiarity of the ancient Roman writer’s transformation from a historical personality into a literary image.
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Assessing the uncertainty of historical map information is a prerequisite for using this source type for land cover reconstructions. We assessed the accuracy of forest cover information from 1930 / 1940 Swiss topographic maps (Siegfried maps) by comparing them with forest cover gained from orthophotos and terrestrial photos from the same period. Orthophotos were considered to contain the true forest cover information and consequently inconsistencies between historical maps and orthophotos were considered as true errors (over or underestimation of the forest cover on the map ). Terrestrial photos reflect the surveyors perspective in the field and we therefore used this source type to develop hypotheses on potential reasons for inaccuracy of map information. Generalized linear models were used to test the hypotheses. The results confirmed our expectation that disagreement between maps is more likely to occur near forest edges, at higher altitudes and in less accessible and visible areas. Contrary to our expectations terrain slope did not play a significant role to explain surprisingly high rates of inaccuracy occurred in forest core areas.
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The paper compares the influence of dependent and independent vectorisation approaches on forest cover change analysis, with a hypothesis that the former reduces the number and area of sliver polygons. Independent vectorisation is based on separate creation of the vector layer for each period in the time series, while the dependent is based on modification of the successive vector layers. The comparison is based on three map sets – the second Austrian military survey ( 1861/1862 ), a Polish military map ( 1936 ) and a Polish topographic map ( 1979 ) and carried out in Szczawnica commune located in the Polish Carpathians. The results show that the overall differences between the two vectorisation approaches are low at the commune level, but the local differences, within the grids 500 × 500 m might be up to 30 – 40 %. Statistical analysis did not indicate any considered variable directly responsible for the differences, confirming that it is a randomly distributed phenomenon. The results show also that the dependent vectorisation cannot eliminate the existence of sliver polygons, but their number may be limited when compared to the independent approach. As the dependent vectorisation is much more time efficient, we conclude that it might be a better solution in the situation when manual vectorisation is the most appropriate method of land use data acquisition from historical maps.
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One of the most widespread land cover change processes in European countries is the increase in forest cover. Forest expansion on abandoned agricultural land has played a major role in marginal mountain areas since World War II, and especially affected the post-socialist countries in Central and Eastern Europe. This study aimed at mapping forest cover change and forest succession in one of the communes of the Polish Carpathians ( Budzów ) over two time periods : 1977 – 1997 and 1997 – 2009. We identified rates of agricultural land abandonment and forest succession and assessed the dynamics of the process using aerial photographs, orthophotomaps as well as cadastral and census data. The results showed that Budzów commune experienced an expansion of forest cover from 40% in 1977 to almost 45% in 2009, and a significant increase in forest succession from 1% in 1997 to 10% in 2009, at the expense of agricultural land area ( 54% in 1977 and 40% in 2009 ). If the trend is widespread over the Polish Carpathians, the real forest cover may be much higher than follows from statistical data.
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The article focuses on the analysis of the female press in Eastern Halychyna in 1884–1939. The female periodicals, published at that time have been discussed; also prominent female publishers have been represented.
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The article focuses on the imagological analysis of Mykhaylo Kotsubynskyi’s creative work. Russian ethnic artistic images of a famous Ukrainian impressionist have been analyzed in the context of a social-political situation in Ukraine at the turn of the XIX th– XXth сenturies.
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The Republic of China is the specific subject of International Law, because after many years of functioning formal and legal status of the island remains unregulated. According to the classical concept of state Taiwan has all three requirements necessary to be considered as a state organism. However, in situation where law and international relations have become very complicated and developed, it is not a sufficient condition to give recognition to the Republic of China as a full-fledged state creation. The necessity is the acknowledgement of the Republic of China by the international community, which was lost in the second half of the twentieth century. Many historical events politically oriented has contributed to this situation. Two major events of international importance relevantly complicated the situation of the Republic of China. The outbreak of civil war in China ended in 1949 with failure of the Kuomintang, as well as the Korean War in 1950. The first one lead to the rule of Mao Zedong’s and proclamation, on 1st October 1949, The People’s Republic of China on the mainland while the sovereign government of The Republic of China was established in Taiwan. Another important moment in the history of Taiwan was exclusion its representatives from the UN body in 1971, which resulted in 2 years of almost total political isolation of Taiwan. The problem of Taiwan and its representation in international organizations remain unsolved for decades, which is a precedent in international law.
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