Mérlegen a „Nagy Egyesülés”. Vita 1918-ról és Románia utóbbi száz évéről

Author(s): János Főcze,Csaba Zahorán / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 04/2020

The paper presents the dispute that has gone on over the past years about the balance sheet of the last century of Romanian history after 1918. The authors examine the oeuvre of two outstanding representatives of contemporary Romanian historiography, Ioan-Aurel Pop and Lucian Boia, whose views on the centenary and the great issues of Romanian history, as well as on the basic features of the national “grand narrative” considerably diverge from each other. Exploring some of the key texts of these authors, who have formulated characteristic views on the occasion of the centenary, and whose arguments carry weight in Romanian public opinion, the authors tried to identify those fault-lines within Romanian historical scholarship which shed light also on the relationship of the science of history in a wider sense to nation-building. For what is at stake in the filling up of the centenary with content is no less than Romanian collective memory and the definition of actual national identity – while, on the basis of the two historians’ view of the past it is also possible to conceive the Romania-project in the service of which each of them imagines his own narrative

Alternative Globalizations: Eastern Europe and the Postcolonial World

Author(s): Jun Fujisawa / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

Alternative Globalizations: Eastern Europe and the Postcolonial World. Edited by James Mark, Artemy M. Kalinovsky, and Steffi Marung. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2020. 352 pp.

Manual for Survival: A Chernobyl Guide to the Future

Author(s): Robert Balogh / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

Manual for Survival: A Chernobyl Guide to the Future. By Kate Brown. New York: WW Norton, 2020. 420 pp.

„Mindent Erdélyért!” itthon és az emigrációban: gróf Teleki Béla élete

Author(s): János Kristóf Murádin / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 08/2021

The study offers a short summary of the life and political activityof Count Béla Teleki, one of the most important Transylvanian politicians in the middle of the 20th century. Teleki’s political career reached its peak in the time when Northern Transylvania was regained by Hungary after the Second Vienna Award. Starting from 1941 he was the president of the Transylvanian Party, the dominant Hungarian political party in Northern Transylvania. In October 1944 he was captured and deported by the Soviet Army. After a short time, Teleki was persecuted by the Secret Police of the new Hungarian Communist Regime too.In 1947 he left Hungary, and starting from 1951 he lived in the United States until his death on 7th February 1990. During the decades of his life in emigration, he carried on a great correspondence with the leading personalities of the Hungarian emigration in the West. In this way, Béla Teleki become one of the central personalities of the Hungarian emigrationin the Western World. This study summarises Béla Teleki’s life and his political activity from the perspective of his most important aim: to preserve the idea of Hungarian Transylvania.

Emlékezet-nemzet, avagy száz esztendő meghatározó döntése

Author(s): András A. Gergely / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 09/2021

Zeidler Miklós: Trianon. Osiris Kiadó, Bp., 2020. (Nemzet és emlékezet)

Gál Miklós följegyzései I.

Author(s): Júlia Andorkó,Sándor Kovács / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/2021

ANIVERSĂRILE REGALE ŞI PROPAGANDA INSTITUŢIONALIZATĂ: ZIUA DE NAŞTERE A REGELUI CAROL AL II-LEA (1938–1939)

Author(s): Diana-Mihaela Păunoiu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: XIV/2013

The present paper aims to indentify the mechanisms through which institutionalized propaganda pursued/tried to mobilize the state’s structures in order to spread into the wide public’s ranks the ideology of the carlist regime, an ideology focused on the idea of a disciplined and devoted nation towards King Carol II, whose cult gained, in 1939, dimensions without precedent in Romanian history. The retracing of historical process and the analysis of the organisation and the deployment of the King’s birth day – raised at the rank of national ceremony – allows highlighting the monopoly established by the central power over the festive events as well as the verification of the official speech’s truthfulness regarding the national solidarity toward the king and his regime, in other words to measure the degree of popularity (or its absence) of King Carol II.

IDEOLOGIE ŞI POLITICĂ. SFÂRŞITUL AVENTURII CRITERIONISTE

Author(s): Ciprian Constantin Mihai / Language(s): Romanian Issue: XIV/2013

This paper tries to explain Criterion’s final adventures, starting from the relationship between ideology and politics during the Romanian interwar period. The relationship between ideology and politics becomes essential for Criterion as long as it reforms inside itself many orientations: towards socialism and communism, the national-Christianism, a trend that becomes major inside the group, the traditional right and the democracy. The unity of Criterion was broken by ideological and political tensions that arase among its members, as much as the events that followed. All of these leaded to the fall of the organic solidarities and to the group’s dissolution.

LA « SOCIÉTÉ CIVILE » DES INTELECTUELS. USAGES ET ENJEUX DE LA NOTION DE « SOCIÉTÉ CIVILE » EN ROUMANIE POSTCOMMUNISTE

Author(s): Camelia Runceanu / Language(s): French Issue: XIV/2013

“Civil society” is a notion invested by Romanian intellectuals after 1989 in their political studies, and more generally in the intellectual field but also in the political field and mostly in the field of media. “Civil society” becomes a political category when intellectuals claim their political role as civil society. It seems then preferable to analyze the function, for intellectuals, of using „civil society”, taking into consideration how they define it and the context of avoiding to assign significations and purposes which result ed from the repositioning strategies accomplished after 1989. Intellectuals express themselves as a collective, by forming a group, and define themselves as “civil society” which then designates the engagement by journalism and the posture of critical intellectuals. “Civil society” serves as a justification and basis for the future engagements and even for becoming politicians. “Civil society” is then becoming a label to mark that they are part of the intellectual world and that they are to be distinguished from politicians. “Civil society” enters the vocabulary of political identities when intellectuals become politicians as a collective. “Civil society” reveals and accomplishes strategies of legitimization, functioning both in intellectual and political fields. We discuss about “civil society” before civil society, intellectuals who are organizing the civil society and its rhetoricians and theoreticians.

ASPECTE PRIVIND RELAŢIILE ECONOMICE ROMÂNO-FRANCEZE ÎN ANII 1960

Author(s): Cezar Avram,Petre Opris / Language(s): Romanian Issue: XIV/2013

In the early 1960s, the French authorities had agreed to develop economic relations with Romania and so the Romanian market gradually received products of well-known French companies, as „Renault” or „Thomson”. Later on, „Sud Aviation” and „Dassault” French companies offered different types of helicopters and aircrafts to be built under license in Romania. The present paper is an inquiry in the economic history of French-Romanian relations when two different states from their political orientation established a short, succesful relationship beyond the Iron Curtain.

SOCIETATEA PREOŢEASCĂ „RENAŞTEREA”, PROIECT SOCIAL ÎN OLTENIA INTERBELICĂ

Author(s): Georgeta Ghionea / Language(s): Romanian Issue: XIV/2013

In 1922, the bishop Vartolomeu Stănescu succeed ed in gathering the clergymen from Oltenia in a new society, with well-structured rules, statuses and objectives. The religious society „Renaşterea” got involved in the life of the clergymen and parishioners, both through the spiritual-religious actions and through the cultural, philanthropic and economic ones. The libraries built for the parishes, the community homes, the churches and the schools are an evidence for the social preoccupations of the clergymen, grouped under the aegis of this society.

CATEGORIA SERVITOARELOR DIN CRAIOVA LA SFÂRŞITUL SECOLULUI AL XIX-LEA: DESTIN ŞI APARTENENŢĂ SOCIALĂ

Author(s): Șerban Pătrașcu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: XIV/2013

This paper is one of the results of a more extensive research on the history of social mores in one Romanian city, Craiova, in the second half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century. Focused on a social category ignored by the Romanian historiography, it offers an invitation to a reflection on the social practices, the status and the tragedies of the maidservants, presented step by step, as the documents and sources of the time show us.

„Az Igazság és az Erőszakmentesség olyan ősiek, mint a hegyek.” Gándhí jelentősége

Author(s): Anna Katalin Aklan / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2021

Gandhi’s political achievements resulting from nonviolent mass resistance are unique in world history so keeping his memory alive is imperative in our modern times. The article is a tribute to the great leader who established nonviolence as an effective method in achieving political change and a significant shift of power within India. Besides his importance as a political leader, the article describes his activity as a universal teacher through his personal charisma and through his voluminous writing activity. Gandhi’s importance as the promoter of religious tolerance stemming from his holistic and coherent personal philosophy is also analysed. The article concludes with introducing significant leaders throughout the world who acknowledge to have been inspired by the Mahatma’s example and followed his nonviolent methods to make a change on a larger scale.

Gándhí-recepció a magyar nyelvterületen

Author(s): Dezső Szenkovics / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2021

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi is one of the most prominent, well-known and perhaps most acclaimed personalities of the 20th century, who set an example not only in his homeland but all over the world with his thinking and “teachings”, with his whole work and life. The aim of this article is to examine the extent and nature of Gandhi’s reception in the Hungarian-speaking areas of the Carpathian Basin in the light of the contemporary Hungarian-language press.

Mahátmá Gándhí emlékezete ma, a fiatal Indiában

Author(s): Péter Sági / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2021

The essay aims to retrace what the father of the modern Indian nation means to a new generation of Indians in the beginning of the 21st century, and tries to showcase in what way his image has changed during the past decades. I give an analysis of how contemporary political sides relate to his legacy, while I touch upon the reception of his visionary innovations, sometimes eccentric habits and family history. Mahatma Gandhi’s 150th birth anniversary meant an inspiration to the artists exhibiting at the Delhi Art Fair 2020, of which I provide a brief description, while giving an account of the Gandhi iconography that extends to public installations, currency notes and even t-shirt design. The conclusion explains some of his most important quotations which sum up his thinking and give us a message to remember.

Gándhí ábrázolása Pakisztánban. „Hivatalos” történetírás és percepciók

Author(s): Dóra Günsberger / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2021

Research on how national heroes of ’the other’ are portrayed in a particular country is arguably a fascinating subject, especially if one chooses a case study of two countries that regard each other as enemies. In this article, relying on school textbooks and an online survey, I focus on how Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi is portrayed and perceived in contemporary Pakistan. I seek to answer the questions of how iconic historical figures of India, in this case Gandhi, is portrayed in the ’official’ history-writing in Pakistan, and how it might shape perceptions about Gandhi in the country. This article is divided into three major sections. In the first part, relying mostly on secondary literature, I briefly reflect on Gandhi’s thoughts about the partition of the Indian subcontinent, and I discuss those events of the last year of his life that are of direct relevance from Pakistan’s perspective. In the second part of this article I discuss how ’official’ Pakistani history-writing portrays Gandhi, arguing that an examination of history textbooks used in state schools provide a substantial ground for such analysis. In this section I compare the narratives of two textbooks issued by the Punjab Curriculum and Textbook Board. The last, third part of this article aims to shed light on perceptions about Gandhi in Pakistan. My analysis here draws on an online survey I conducted among randomly selected Pakistani citizens who conducted their studies in Pakistan.

Bápúdzsí halhatatlan története. A Gándhí-ikonográfia rétegei

Author(s): Zsuzsanna Renner / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2021

This study examines how the well-known Gandhi image as a renouncer, a guru, depicted as a member of a deprived nation developed and how it was later invested with popular mythological content. As a starting point, a lithograph, published in 1948, is analyzed, which exploits the tradition of depicting Visnu avatars and displays all the essential iconographic elements of the new Gandhi image that emerged after the Mahatma’s death. Utilizing popular prints and photographs taken in Gandhi’s lifetime, stages of the new icon’s evolution are presented by the author. It is explained how the avatar image of popular Hindu religiosity, the consciously shaped political ideal of the Father of the Nation, and the parallel drawn with Christ’s martyrdom was harnessed to create the Gandhi icon of saintliness that shaped to a large extent Gandhi’s memory in popular Indian thought.

Egy főnemesi család sorsfordulói

Author(s): György Gaal / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 12/2021

Gazda Klára: Főnemesek a múló időben. A zabolai gróf Mikes nemzetség uzoni ága és rokonsági köre. Kriza János Néprajzi Társaság, Kvár, 2020. (Dissertationes Ethnographicae Transylvanicae)

Gál Miklós följegyzései II.

Author(s): / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 4/2021

The memoirs of Dr. Miklós Gál (1889–1983), lawyer, lay president of the Unitarian Church (1938–1951), Member of Parliament, are published in 87 typed pages. Shortly before his death, Gál dedicated and gave his notes to his grandson Miklós Gál who then gave a photocopy to the historian Dr. Attila Gábor Hunyadi, who offered it to our journal for publication. The second part of the memoirs covers events from the 1920’s through World War II and the subsequent instsallation of the Communist regime in 1948.Being a firm supporter of the Unitarian Church, Miklós Gál held diff erent offices throughout the years. As the supervisor of the Unitarian Torda-Aranyos district he did not support the Mediaș movement (it’s aim being the replacement of bishop Dr. György Boros (1855–1941)). Between 1938 and 1948 Gál served as the lay president of the Unitarian Church. This decade includes the years following the Second Vienna Award: Southern Transylvania remained under Romanian rule, so Gál organised the Unitarian Church of Southern Transylvania. Upon the arrival of enemy troops in Transylvania, Gál and his family fled to Hungary, having his values and properties lost to the war, to “benevolent” neighbours and to the CASBI (House of Administration and Supervision of Enemy Goods), that confiscated “enemy” assets. After the Trianon Treaty he felt obligated to do all in his power to help the Hungarian minority, so he became a politician in the Hungarian Party. Throughout his political career he witnessed – and tried his best to ease – the most difficult times for his nation: disfranchisement, injustice, oppression in times of war under the Romanian Kingdom and in times of peace under the Romanian Communist-nationalist regime.

Węgry w działalności chorwackiego ruchu ustaszy (1929–1934)

Author(s): Jędrzej Paszkiewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2021

Hungary’s role in the activity of the Ustasha – Croatian Revolutionary Movement (1929–1934). The Ustasha (Ustaša) movement developed in Hungary, establishing its cadreorganisation framework, seeking the support of Croatian migrant communities and trainingtask forces in diversion and terrorist tactics. Following their disclosure, however, they wereno longer supported by the Hungarian authorities.