Hrišćanstvo - Putevi i stranputice

Author(s): Roman Miz / Language(s): Serbian

... „Hrišćanstvo putevi i stranputice“. Leksikon crkvenih i verskih zajednica, sledbi i jeresi autora Dr.Romana Miza teologa, i grkokatoličkog sveštenika u Novom Sadu. Miz je autor više od 70 knjiga, te i ove knjige. Sa ovim delom koje privlači pažnju ne samo teologa, već i sociologa religije, popunjena je jedna velika praznina. Prvi put se srećemo sa obimnom knjigom koja govori o raznim sektama, odnosno sljedbama u okviru istoriskog hrišćanstva, odnosno Crkve. Čitajući knjigu lako će se doći do sledećeg zaključka: njen sadržaj u svemu odgovara njenom nazivu. Upravo zato izdavač, autor i urednica knjige g.Marijana Ajezenkol nisu ni malo pogrešili što su Mizovoj knjizi dali podnaslov: „Leksikon crkvenih i verskih zajednica, sledbi i jeresi“. Analizirajući pojavu jeresi autor se njome bavi od najranijih pa sve do današnjih vremena dajući nam pri tom njena osnovna teološka učenja koja se razlikuju od ortodoksnog učenja Crkve, odnosno od učenja njenih Sabora. Naše vreme kad su u pitanju pojave raznih neortodoksnih učenja ni po čemu se ne razlikuje od ranijih vremena. Uvek se išlo na to da se razbije jedinstvo Crkve, i oslabi njen uticaj u sekularizovanom svetu. I nažalost u tome se često i uspevalo, a što i knjiga jasno pokazuje na svojim stranicama. Naziv knjige „Hrišćanstvo putevi i stranputice“ može da se brani ne samo iz novozavetne već iz i svakodnevne perspektive. Novi zavet ne obuhvata samo pluralizam teologija, odnosno pluralizam raznih teoloških „puteva“ već u njemu se srećemo i sa različitim „doktrinarnim pozicijama“ kako bi rekao Leonardo Boff, svetski poznati franjevac u svome delu „Crkva, karizma i vlast“(...) ...Polazeći od svega toga i drugog šta nam Mizova knjiga prvo pokazuje? Čitajući je sami ćemo zaključiti da današnji hrišćanski svet muče razne „bolesti“, a na prvom mestu „bolest“ neslaganja oko važnih, i manje važnih teoloških pitanja. Međutim, Hristova Crkva uspela je sve to da preživi i zahvaljujući tome i danas je s nama u povesti. Ali, razmimoilaženja oko dogmatskih i eklezioloških pitanja i danas pogađaju Crkvu pa samo zato i znamo i danas za razne verske zajednice i istorijske Crkve. (...) Marko P. Đurić Reč sekta nije nejasna ali je dobila neko pežorativno značenje i bezmalo je proskribovana – nije se „primila” hrvatska reč sljedba koja bi bila bolji denominativ za brojne male zajednice i još brojnije denominacije. Ta atomizacija prati hrišćansku crkvu od njenog početka a statistika koju nude sociolozi pokazuje da je broj tih zajednica nekoliko de­setina hiljada. Uostalom, za nekom paradigmom ne treba ići teškim putem – donatisti iz V veka su već klasičan primer: običan svet poniženih i uvređenih odbija crkvenu organizaciju i hijerarhijsku strukturu crkve. I to se ponavlja uvek ne drugačiji način – i traje do danas. Mirko Đorđević

Próbakövek

Author(s): Ottó Hévizi / Language(s): Hungarian

„This book born from that not at all today's, but sometimes forgotten distreation that the nobel gent's and the „jungle's” correlation rules are very different – hard man can rather talk about the latter one.” Hévizi Ottó's Próbakövek titled book lead us in an enjoyably road to the moral systems and dilemmas jugle.

O SUFIZMU - Bosanski tesavvuf

Author(s): Saeid Abedpour / Language(s): Bosnian

Bosanski tesavvuf kao i ostale teme obrađene u knjizi analizirane su kroz filozofski svjetonazor. Suštinsko pitanje kojeg tretiramo u prvom dijelu knjige jeste u čemu je suština i srž tesavvufa u Bosni i Hercegovini. Tesavvufu Bosni i Hercegovini, uprkos zajedničkom korijenu i povezanosti s tesavvufom islamskog svijeta ipak ima svoje osobene specifičnosti. Stoga smo nastojali da uopćenom analizom pojma “tesavvuf’’ utvrdimo poziciju ovog fenomena u Bosni i Hercegovini, kao i da pružimo sažeto objašnjenje njegovog odnosa sa poviješću i intelektualno-kulturnim naslijeđem, te shodno promotrimo njegovu sadašnju poziciju. Osvrt na život i misao tri bosanska sufijska velikana predstavlja uzvišeni primjer fenomena bosanskog tesavvufa. Ovaj dio knjige nastao je na temelju dugogodišnjih bliskih susreta i razgovora autora sa hadži hafizom Halidom Hadžimulićem, šejhom Zakirom Bektićem i Senadom Mićijevićem. Isti dio završava se kratkom poviješću mesnevihanstva i njegovog značaja za Bosnu i Hercegovinu. Cilj nam je bio da koliko god je to bilo moguće iscrtamo idejnu liniju tesavvufa i njegovih idejnih predstavnika premda je o tome već govoreno. Drugi dio knjige sadrži tri rada u kojima se analizira svjetonazor tri sufijska autoriteta islamskog svijeta. U prvom radu kroz analizu pojma ‘rind’ nastojimo se približiti svjetonazoru velikog pjesnika i sufije Hafiza Širazija. Drugi rad posvećen je Mensuru Halladžu. Halladževe riječi motrene su kroz predaje drugih – prije svih Attara Nišaburija – o njemu. Treći rad tretira ličnost imama Muhammeda Gazalija, kojeg su konstantno optuživali za neprijateljstvo spram filozofije. U radu se iznosi hipoteza da je Gazali kritikom filozofije i svojom religijskom misli bio filozof u punom smislu riječi, te da njegova filozofija odlikovala posebnošću. On se treba motriti kao filozof koji promišlja o pojmu religije i napose tesavvufa. Treći dio knjige sadrži radove u kojima se kroz analizu različitih tema tretira misao Mevlana Dželaluddina Rumija, od kojih su neke ‘Čovjek sa stanovišta Dželaluddina Rumija’, ‘Zbilja smrti’, ’Etika i kriza ekologije’, ‘Šemsi Mevlana’, te radovi koji tretiraju razne teme, kao ‘Šutnja’, ‘Žena u sufijskoj literaturi’, ‘Vjerovanje i razum’, ‘Paradoks tradicionalizma’, ‘Hadže Abdullah Ensari’. Premda se radovi tematski razlikuju, njihova nit-poveznica je kritičko-filozofsko zadiranje u temu.

Thought Experiments in Ethics

Author(s): Gusztáv Kovács / Language(s): English

In this book, Kovács looks at the role of thought experiments and intuition in ethical reasoning through examples from fiction, biblical parables, and academic philosophy. The volume provides professors of ethics with a practical toolkit to discuss abstract moral questions through stories and imaginary scenarios in lecture halls, and to reach out not only to the minds, but also to the hearts of their students.

Esmâ-i Hüsnâya Dayanan Kelâm Anlayışı: Ebû İshak es-Saffâr Örneği

Author(s): Hümeyra SEVGÜLÜ HACİİBRAHİMOĞLU / Language(s): Turkish

This book discusses the theological views of Abū Isḥāq al-Ṣaffār d. 534/1139), within the framework of his comments on the meanings of Allah’s names, provided in his work titled Talkhīṣ al-adilla. Abū Isḥāq al-Ṣaffār is one of the Ḥanafite-Māturīdite scholars in the 6th/12th century. In his work titled Talkhīṣ al-adilla li-qawāʿid al-tawḥīd on kalām, he spared extensive space for al-asmāʾ al-husnā. Approximately one third of this work, published in two volumes, is devoted to al-asmāʾ al-husnā. An examination of the related section reveals that al-Ṣaffār explains many issues, particularly those related to the existence, unity and attributes of Allah, based on 175 al-asmāʾ al-husnā. He mentions some of the names that he does not include in the al-asmāʾ al-husnā section under separate headings. For example, the name al-Mutakallim is addressed within the context of the attribute of kalām and in relation to subjects, such as the khalq al-Qurʾān and i‘jaz al-Qurʾān. Upon the addition of these names to the list, the number names reaches 178. This means that half of the work deals with the subject of al-asmāʾ al-husnā.al-Ṣaffār lists the divine names in alphabetical order and explains them semantically in the chapter of al-asmāʾ al-husnā. Then he goes on to clarify each divine name through a theological lens with a specific reference to the subject of kalām. In the pre-Saffar Ḥanafite-Māturīdite theological literature, there is no other work that addresses al-asmāʾ al-husnā in such an extensive way.This book consists of three main sections. The first section titled “Methodological Framework”, elaborates on the focus, significance, purpose and method of the study, along with the sources used. The first part describes the political, social and religious status of Transoxiana (Mā-warāʾ al-Nahr) region and the cities of Bukhara and Marw, the sociocultural environment in which Saffar lived. The second chapter addresses various concepts, which promote the understanding of al-asmāʾ al-husnā, such as name, tasmiya, musammā, attribute and qualification in addition to the theological debates such as the number and iḥṣāʾ of al-asmāʾ al-husnā. Then, it provides information about the al-asmāʾ al-husnā literature produced in the pre- Ṣaffār period. The end of each chapter comes with a detailed table with the 178 divine names mentioned by al-Ṣaffār. In the third chapter, the author initially discusses the theological principles that al-Ṣaffār considered while explaining the essence of al-asmāʾ al-husnā. This section also determines and systematically categorizes the theological views and evaluations put forward by al-Ṣaffār while explaining the divine names in Talkhīṣ al-adilla. The tables with the divine names and the related discussions can be seen at the end of the discussion for each subject. The last section presents the conclusions reached, regarding the kalām method based on al-Ṣaffār’s understanding of the essence of al-asmāʾ al-husnā. The present study revealed that he made theological interpretations in 75% of the al-asmāʾ al-husnā and interpreted all theological issues ranging from the subjects of knowledge and existence to the Afterlife in connection with the al-asmāʾ al-husnā. These results indicate that al-Ṣaffār's understanding of kalām is based on the interpretation of the divine names.

The Description of Hells in the "Mahāvastu" I 9–16

Author(s): Katarzyna Marciniak / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The article presents a new edition and translation of a metrical description of Buddhist hells which occurs in the "Mahāvastu" I. 9–16, on the basis of the oldest preserved manuscript of the text, the manuscript Sa from Nepal, dated to ca. 12–13th century. Some of the stanzas have been preserved in Sanskrit fragments, edited by Prof. Kazunobu Matsuda as “Bonbun danpen Loka-prajñāpti ni tsuite” (梵文断片 Loka-prajñāpti について; Sanskrit Fragments of the Loka-prajñāpti). Through comparison of the verses preserved in the "Mahāvastu" with their parallels in the "Pāli Lokapaññatti" and the Chinese translation in Taishō no. 1644, it became possible to point out mistakes in Senart’s editio princeps of the text and propose demonstrably better readings.

Sanskrit Text of the "Śivapathikāsūtra" in the "Madhyamāgama"

Author(s): Kazunobu Matsuda / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The Sanskrit manuscript of the "Tridaṇḍamālā" preserved at sPos khang monastery in Tibet contains forty tridaṇḍas. A tridaṇḍa is a sūtra used for the purpose of liturgical chanting. In the "Tridaṇḍamālā", all forty sūtras are inserted between Aśvaghoṣa’s verses. Most of the sūtras come from the Sarvāstivāda "Saṃyuktāgama" and "Ekottarikāgama". Exceptionally, there are two instances of those from the Madhyamāgama. One of these two is the twenty-first tridaṇḍa that transmits the Chinese "Madhyamāgama" 139 (*"Śivapathikāsūtra"). This sūtra demonstrates the teaching on aśubha-bhāvanā and has no parallel in any other sūtras. It is often quoted in several Abhidharma texts. Neither its Pāli parallel, nor any Sanskrit fragments have been found in Central Asia. This paper presents its Sanskrit text for the first time.

On Kumārila’s Reliance on the "Mahābhāṣya"

Author(s): Monika Nowakowska / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

A platform of direct communication between Patañjali’s "Mahābhāṣya" (MBh, ca. 200–150? BCE) and Kumārila’s "Tantravārttika" (TV, ca. 600 CE) was obviously the vyākaraṇādhikaraṇa (the chapter on “the topic of grammar”), which is Kumārila’s contribution to the discussion on the "Mīmāṃsāsūtras" 1.3.24–29 as commented on by the "Śabarabhāṣya" (ca. 500 CE). However, Kumārila’s links to the MBh, especially in the TV, also manifest themselves in other chapters and in subtler forms, not necessarily obvious at first sight. In the article we focus on the presence – or a shadow of the presence – of the MBh in Kumārila’s TV, unveiled mainly in relation to the research into the TV discussion of dharmamūlas (i.e. sources of human knowledge of dharma). The choice of instances was not supposed to be exhaustive, which would mean a study of the whole extant Kumārila’s literary production in search of his inspirations by Patañjali, but rather indicative. It also illustrates how important the MBh was to Kumārila as a fundamental source of linguistic and cultural knowledge in his project of (re)embedding the Aryan, Brahmanical tradition structure in the Vedic ritual ground.

Mind and Heart in the "Buddhacarita"

Author(s): Sven Sellmer / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This paper deals with the relation between Aśvaghoṣa’s "Buddhacarita" and the great Sanskrit epics "Mahābhārata" and "Rāmāyaṇa" by analysing expressions containing one or more of a group of nouns designating the “mind” in a wide sense: antarātman, citta, cetas, cetanā, manas, mānasa, mati, hṛd, and hṛdaya. In this respect, both continuities and differences can be observed. The most obvious changes concern those aspects of the epic psychological language that are closely related to the peculiar features of oral and oral-style poetry and consequently tend to vanish in the kāvya style. Other aspects with a more general usefulness for poets of various styles, like the existence of a quite large number of semantically close expressions in the semantic field of “mind”, are taken over from the epic language and continued.

The Provenance and Scope of the Eightfold Path

Author(s): Tadeusz Skorupski / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Generally stated, the Buddhist tradition consistently attributes the discovery of the eightfold path to the Buddha himself, claiming that he proclaimed it in his first sermon, conventionally postulated to have taken place in the Deer Park near Vārāṇasī, approximately seven weeks after his enlightenment. Although the Buddha is credited with the discovery of the eightfold path, a number of his discourses contain diverse deliberations and statements which are salient indications that the eightfold path is the result of doctrinal developments that preceded its emergence. This paper gathers and analyses all such deliberations and statements, and presents them in thematically and conceptually correlated units, which jointly reflect the formative phases that eventually matured into the eightfold path in its universally acclaimed format. It bears indicating that this paper has no intention to undermine the integrity of the Buddhist tradition, but solely aims to unravel the provenance of the eightfold path, predominantly relying on Buddhist sources, most of which are placed under the Buddha’s authority. Nevertheless, conceptually and structurally, the eightfold path is a creative and ingenious reconfiguration of the daśakuśala. The paper evolves in three distinct but correlated sections. Sections I and II analyse two significant discourses of the Buddha, in which he discloses two innovative expositions of the inner composition and dynamics of the eightfold path. Section III surveys a broad range of Pāli sources which record a variety of doctrinal and related developments that eventually gave rise to the mature formula of the eightfold path.

The Role of Superimposition in the Semantics of Negative Compounds in Sanskrit

Author(s): Małgorzata Sulich-Cowley / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This article analyses the interpretation of Sanskrit negative compounds according to the school of vaiyākaraṇa in India. Firstly, it outlines the forming process of such compounds in Pāṇini’s "Aṣṭādhyāyī" and discusses their semantic interpretation proposed by Patañjali in the "Mahābhāṣya". The article further focuses on the notion of mistakes as crucial in determining the final meaning of a negative formation as well as delineating the mental process behind it. It presents the origin of the āropatva (“superimposition”) in the "Mahābhāṣya" and its development by Bhartṛhari in the "Vākyapādīya" as well as later compilation in Kaiyaṭa’s "Pradīpa".

Kto strzegł obozu Pańćalów i Pandawów po wielkiej bitwie przed wielką nocną rzezią?

Author(s): Przemysław Szczurek / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The paper discusses the events described in the "Mahābhārata" 10, 6–7 and the scene which is one of the most famous epic descriptions of epiphany – the vision of god. The author of the paper tries to answer the question of which god is hiding behind the illusionary form of a huge guardian protecting the Pañcālas and Pāṇḍavas’ military camp after the great battle, thus barring the way to the camp from Aśvatthāman, who wants to slaughter the sleeping warriors of the enemy army by night. Taking into account previous interpretations, but based primarily on the text of the epic, the identification of the great being with the god Śiva is particularly highlighted. The paper ends with the author’s translation into Polish of Mbh 10, 6–7.

Methodology

Author(s): Tom J.F. Tillemans / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

There was a famous incident in the 1980s that sent shivers down spines. A prominent Princeton philosopher put a notice on his office door that philosophy students should just say “No” to the history of philosophy – Western and Eastern alike, no doubt. I am going to turn the tables and look at some arguments by historians for nay-saying to philosophy, in particular arguments by historians of Asian thought and specialists in Buddhist Studies. Such arguments, too, don’t fare well. I close with an instructive example from another field, i.e., linguistics, and a few morals to the story.

Three Letters from the Type-Cutter J.G. Schelter (1775–1841) to Paul Ludwig von Canstadt

Author(s): Hartmut Walravens / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The short letters to the Russian-German printing pioneer concern a Manchu font cut by Johann Gottfried Schelter, and mainly deal with the reasons why Schelter was late finishing his work. Thus a few details regarding the font, including, not insignificantly, the price, are revealed. An old riddle is solved, namely Rémusat’s statement that Carl Tauchnitz simultaneously had a Manchu font cut that was designed by Julius Klaproth. In addition, Schilling’s and Schelter’s role in the printing of three Tibetan texts is discussed.

Heinrich Roth (1620–1668) and His Sanskrit Grammar

Author(s): Małgorzata Wielińska-Soltwedel / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Heinrich Roth is the author of the first known European Sanskrit grammar. Although his work is unique in its perfection and the author’s palpable admiration for and dependence on the indigenous Indian tradition (especially on the Sārasvata system), it has not yet been published and consequently has had little impact on the history of Indology. This paper attempts to highlight the great loss that Sanskrit studies have suffered as a result of this omission. It does so by analysing the first chapter of Roth’s treatise on the basis of the edition and translation currently being prepared by Johannes Schneider (Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities). After a detailed analysis, which includes the explanation of technical vocabulary, and after dealing with the general features of Roth’s grammar and his supposed and actual errors or inconsistencies, the way Roth presents his material is compared with the description in other early European grammars: four Latin (Hanxleden, Pons, Paulinus’ "Siddharubam" and "Vyàcarana") and four English (Colebrooke, Carey, Wilkins, Forster). The paper concludes with the slightly speculative question of what would have happened if Roth’s grammar had been published during his lifetime and had received the interest and recognition it deserved.

Sutra kwiatu lotosu cudownego prawa , zwój drugi

Author(s): Anna Zalewska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

"The Lotus Sutra" ("The Sutra of the Lotus Flower of the Wonderful Law") is one of the most important and well-known texts of the Mahāyāna Buddhism. It has been one of the most popular texts for many schools of Buddhism in Japan, especially Tendai and Nichiren, but also Zen practitioners use parts of it for daily chanting practice. From the doctrinal point of view, in this sutra the most important is the teaching of One Vehicle (ekayāna, or ichijō in Japanese), which unites all the Buddhist teachings, because all the different paths lead to enlightenment. The Buddha guides people using different methods, the so-called upāya-kauśalya, or hōben in Japanese, meaning “skillful means”, in order to ease their suffering and make them understand the ultimate truth. These are also the main subjects of the third chapter, “The Parable of the Burning House”, one of the most famous Buddhist parables, often used also as a subject in art and literature. In this chapter the Buddha tells a story about the wealthy man who in order to lure his children out of the dangerous, burning house, promises to give them many beautiful carts, like those they always wanted to have, and when they finally do leave the house, he gives them one wonderful vehicle. The translation in this volume is based on the "Taishō Tripitaka" text, as published in "Butten Kōza", a series containing Chinese Buddhist texts accompanied by a yomikudashi bun transcription, translation into modern Japanese, studies, and commentaries. This is the first full and annotated translation of “The Parable of the Burning House” into the Polish language.

Caves with Ancient Paintings in Kizil’s Periphery

Author(s): Monika Zin / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

It will take some time before research can finally settle the questions related to the relative chronology and absolute dating of Kucha paintings. Recently, several studies have approached the issue from different angles, be it a discussion of the school affiliations of the narratives illustrated in the caves or an attempt to establish by which trade routes lapis lazuli – which was used only after a certain date – was brought to Kucha. The present study cautions against the late dating of caves in the periphery of Kizil (whose paintings are to be classified as early for various reasons) merely due to their inconvenient locations and considers possible parallels with Indian monastic complexes, the oldest of which were built in the periphery, close to the burial grounds.

Bibliografia

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Noty o autorach

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Summary

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