![Николай Ненов /Съст./, Бета Хараланова, Татяна Щерева. Страдание и спасение. Паметта на еврейските общности в Русе, Шумен и Варна. Русе, 2015](/api/image/getissuecoverimage?id=picture_2016_28297.jpg)
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Lajos Blau (April 29, 1861–1936; German: Ludwig Blau) was a Hungarian scholar and publicist born at Putnok, Hungary, and educated at three different yeshibot, among them that of Presburg, and at the Landesrabbinerschule in Budapest (1880-88). He studied philosophy and Orientalia at the Budapest University, received there the degree of Ph.D. cum laude in 1887, and the rabbinical diploma in 1888. In 1887 Blau became teacher of the Talmud at the Landesrabbinerschule, in 1888 substitute, and in 1889 professor of the Bible, the Hebrew and Aramaic languages, and the Talmud. Beginning in 1899 he was also librarian and tutor in Jewish history. He was in 1902 president of the folklore section of the Jewish-Hungarian Literary Society, and editor of the Magyar Zsidó Szemle (Hungarian Jewish Review). He died in 1936.
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The Hungarian cultural anthropologist Richard Papp highlights the complexity of the question – does the Jewish Renaissance exist. He takes as example the Jewish Community Bethlen Square in Budapest and introduces the reader to the Jewish life in the Betlen Square Jewish community as well as to the Hungarian Jewish culture.
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A collection of the Torah commentaries arranged in the annual cycle of the synagogue readings. The commentaries relate to the particular events of the biblical history, as each part of the Torah contains a specific story, has its heroes, happens at a certain time and place. The author attempts to familiarize the Polish readers with a centuries-old tradition of the Torah reading and commenting cultivated by the followers of Judaism. Keywords: Torah, Judaism, Torah commentaries, Bible
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The volume concerns the fate of the Jewish population in the General Government four districts: Cracow, Lublin, Radom, and Warsaw. It includes testimonies, memoirs, personal documents and official records, such as German ordinances, reports and transcripts of the proceedings of the Jewish Councils, Jewish Social Aid and the American Joint Distribution Committee. The documents cover the period from September and October 1939 to some time after November 1942; there are also memoirs that touch upon the pre-war period.
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The volume consists of materials deposited in the ARG by Emmanuel Ringelblum’s closest collaborators: writer and journalist Rachela Auerbach, lawyer and economist Hersz Wasser, teacher Eliasz Gutkowski, and the Archive’s treasurer, entrepreneur Menachem Mendel Kon. Letters, certificates and fragments of notes are testimony to the work of the Archive, the everyday life of its collaborators and through this – to the experience of Jewish intellectuals in the ghetto. The last chapter contains patents of inventors Henryk Piórnik and Wacław Kączkowski issued by the Polish and foreign patent offices.
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The volume pertains to the fate of the Jews in the areas of Poland incorporated into the Reich: the Danzig-West Prussia Reich District, Regierungsbezirk Zichenau (Ciechanów Governorate) and the Province of Upper Silesia. It consists mainly of the testimonies of refugees who had been forced to abandon their homes and of the persons involved in relocating Jews to the General Government. The majority of documents concerns the period from the first days of the war until February and March 1941. They illustrate mainly everyday life but also include reminiscences from before the war, sketches from the history of the given towns, or accounts of the war preparations.
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The author explores the topic of relations between the state of origin and the diaspora from the perspective of theories and concepts used in political science: political subjectivity, power relations, influence, mobilization and functioning of the political system. The monograph fills a considerable gap in the research on Polish emigration (so far dominated by the historical and sociological approach) by supplementing the analysis of the phenomenon of diaspora communities and their relations with the state of origin with the perspective of political science.
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The extension of totalitarian and authoritarian regimes in the first half of the twentieth century, which hit most European states, required political interferences within the highest legislative and executive authorities of states as well as in local administrations and bodies of self-government. Legislative interventions resulted in the formation of new local political elites whose representatives, mostly recruited by the criterion of political reliability, held the defining positions and played the significant role in implementing anti-Jewish policy during the Holocaust era. The main aim of this contribution is the analysis of the mechanisms of legislative interventions into the creation of new local political elites in selected examples of Nazi-occupied countries (General Government, Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia) and allied regimes (Slovak State and Hungary).
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The monograph is meant as a kind of a complete guide to pre‑war writings of Adolf Rudnicki. The author has taken into consideration all literary works written by Rudnicki that were published at that time, including both books and short stories published in the press, as well as fragments of a drama which has never been published in full. The present work begins with a chapter entitled “From the history of reception”, in which the author reconstructs pre‑war literary criticism of the works written by Rudnicki that were published at that time. On the basis of almost forty reviews, a broad picture has been created that shows how the writing of Rudnicki was interpreted and evaluated in the period under consideration. The aim of the author has been to confront the opinions of the researchers who claim that Rudnicki became critics’ favourite from the very moment of his literary debut, with source texts, and thus with original critical reviews published in pre‑war press. The analysis of the reception has allowed to throw doubt on the frequently repeated thesis whereby Rudnicki enjoyed a remarkable favour of reviewers. Chapter two discusses the idea of “Jewishness” of the pre‑war works of the writer. It demonstrates a long way that the author came, starting with his early texts, in which the Jewish themes are not taken up at all, or they are not explicit on the surface of the texts, up to a symbolic return to the reality of shtetl in the novel Lato [Summer]. Also, the aim of the author has been to look upon transformations in the writer’s worldview. Initially, his attitude was clearly assimilative. Before the outbreak of the Second World War, in turn, he took the side of the critics of assimilation. It has also become necessary to reconstruct the writer’s biography with a special emphasis on the orthodox family in which he was raised. Drawing on the category offered for reflection upon the Polish‑Jewish relations in 1980s by Artur Sandauer, the author of the present study has attempted to present Rudnicki as a writer‑allosemite. The third chapter is the author’s attempt to read Rudnicki’s pre‑war prose from the perspective of research on masculinity. The specificity of Rudnicki’s works, i.e. the world of men presented in them, from which women were almost completely excluded, has not been noticed for many years, and consequently has not been properly described. What is more, masculinity in Rudnicki’s texts often turns out to be exceptionally non‑masculine, effeminate, as well as homosexual. Thus, the present work becomes an attempt to read, in German Ritz’s words, the “secret signs” present in the writer’s inter‑war literary output, which makes it possible to read it as also homosexual, and thus to include Rudnicki among such writers such as Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz or Witold Gombrowicz.
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In Polish literature, the story of Jews, their culture and its influence on the Polish society has been in circulation for over three hundred years. Since the 1940s, the Holocaust has delineated the story, testing linguistic efficiency and imagination, as well as forming a permanent reference point in the collective consciousness and one of the most important issues of Polish culture. It can be couched in the question, “How should we build relations with Jews?” Literature has been posing it in a virtually unchanged form for a century, failing to notice the long absence of the important addressee and interlocutor: Jews. The question about Polish relations with Jews, which has an extremely strong impact on writers, requires clarification. Firstly, it is not addressed only to Jewish recipients, but above all to Poles. Secondly, it is symbolic, not actual, and results from the overwhelming need to take over the dominant narrative of mutual relations and “set it up” in such a way that it would no longer be a stain on our history, but would allow us to purge ourselves of it, explain it or even write it anew. From the chapter, “What Unites Us?”
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Ten o’clock, still no bread. We’ve been waiting since seven. Terrible hunger. I feel sick to my stomach and totally weak. I’m unable to make two bunks any more, my legs refuse to carry me. It’s a miracle I can still move my hand to write. I’ve taken valerian without sugar and lain down. Bubi is licking sour salt out of sheer hunger. It’s eleven o'clock now and he still hasn’t come back with the bread. We’re shaking all over. He has got a ration stamp for bread and nobody will lend us anything. Two more days like this and we won’t be among the living. Irene Hauser, A Journal
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published in Philadelphia, 1913, by The Jewish Publication Society of America
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Published in 1935 by the JEWISH CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL SOCIETY ,,LA BENEVOLENCIA" in Sarajevo // From the editor’s introduction: „The great thinker, and even greater legislator, Maimonides is the most important spiritual figure among the Jews, because without him one cannot imagine the special spiritual life of the Jewish community, nor the development of certain religious disciplines in general, from the time of his activity until today. // Maimonides, however, is also a very big name in the history of that philosophical and scientific period on the Iberian Peninsula which gave new content and a strong impetus to the thought work of the whole of Europe at that time. Therefore, he belongs to the circle of those medieval thinkers who laid the first foundations of rationalist philosophy in the Renaissance. This assessment of his philosophical appearance gave rise to a huge number of articles and books in which thinkers of all European nations presented the work of Maimonides.“
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The publication examines the findings of the comparative research on antisemitism in Poland in 1992, 2002 and 2012. The analysis of the results demonstrates that democracy favours rejecting hostility towards the Jews, but causes antisemitism to become part of a broader, nationalistic and catholic ideological view. Polish religiosity and the fact that many Catholic Church representatives influence antisemitic attitudes in Poland seem to be a predominant opinion.
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The goal of this paper is to investigate the memory of the Holocaust, i.e. the reception and representation of the suffering of the Jewish population during the rule of the Third Reich (under Nazi rule and occupation) in the capitals of the states constituted after the Second World War - in East Berlin, GDR, and Belgrade, SFRY, during the period from 1945 to 1989/1991. Relying on the achievements of memory studies and analyzing the political moods of that time and the ways of constructing official narratives about Jewish suffering in selected post-war Communist countries, the similarities and differences in the policy of representing Jewish suffering in these two countries and the memory of Jewish victims in places of remembrance and in the practices of remembrance in their capitals will be pointed out.
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The paper considers the specific problem of the land property outside Italy in the Roman provinces during the period of the late Roman Republic and the early Principate. The author studies how the Roman government faced the new problems that the conquest created and what Rome actually did when first met the Hellenistic concepts of the land property in the conquered territories and how they were applied or modified according to the traditional Roman law principles and regulations. It is emphasized that the need to organize the territory and to define the property of the people who lived on that territory or the rights which they had to the land for a very first time occurred in Sicily which the Romans organized as the first Roman provincia. The article examines the organization of Sicily according to Lex Hieronica, it considers the exemptions and immunities of some cities from the general legal regime of the province, and studies the collection of public revenues and the payments for the taxes for the exploitation of the land – vectigal et vectigalia publica. Key notions and terms like possessio, dominium, mancipatio, vectigal, vectigalia, tributum, stipendium are cleared and special attention is paid to the correct use of the Latin legal terminology. Some of the most important fragments from the Institutes of Gaius about the provincial property are examined and is made a carefully study of his language and the legal aspects of his consideration of the rights that the individuals had over the provincial lands. The research presents in details the organization of other provinces in the late Roman Republic and the early Principate and deals with the richest Roman province – Asia, which brings huge revenues to the Roman budget. Central part of the study is dedicated to the legal regime of the provincial land and the author considers the main opinions on this topic in the recent Roman legal doctrine and translates and analyzes the relevant classical Latin texts in the sources and provides an important bibliography on the problem, he tries also to define the Roman concept for „provincial property“ which for sure was not identical with the dominium ex iure Quiritium in Italy.
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In the Roman provinces of Moesia Inferior and Thrace, created at the beginning of the 1st century AD, there is a mutual penetration of the traditions of government, culture and religions of the Thracians, Greeks and Romans. This creates a specific basis for the development of legislation and the legal framework of a number of institutions specific to this region, especially in the province of Lower Moesia, which was not urbanized before the arrival of the Romans. Despite the few sources of data for this period, historical science in Bulgaria as well as other research for the region has had significant successes in reconstructing the political, economic and social situation in this Roman province. However, less attention is paid to provincial law, which poses a challenge for Bulgarian Romanists.
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Cimitirele evreiești sunt o prețioasă sursă de informație despre evoluția comunităților cărora acestea le-au aparținut, despre orientarea lor rituală, raportată la curentele iudaismului tradițional ori ale celui modern, și despre interferențele dintre evrei și creștini, mai ales atunci când investigația vizează arta funerară și structura epitafurilor. Exemplul cimitirului evreiesc din Alba Iulia se încadrează în cea de-a doua categorie, fiind vorba despre o comunitate cu o tradiție remarcabilă, fapt ce a și influențat adeziunea ei la orientarea ortodoxă, dar care a receptat în timp influențe de tip reformator, care au determinat atitudini mult mai deschise față de noile idei. Tocmai de aceea, perspectiva istorică din prima parte a studiului, care se bazează pe cele mai importante surse documentare identificate (planuri ale cimitirului și un registru vechi al înmormântărilor redactat în mai multe etape de comunitate), include exemplificări ale tendințelor de evoluție a comunității și de modificare a structurii epitafurilor ori a tipului monumentelor funerare de la sfârșitul secolului al XIX-lea. În schimb, analiza epigrafică și cea artistică, stilistică și tipologică din celelalte două părți ale articolului, pentru a fi convingătoare, sunt mai strict circumscrise, făcând referire la o selecție a pietrelor funerare datând din secolul al XVIII-lea și din prima jumătate a secolului al XIX-lea. Diferența tipologică și stilistică între cele din secolul al XVIII-lea, pentru care pot fi sesizate similarități cu pietre tombale din alte cimitire europene inventariate, și cel puțin unele dintre cele secolul al XIX-lea este evidentă. Forme baroce clare caracterizează unele dintre monumentele edificate spre mijlocul secolului al XIX-lea, iar cele neogotice pe cele de mai târziu, de la sfârșitul aceluiași secol, ceea ce probează serioase întârzieri în receptarea lor. Conținutul inscripțiilor s-a modificat și el în cea de-a doua perioadă, reflectând o mai mare sensibilitate în cazul epitafurilor dedicate defuncților copii, acestea fiind susținute și de delicatețea simbolurilor care însoțesc textul. Obiectivul articolului a fost cel de a evidenția, prin intermediul analizelor epigrafice și stilistice, măsura în care orientarea rituală a comunității a fost cea ortodoxă. Răspunsul la această întrebare este afirmativ, dacă avem în vedere perioada istorică de circa două secole și jumătate scursă de la constituirea comunității și până spre finele secolului al XIX-lea. Dar în ultimele decenii ale acestui secol au început să apară elemente care anunțau o diversificare a orientărilor, probată de profilul monumentelor funerare amplasate în această perioadă în sectorul istoric al cimitirului și al celor din celelalte sectoare ale sale.
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