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The study proposes a new chrollology for the Transylvanian liarly BrOllZl' }\.gl'. based mainly on the calibrated Cu dates from Romania and the neighbourillg countrics. The late phase of the Cotofeni culture reached the beginning of the EBA. which may be put around the middle of the III'" miI. B. C., according to the el( dates from Poiana ~\mpoiului. The flourishing of the EBA groups (Roşia, Şoimuş, Jigodin. tUlllulus hurials of Livezile type) was taking place in the second half of the III,tl miI. B.e.. heillg contemporary with the Vinkovci-Somogyvar culture and the eatly phase of the Mureş culture. The end of the EB.-\., characterised by the "besenstrich" und textilmuster keramik" has good parallels in the late ~agyrev and early Hatvan cultures, reaching the period Reinecke Al' recently dated in the last two cellturies of the III,ă miI. B.e. and the beginng of the II-II miI. B.C. According to our present and partial informations, the period between 2700/26001900/ 1800 B.e. (2300-1600 b.c.) may be proposed for the Transylvsnian Eatly Bronze Age. tuture corrections being possible in the next years, when new Cl( dates will be available.
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I:auteur prcscntC' deux pieces decouvertcs par hasard a Yalea Largă (elpt. Hunedoara), endroit qui se trouve dans les environs de la Capitale du royaume dace. Il s'agit d'un cruche de bronze (p1anche 1/1) et un fragment de mirroir metallique de 15 C111 en diametre. Le cruche realise en tâ1e de bronze, est une variante assez rare d 'oinochoe "a bec" -- typc repanclu dans l'Europe romaine et barbare des le Ier siecle ap. J. -- l', jusqu' au IIFme siecle ap. J. - C. (L note nr. 7 et 8). Les ana10gies pour ce vase sont cdlcs illustrees dans la planclw nr. II. l1Iais c:es ana10gies memes ne sont pas tres hien datces. Par exemple le vase de Pusztasomodor, on l'a date dans le rer siede ap. ].-C. (Raclnoti, v. note nr. 19) et par H.P. Xuber dans le II leme siecle ap. J.-C. (v. note nr. 20,. Le vase de Valea Largă est un objet d'importation romain dans le milieu <lacc, C0111111e f'1l est le mirroir aussi, cette conclusion s'appuye sur It· fait que a Ya1ea Largă on a trouve exclusivement des vestiges apartenant aux daces, et on Il'a pas trouve des traces rOlllaines. 1)OI1C, le vase est datab1e jusqu'a 106 ap. J. -- C. --- la elah' de la destructioll definitive des etalJlissements dace de cettc rCgion.
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Die archiiologi,.;r1Jen GralJungell in elen 11onat(,11 April-- :Mai 1992 in rlt'r rmgebung c1('s ,Apm'-Palastes in KarlsLurg '\l1~'d('n "om Institut hlr Archiiologie nnd Eunstgpschkhtv aus KI<lliSL11]mrg unJ \'tIm ~1U"LU1l1 (,( r Vcrdllil~l1ng au,; Ka~bl!Urg veranstaitet. Xacll einigen Jahren der TTnterbreclnmg 'l., 1\( 11 ,;iL eilH' \\'ieduaufnahml' cler Furschungen in dt:m Ca,;trum der Legion xrn r.unÎl!a '\tdl :\pulum dar. lJie .\:<l,d!~eite des Gebiiudes aus der Feudalzeit stiitzi- sich auf cine li1n,,!:l':l' "':,trecke hin auf clie )\(JHb( ite des Castrums. Im Kontrol1graben ].;:('1111tcn ",-wei Reil:t li \'( ,lt SteinhlOcken in opus <]1' adratll111 festgestellt werden, o1ie der in situ erhaltenen riinti,;,,11ell :'lauer angeh(irel1. Uie reststel:ung eliesser Mauer Le,;tiitigt clie ăltpf(-n Forschungcn ,tllS dr m J ahre i 987 - '\ ('n V, ~[oga - auf dcrselben Seite, als siehup Ell lllentt: festgtstf'111 wurciln: Dermtn und (hr Grab'll des wichtigsten Castrums <1e1' Pruvinz Dacia. Fine weitlll' Crabullg. clic: ebenfall,; im Jahre 1992 sl'nk.recht zur Sudwand des Apor-Palastc!:> durch~ull11rt. \\'urde, ,;ticss 11a,,11 der Entfl'lnung der mittelalterlichen Schicht.en bi~; n:m rlimisclH'll :-';j\,c au "or 111ld legte -, als archiiologifche Premierc -- clic via sa~ularis frei, ua:w eilll:ll AhfiU',' "anal, der am Grullde mit Zicgt:ln ausgelegt. \Var, die dell Stl'1npel der Legion XIII GemiJia auh\'ciscn. Das geborgene archăologischeMaterial besteht aus Bruchstiicken von Keramik, Bronzege. genstii.nden sowie aus drei Mtl.nzen, die aus dem 2. und 3. Jahrhundert stammen. Die Entdeckungen von 1992 fiigen den bisherigen Forschungen neue unbekannte Ergebnisse hinzu und stellen einen Fortschritt bei der Erforschung der ersten Befestigung von Karksburg dar.
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Les travallX edilitaires faits au nord-ouest du mUl1lClpe Alba Iulia, dans la rue Vinătarilor (1979-1980), ont occasionnees l'investigation de 186 tombcaux d'inhumation appartenant a un cimetiere fcodal ancien ctendu sur un superficie d'environ 0,5 ha. L'etude anthropologique des ossements a permis l'indification de 58 enfants des deux sexes et de 122 individus adultes, murs, et scniles (64 hommes et 58 femmes). L'inventaire funeraire, compose d'objets de parure et de costume, d'ustensiles, d'armes et de reramique, contenait aussi 24 monnaies qui assurent l'encadrement chronologique du cimetiere pour la secondc moitie du Xle siecle. De ces 24 monnaies ont ete determine seulemcnt 20 pieces, le 4 restes sont attestees par des fragments sans importance. Lf:s monnaies decQuvertes dans 23 tombcaux proviennent des rois arpadiens de la seconde moitie du XI" :;iecl~: Andre 1 (8), Bela I (2), S'alamon (5), Geza I (1) et La,lislas I (4). La position des mannaies par rapport au squelette est differente d'un tombeau a l'autre. Les pieces trouvees autour de la tele de quelques uns des hommes ou de quelques unes des fcmmes de divers âges representent la monnaie deposce dans la bouche du decede. La monnaie provenue des points divers tIu tronc etait mise dans la pa'.lme gauche ou droite des mains etenclucs le lQng du corps ou plics au coude et appuyces par l'avant-bras sur l'abdomen ou le torax. l:etude metalographique fait reference a sept pieces seulement, auxquelh::s on ajoute encore deux emissions provenues de la necropole investiguee (lans la zone "Staţia de salvare" (Station d'ambulance), rr 282 a şi 282 b). Dâpres la technique de l'usinage et la composition de l'alliage an a ideutifie des monnaies frappees (T 1, 101, 114 a, 114 b et 280) et des 111'mnaies coulces (T 12. 220, 235 et 282 a). Indifferemment du point de vue de la technique cmployee pour les confectionner, les pit~ces etudiees sant faites d'un alliage d'argent et de cuivre. Le metal precieux varie dans le melange entre des limites tres larges et ceci demontre le fait que la llotioll de "monuaie d'argent" est conventionnelle. Deposer ta monnaie dans la tombe est une p~atique funeraire antique assumee par la population geto-dacique des greco-romains pendant le processus de romanisation deroule dans l'espace carpato-danubien-pontique. L'etablisement des peuples migrateurs (Slaves, Bulgares) au VIe - VIle siecle au sud du Danub~ a illterrompu les relations economiques de la Dacie postaurelienne avec l'Empire bysantin. :!I,[algre ceci, l'obole est rencontre dans les cimetieres d'incineratioll et d'inhumation de 13, population romane, ainsi que dans les tombes des migrateurs illfluences par les autochtones (Sarmates, Gothes, Gepides et Avares). Lorsque la domiuation de Bysance se retablit aux bords du Danube aux xe-XI- siec1es, la circulation monn'aitaire s'intensifie,surtout pendant la consolidation de l'etat hongrois sous le regne d'Etienne 1 et de ses successeurs
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1'he autllOf pre:,t'nts the Dacian vestiges in a l11ulti-lllilltnary settltment (with e,'i(~cnct~ irom the Agc of Bronze and from the earIy feudal period), placed in the topugraphical T.(}:nt "Dealul Bunii" (fig. 1), settlement explored summarily by archeological sounc1ing,., c1urir,~ n" years 1~87, 1988. 1'he illvestigations have revealed from the settltment rich ceral11ics of Clmmlu.l !~~c aad fint' ones. Out of these, the author presents some H'(,()llstituted pots ano. in il SI";' ,'ti-:e way, fraguuIlts d pots (fig. 3/1-6), aud also fragl11ents of hand mills (fig. 4/1--101, disccvered in t11e same' settlement. 1'he discovered evidences bel"Ilg to t11e classil'al pha,.,t (f ~~ie Dadan culture (the 1-st Century b.Ch. - the 1-st clHtmy a. eh.), adding a lll-W D:\I ;<J.Il settlement, not kllown befare, ta the archeological co1Jectiun of the zone.
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Sur ta foi d'un repertoire de 16 piE~ces toreutiques figurees (3 exemplaires -,. argent un en bronze dore) , l'auteur etablit l'iconographie, la fonctionalite et le carG<:~e.l des piect's (locales ou importees).
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The p.tp,:- prl'sents a tess fn'qtHllt LT C typl' ' i br"11l.l' EilJlllae lJic>('''\'l n'd "Il tll,' I, :') it() r~' "f t11c ancienl Vada. A majl)r c1Jara,C1t'ric>tic ieatllre oi lhis type is tLl' le;..: "unl'li and fi';"'" 011 tlw bGW and deve1lJped in a rC'dangu]ar, r1lr'mlJil' lJJ' J'''11:111 plate', l:h'url11"c\ \\ ith UlaI!i. ',t! motifs. The author discusses six diseo\'cries (fig, :":1, ;Iccording \', itll tll(' shapl' (,i the plate, they helong to fi"c vaJ'iants (1. l'ilac; ~. Ali)" Iulia, C~'lPll:;;U 'IIa;('; 3. Ostro\l:l ~imian; 4. llerindia; 5. Ocniţa). c\.llalogou,; pit'ct's ",eie i"lllld only in lhe arca "f tlw eLlt..; .";cordisci anti ToltriscÎ (Yugoslavian lJanlllJl.') ,,,here thl'~' lIle llatcd in thc fir,:t ccntury B,\. (set' fu()tnotl·~ J :)- 1(iL The filJ\llal' beloug to two rhrolJological groups: .\, Ili"ces founci in t11e Ceto-J)al'ian settlem<.:nts' Berindia, Ocniţa, Ostro\uI ~imialJ (~l','(>I1d ecntur." B,l first Cl'ntl:r A.D.); B. pieees fuul1l.1 in the late ~it(;~ and tomhs·- .\.llJa Iulia, ('iJac, l';'ipu:;;u l"larp (seeu11l1-thirdiiourth/sixth-seventh ceutur." .\.D.) (fig, :~I, ,\cl'onling ta the <1.uthor, tl1t' glO~ljJ B represents "antiquities" used in thc first mil!EnniulIl .\.1),; similar are ,,1.l1l'J' diseo\'. ril" of the Roman fibula(' (second-third century A. D.) ifl,otnotes 19-22) or Roman Imperial/ Latl' c()in~ (seconcl-fourth c('ntury .\.]).1 Ifootnote;, ~,l) in the sites ancl tOln1)s date,j in f(jurthLight ccutury A.1>.
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L'auteur presente synthetiquement les coordonnees principales du cet important et complexe chapitre de 1histoire de la Dacie et de l'ethnogenese roumaine dans les territoires nord-danubiens, phenomenes deroules pendant les IIe_VIIle siecles. Pour ce 'lui est de la romanisation, dans cette notion on inclue deux aspects fondamentaux du meme processus unitaire, a savoir: la romanisation par la colonisation et l'a8similation des autochtones daco-'getes. Sous les deux: aspects, dans le cas de la Dacie, la romanisation etait une realite. Par les documents existents aujourd'hui, on demontre que, tout comme d'autres provinces plus aneiennes, les facteurs de la romanisation etaient les memes: l'armee, l'administration, l'urbauisation, le commerce, le recrutement local, les mariages mixtes, la religion, les contacts quotidiens dans le processus du travail, les veterans, la circulation des gens et des idees, etc. En plus, les conditions locales et l'epoque plus tardive ont hâte la romanisation en Dacie. Pendant les 170 ans de gouvernement romain effectif en Dacie (106-275), on constate que partout dans les villes et les campagnes, dans le commerce, les transports et ateliers, sur les champs et dans les mines, bien sur dans l'armee, l'administration, a l'office divin, on parlait latin. La romanisation sur le territoire de l'ancienne Province n'a pas cesse avec le retrait de l'armee et de l'administration romaines au sud du Danube sous le regne de l'emp~reur Aurelien, mais a cJntinue et s'est parac:hevee jusqu'au Iva siecle y compris. Le christia'1ism~ en sa forme latine, generalise aUl!: IV"- V" siedes, a contribue ma~sivement a'~ para~heve· ment de la romanisation. an souligne egalement qu'au temp'" de Con'lta'ltin le Gran1, puis sous ]ustinien, le gouvernement romano-byzantin est revenu au sud de la Dacie, alimentant et consolidant, demographiquement aussi, la romauite nord-danubienne. Ea ce qui c.:meerne les regions ha1:>ite'~s par les Dac:es iibres, non rO'll'lJ.ises aux: II"- III" siedes, existent dclU' oplnions diametralement opp')~ees. Certains chercheurs a1:n~ttell: que, jusqu'fl. l'etablidement des Slaves vers la fin du VI" siecles, etait pos'lible uue romanisation cffective du territoire et de la population par une expansion de la romanite de Da~ie et par l'adoption du c1tristianisme en laglle latine. D'autres autellrs sOlItiennent une slavlsation g~nelale, suivie d'une rOltm(J,nisatio"l, tardives des Slaves (X"- Xle sie~les). Il ne s'alirait dane pa'> d'une Roma,nia antiqua, mais d'une Romania nou:J,. Dans ce probleme, l'al~teur a10pte la position suivame: l'expansion de la rom'luite sur les Da~es libres limitophes (1 Vd_ VI" sieeles) a continue par la ph:J,se roamaine. D,)llc, rom:J,)l,isatio'l, tardive, prolous~e ea U:l·~ ro:.'·nl't.is:J,tion precoce. Apres l'effondrement de la d6fense romano-bYlautine sur le Ba'>- Da,lube et la peu :tration des SJ.aves dans la P~:li'1.';'.lI~ bJ.lkrniqlIe, eu raiY)n de la dispr
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U radu se saopštavaju nalazi arheoloških istraživanja ostataka hrama Sv. Pantelejmona. Uz izveštaj o nalazima predlaže se moguća studijska rekonstrukcija hrama. Osnovna obaveštenja o arheološkom istraživanju ostataka hrama Sv. Pantelejmona objavljena su u zborniku radova posvećenom Stefanu Nemanji. U tekstu koji se sada objavljuje predočava se podroban izveštaj o istraživanjima i nalazima ostvarenim u toku istraživanja, i pokušaj da se u idealnom smislu prikaže zamisao prostora hrama. Oskudni građevinski ostaci bili su osnov za studijsku rekonstrukciju hrama. Poređenjem osnova crkava kojima je bio ktitor Stefan Nemanja došlo se do zaključka da je zamisao prostora i strukture Sv. Pantelejmona bila najbliža prostoru i strukturi Bogorodičine crkve u Studenici. Izveštaju o radovima priložen je katalog grobnih nalaza ukrasa i upotrebnih predmeta koji su po visokoj vrednosti očigledno pripadali visokom društvenom sloju.
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Historical interpretation of 4th cent. BC archeological monument in Southern Ukraine
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Two Early Christian graves in the rocks with fresco paintings were discovered in 1999 in Crimean ancient city of Khersones (near contemporary Sevastopol). The iconographic and artistic analysis of the Murals and its comparison with analogs of the same period has been done.
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As a sequel to a previous study on the problems of identity in Classical Antiquity this paper has as aim to follow the way in which the seals of barbarity were applied to the Dacians based on their warrior like character, barbarian language, human sacrifices or because of the lack of balance in their behavior. It resulted an interesting, but not quite correct alterity construction.
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The authors discuss archaeological research conducted in the eastern area of the canabae legionis settlement from Apulum, in winter 2006-2007, which received the municipal status during the reign of Septimius Severus, at the end of the second century A.D. The presence of many of the tegular stamps with the nomen Aurelius date the building somewhere earlier in the reign of M. Aurelius and Commodus. If we make a connection with the baths of Potaissa camp, where construction of the vault system was done by African soldiers arriving during the reign of Septimius Severus, then certainly our building existed during the reign of this emperor. This important buiding continued to be used in the third century A.D., probably until the leaving of the Roman army and administration from the Dacia province. A large Roman building with at least three rooms, whose character could not be established, was identified in the archaeological research. We suppose it was not a private building, because the heating system is lacking, but the massive walls and the presence of bricks or tiles with six different anthroponyms show us probably a public one. Building walls (width-1.05-1.48 m, max. height-2.5 m) are made of sandstone in opus incertum technique up to 1.8 m height and over them three brick levels (opus latericium) were arranged. During the rescue excavations performed on 18 Decebal Street a series of three electrical tomography profiles have been conducted in the area next to the excavations to aid the archaeological interpretation. The Roman walls found in the archaeological excavation were confirmed to continue underneath the property and the identified geophysical anomalies allowed a more complete plan of the building to be drawn as a result. The results of the geophysical investigations show us the existence of at least six rooms of this building.
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Absolut din întâmplare, o acvilă romană de bronz (Fig. 7/ a - d) a fost descoperită pe teritoriul localităţii Sălcuţa, jud. Dolj, pe o arătură din vecinătate. Piesa a fost turnată "plin", iar greutatea sa indică faptul că în compoziţia aliajului din care a fost realizată, pe lângă bronz şi alte metale, a fost folosită o cantitate importantă de plumb. Pe suprafaţă poartă o patină de culoare verzuie caracteristică bronzurilor antice; patina este "întreruptă" însă din loc în loc datorită faptului că piesa a fost aurită pe întreaga suprafaţă. În prezent, pelicula de aur nu se mai păstrează decât pe alocuri (Fig. 7/ a-b). Reprezentarea este uşor deformată (Fig. 1/ a - c), cu aripa din dreapta mai lăsată decât cea din stânga, deformarea putând proveni ca urmare a unei presări puternice; din această cauză penajul de pe aripa dreaptă este mai şters decât de pe cealaltă. Dacă luăm în calcul faptul că piesa fusese aurită, atunci ne aflăm în faţa unei reprezentări valoroase, aparţinând unei unităţi militare importantă; nu se poate specifica în acest moment dacă este vorba despre o unitate de tip legio sau una auxiliară. Dimensiuni: lungime- 16,8cm; înălţime- 8,2cm. Greutate- 340g. Analogii pentru acvila romană de bronz descoperită la Sălcuţa s-au mai găsit pe teritoriul României, după cum urmează: Barboşi- două piese (Ştefan 1938, p. 345, fig. 6; Dragomir 1983, p.63-68), Răcari (Tudor 1936, p. 186, nr. 8; Pop 1977, p. 117, nr. 4; Bondoc, Gudea 2009, p. 206, nr. 494) şi Orlea (Ţeposu-Marinescu, Pop 2000, p. 126, nr. 167). Mai există însă şi alte piese cu reprezentări de acvile de bronz descoperite în acest spaţiu (Desa, Romula), dar acestea aparţin unui alt tip de reprezentări, foarte probabil cu aceeaşi semnificaţie.
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This paper seeks to provide an overview of the state of conservation of the numismatic collections from the county Museum of History and Art from Zalau, by identifying the main forms of degradation with which it is faced. The numismatic collections of the county Museum of History and Art Zalau include 9810 coins from various periods of history of county Salaj. Numismatic objects that are part of our collections are composed of gold, silver, bronze (copper), nickel and iron. In the first part of the paper a presentation is made of the values of microclimatic factors; we mean here in particular relative humidity and temperature, and an overview of storage space (repository number 1) is maintained throughout the numismatic collection of the County Museum of History Art and Zalau. Relative humidity and temperature monitoring was performed during the period 01/09/2009 to 05/30/2010 and was executed with a termohigrometre. The conclusion was that monitoring these parameters and the conditions under which the record is the number one store does not fall within the permissible limits for the storage of numismatic collections. The proposed solution is the exterior wall insulation and buying a dehumidifier to ensure a drop in the value until the relative humidity will be within the parameters set out in the rules of conservation. The next step was to check the conservation status of the objects that make up the numismatic collections. For a correct statement of the conservation status a magnifying visual inspection of each item in these collections was carried out. Checking the conservation status of degradation resulted in the division of faced numismatic pieces into four categories depending on the factors that produce them: 1. Degradations occurring during and after the technological process of producing the coin; 2. Degradation in the era in which coins were used; 3. Degradations in the period after active use of coins; 4. Degradation arising from deposition in the ground; 5. Degradations occurring during the coins preservation in the museum. A good knowledge of the damage to numismatic collections in museums helps us to understand the factors and mechanisms that produce them, and thus eliminating those which threaten the existence of these priceless pieces of history for the scientific community.
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Iconografia legată de viaţa de apoi a constituit un subiect frecvent abordat de cercetători însă atenţia lor s-a îndreptat cu deosebire spre apariţia şi apoi răspândirea monumentelor creştine şi a rolului acestora în consolidarea unui larg repertoriu imagistic, dezvoltat amplu pe parcursul mai multor perioade istorice. Există însă mai puţine lucruri cunoscute în legătură cu modul în care anticii îşi imaginau viaţa de apoi, deşi textele filosofice oferă un volum interesant de detalii ce pot constitui puncte de plecare extrem de utile pentru explicarea iconografiei picturii funerare antice. Având ca repere majore textele literare clasice, temele iconografice legate de simbolistica vieţii de apoi în antichitate se pot mult mai uşor explica. Deşi repertoriul iconografic al monumentelor funerare pictate este cu siguranţă deosebit de variat şi întins, există totuşi câteva locuri comune cu privire la ceea ce omul credea că se întâmplă cu el însuşi după moarte. Unul dintre aceste locuri comune în care se întâlnesc aproape toate culturile antichităţii clasice, fie că e vorba de Egipt, Grecia sau Roma antică, este credinţa în cicluri de reîncarnări succesive ale sufletului, văzut ca singura permanenţă posibilă a vieţii. De aici derivă apoi modalitatea în care sufletele ajunse în lumea de dincolo petrec un anumit intreval de timp, mai lung sau mai scurt, în funcţie de conduita fiecăruia în timpul vieţii pământeşti. Din acest punct de vedere imaginarul colectiv al vieţii de apoi în antichitate este mai degrabă surpinzător de uniform. În majoritatea cazurilor, şi aici pot fi considerate nu numai pictura ci şi sculptura sau artele minore, este vorba de faptul că sufletul celui dispărut, atunci când acesta fusese cel al unui virtuos, benchetuia. Banchetul funerar este de fapt o temă recurentă ce se regăseşte invariabil în toate marile culturi ale antichităţii. Există însă diverse aspecte de detaliu care intervin în iconografia funerară a picturii funerare egiptene, pe de o parte şi cea greco-romană, pe de alta. În vreme ce pentru egipteni elementul cheie, sau mijlocul esenţial de trecere de la viaţa reală la viaţa de apoi era mumia, ce regrupa în interiorul ei nu numai sufletul celui dispărut, dar şi alte componente la fel de importante, cum erau inima sau viscerele, grecii, şi apoi romanii, considerau că numai sufletul face trecerea respectivă. Trecând în revistă câteva exemple deosebit de ilustrative cu privire la iconografia paradisului în pictura funerară a antichităţii, reiese apoi şi faptul că omul acelor timpuri gândea conform unui clişeu păstrat şi cultivat până azi, anume că viaţa de apoi continuă în acelaşi chip viaţa reală.
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Amongst the most remarkable realizations of potters from the Roman period is the Terra sigillata (Samian) ware pottery, which is, however, mostly discovered in fragmentary state, a fact which impedes their exhibitional valorization. To remake the shape within restoration operations we may chose various methods based on copying, by different techniques, the decorative elements and their transposing within completion. Plaster or silicone rubber moulds may be used, to be applied in the area to be completed or with the aid of which positives are obtained that can be fastened within gaps. Another method assumes retaking the technological steps in producing this type of vessels by elaboration, with the aid of a stencil copying the exterior form of the vessel, of a mould rendering its shape. Within this mould the vessel fragment to be completed is positioned, and the lost decoration is remade by stamping with casts copying decorative elements of the original. Within the mould plaster is poured which we finish, and subsequently, after the mould is opened, we obtain a lookalike shape and decoration of the original vessel. By restoration, Terra sigillata pottery discovered in a fragmentary state may become artefacts of visual impact for the visitors from the museal exhibition.
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During the 9th – 11th centuries in Transylvania two burial rites were practiced, each one of them being characterized by a diversity of burial rituals. Taking into consideration the funeral rite, the funerary discoveries dating from the 11th century are of two types: cremation and inhumation. Starting with the 10th century, the cremation burial disappears as a funeral practice and the inhumation is generalized and becomes the only funerary rite practiced. The aim of our approach is not to analyze the inhumation discoveries from Transylvania as a whole, we wish to point out only those which differ from one another, not through the funeral rite, but through the burial ritual practiced. The funerary discoveries were a result of the excavations carried out into the following archaeological sites: Alba Iulia “Staţia de Salvare”, Alba Iulia “Izvorul Impăratului”, Sălacea „Dealul Vida” and Badon “Doaşte”. 1.Alba Iulia “ Staţia de Salvare “ (Alba County). In Phase I of the early medieval cemetery from Alba Iulia, along with the graves in which the dead were deposited lying down, in this cemetery some graves in which the dead were deposited in a crouched position (pl. II/1- 2) on their side were also discovered. 2. Alba Iulia “Izvorul Impăratului” (Alba County). In this inhumation cemetery dated into the first half of the 10th century three inhumation graves have been studied, buried in a crouched position: M. 67, M. 69 and M. 124. 3. Sălacea “Dealul Vida” (Bihor County). In this site, during 1964-1969 (pl. III / 1), an early medieval inhumation cemetery of 17 graves was excavated. The dead from the grave no. 11 was deposited in a crouched position on the left side (pl. III / 2). The grave was oriented to west-east and there was no inventory. 4. Badon “Doaşte” (Sălaj County). The archaeological excavations were carried out by Al. V. Matei during 1987-1989 and the research results are still unpublished. A multiple grave has been discovered here. The grave had the skeletons of seven individuals (pl. IV/1-2), two adults, one teenager, three children, and a newborn (Dr. Al. V. Matei, the author of the research). The skeletons do not show signs of disturbance (disruption). The dead have been deposited at the same time in the grave but somehow overlapping each other. Archaeological findings presented above show that the funerary practices of the early medieval period still have many aspects that have not been sufficiently studied or were not considered at all. Those who have studied the early medieval cemeteries in Transylvania focused primarily on the “classical” inhumation graves, that raise fewer problems of interpretation and did not focused on the odd funeral cases, difficult to explain. The fact is that in the 9th – 11th centuries, in Transylvania, burying the dead was not just in the classical position (lying down) but occurred in a crouched position too. The collective burial (massengräber) was also practiced together with the single or double g
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