FINDS OF ANCIENT COINS IN MEDIEVAL AND EARLY MODERN CONTEXTS IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC AND SLOVAKIA / ZNALEZISKA MONET ANTYCZNYCH W KONTEKSTACH ŚREDNIOWIECZNYCH I WCZESNONOWOŻYTNYCH NA TERENIE REPUBLIKI CZESKIEJ I SŁOWACJI

Author(s): Jiří Militký / Language(s): English,Polish Publication Year: 0

The paper provides an overview of Celtic, Greek, and Roman coins found in Bohemia, Moravia, and Slovakia in contexts of the 8th to 17th centuries. In the Early Middle Ages, coins can be found both in graves and in hillforts. However, only the graves can be considered as certain archaeological contexts. The function of these coins was clearly non-monetary – in most cases they were used as ornaments; from the 9th century on we cannot exclude their symbolic use as the ‘obol of the dead’. In 11th century cemeteries, ancient coins are completely absent. From the 12th century on, these coins were mostly regarded as curious artefacts. An exceptional case is their employment as a foundation offering in a 13th century church in Staré Město u Bruntálu. Beginning in the Late Middle Ages, ancient coins gained a new social function – with the ever deepening interest in Antiquity that is characteristic of this period, they became sought by collectors and thus objects of commerce.

ROMAN COINS IN EARLY MEDIEVAL HOARD FINDS FROM THE BALTIC STATES / MONETY RZYMSKIE WE WCZESNOŚREDNIOWIECZNYCH SKARBACH Z KRAJÓW NADBAŁTYCKICH

Author(s): Anna Zapolska-Downar / Language(s): English,Polish Publication Year: 0

Individual Roman silver coins have been identified in early medieval silver hoards practically everywhere in Europe. However, depending on the region, this phenomenon displays some distinctive features. The largest concentration of Roman coins in early medieval hoards is observed in Scandinavia and in the territory of present-day Poland. In the eastern Baltic region, single denarii have been recorded in finds from the Sambian Peninsula and other parts of Lithuania and Latvia in areas with a greater concentration of Roman period archaeological sites associated with the Balt tribes. Also recorded here are several hundred Roman bronze coins thought to be associated with the amber trade. The largest number of these bronzes is in the territory settled by western Balt tribes; there are more modest numbers in the area settled by eastern Balts. During the Migration period, the flow of Roman silver coins was much smaller. Despite this, single Roman denarii have been recorded in hoards of early silver. These denarii are unlikely to represent early medieval finds picked up on sites of the Roman period, and were probably imported to the region with other silver. In the present study, I propose to establish the time and the source area of the Roman denarii flow to the territory of the Baltic states where subsequently they were deposited in hoards alongside with early medieval silver (coins and/or ornaments).

Introducción

Author(s): Adriana Grzelak-Krzymianowska,Maria Judyta Woźniak / Language(s): Spanish Publication Year: 0

El papel de la Bahía de Mazarrón (Murcia) en los contactos comerciales mediterráneos en época romana

Author(s): Iwona Modrzewska-Pianetti / Language(s): Spanish Publication Year: 0

For many years I have dedicated myself to the study of commercial contacts between the Roman provinces, based on research on amphorae. The knowledge of the production of the amphorae of Baetica and the deposits of the amphorae of Galia Cisalpina made it possible to draw conclusions about commercial contacts between these provinces. The aim of my new study of amphorae from Mazarrón Bay (Murcia), funded by the NCN – National Science Centre in Poland, arose from my previous research. Thanks to the collaboration of the University of Murcia, the Archaeological Museum of Murcia and the Municipal Archaeological Museum of the “Factoría Romana de Salazones” of Mazarrón, I was able to document the hitherto unpublished amphorae of the Mazarrón coast. During the process of documenting 574 amphorae, excavated in the dredging works in Puerto de Mazarrón, in the stores of the Museum of Murcia and the Museum of Mazarrón, I registered 169 containers coming from the production of the south coast of the region of Murcia. The typological and chronological elaboration, as well as the comparison with the finds of amphorae in the interior of the Mazarrón area, allow conclusions to be drawn about the local production and imports of containers from other regions of the Iberian Peninsula and from other Mediterranean areas. The study, based on pieces of material culture, allows the reconstruction of the role of Mazarrón Bay in the ancient trade of the peninsular southeast and other Mediterranean areas.

Not only Monte Testaccio: Reflections about the Presence of Baetican Olive Oil Amphorae in Rome (and Ostia) during the Middle Imperial Age (2nd–early 3rd Centuries AD) Emerging from the Findings at the ‘Terme di Elagabalo’ in Rome

Author(s): Edoardo Radaelli / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The quantities of Baetican amphorae Dressel 20 found in the Middle Imperial contexts (2nd–early 3rd centuries AD) discovered during the excavations in the so-called ‘Terme di Elagabalo’ in Rome are added to those discovered in other excavations carried out in Rome (outside Monte Testaccio) and Ostia in order to ponder over their presence in the two cities during this chronological period. Ancient sources and studies are also analysed so as to better understand this commodity, leading to a reflection upon the supply system to the Capital and the strategies of Emperors to improve it.

Świątynie kultu cesarskiego w stolicach prowincjonalnych w Hispanii (Tarraco, Emerita Augusta, Corduba) – status quaestionis

Author(s): Anna Zimnowodzka / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The beginnings of the imperial cult in Hispania are connected with the reign of Augustus. According to Quintilian, an altar dedicated to him was erected in Tarraco (Hispania Citerior) when the emperor was still alive. After the death of the Emperor, on the 17th September AD 14 when he was deified and given the title of Divus Augustus, the inhabitants of Tarraco decided to dedicate a temple to him. Less than a year later, they asked Tiberius for permission to build it. The image of the temple on the coins of Tiberius, as well as the archaeological remains, excavated at the highest point of the city (on the site of the present cathedral), testify to the fact that the plan was realised. Shortly afterwards, the imperial cult spread to other provinces of Hispania (Ulterior Baetica, Ulterior Lusitania), and temples dedicated to the emperor decorated city forums in other cities, especially the provincial capitals. The example of Tarraco was followed by Emerita Augusta, where the so-called Temple of Diana was erected in the city forum and the Temple of Augustus in the provincial forum. As recent archaeological research shows, in Colonia Patricia Corduba, in the 1st half of the 1st century, a temple in honour of the emperor was also built in the provincial forum, and in the 50s of the 1st century – another one in the city forum.

Wstęp

Author(s): Adriana Grzelak-Krzymianowska,Maria Judyta Woźniak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

OBSERVATORIO ASTRONÓMICO PREMUISCA DE MONQUIRÁ-SAQUENZIPA-VILLA DE LEYVA- COLOMBIA

Author(s): Julio H. Bonilla Romero,Carlos Rodríguez Rojas / Language(s): Spanish,Portuguese Publication Year: 0

This article describes the first possible solar observatory in America built around 800 BCE, located in the Monquira village of the Saquencipa valley in Villa de Leyva, Boyacá Department, Colombia, and which belongs to the Early Herrera or even pre-Herrera period. Archaeoastronomical investigations in recent years have been supplemented with topographic and geodetic equipment to calculate the geodetic and astronomical azimuth of two parallel rows consisting of 56 column-like slabs each and aligned upon the equinoxes. In addition, further observations were made from the outliers of each row to determine solstitial sunrise alignments. It showed that the extended alignment lines connect the site with the sacred Iguaque lagoon on the June solstice and the Cushions of the Zaque (“Cojines del Zaque”) archaeological site in Tunja on the December solstice. Furthermore, in situ observations suggest that the southern stone row was oriented towards the days the sun crosses the zenith.

CONQUISTA INKA Y PAISAJES RITUALES EN LOS NEVADOS DE CACHI, NOROESTE ARGENTINO

Author(s): Iván Leibowicz,Cristian Jacob,Félix Acuto,Ricardo Moyano Vasconcellos,Alejandro Andrés Ferrari / Language(s): Spanish,Portuguese Publication Year: 0

This paper describes an astronomical and landscape analysis at four Inca sites located in the Nevados de Cachi, North Calchaquí Valley, in the Province of Salta, Argentina. In particular, we considered existing ushnu platforms and their associated architectural elements, such as gnomons, and a petroglyph in Guitian, Cortaderas, El Apunao, and Uña Tambo. These results show the location, spatial layout, and arrangement of particular structures within Inca settlements based on astronomical orientations involving solstices, equinoxes, and lunar standstills.

EL SHINCAL: PAISAJE RITUAL Y ASTRONOMÍA

Author(s): Gustavo Manuel Corrado,Marco Antonio Giovannetti,Sixto Ramón Giménez Benítez,José Luis Pino Matos,Wendy Moreano Montalván / Language(s): Spanish,Portuguese Publication Year: 0

The first steps are presented here in the study of landscape construction and its relationship to the stars in the Inka site El Shincal de Quimivil in Northwestern Argentine. The settlement resulted from careful planning that materialized on the location of the main square, the ceremonial platform ushnu, and several public buildings. Nevertheless, the surrounding hills have also played a unique role in shaping the landscape articulated between natural elements and architectural constructions. We have identified some elements that have alignments to hills sacred and related to the movement of the stars constructions.

EL CENIT LUNAR EN LOS LÍMITES DEL TRÓPICO DE CAPRICORNIO

Author(s): Ricardo Moyano Vasconcellos / Language(s): Spanish,Portuguese Publication Year: 0

We present evidence of astronomical orientations and horizon markers in the Ina site of Viña del Cerro, Atacama region, northern Chile. We assume as a hypothesis the importance of the Lunar zenith related to the phenomenon of major lunar standstills, the control of geographical latitude, and the ushnus presence south of the Tropic of Capricorn. From the phenomenology perspective, we develop the concepts of “dwelling or living in the World” related to the sky observation in the Inca society. Finally, the results show us the use of the Moon for political and ritual purposes, linked with the Citua festival during the September month and the eclipse predictions. This, as a mnemonic system that sought to reaffirm the Cuzco elite’s privilege conditions, related to the environment appropriation and the expansive politic of the Tawantinsuyu, ca. 1470–1532/6 AD.

PACHACÁMAC Y QUILLAMAMA. LA LUNA EN LOS FRISOS CALENDÁRICOS DE HUAYCÁN DE CIENEGUILLA Y MARANGA

Author(s): Juan Pablo Villanueva Hidalgo / Language(s): Spanish,Portuguese Publication Year: 0

"Pachacámac and Quillamama" are lunar deities Ychsma coastal and highland Inca, respectively, the domain interacted during the Tawantinsuyu had on societies that inhabited the central coast. Along with moon worship is also interacted astronomical knowledge and calendars use both of these regional coastal societies as used by the Inca Empire. These concepts are addressed through the iconic and archaeoastronomical analysis it “Calendrical Friezes”, made of mud, found in archaeological sites Huaycán de Cieneguilla and Maranga.

EL BASAMENTO PIRAMIDAL DE CAÑADA DE LA VIRGEN COMO CALENDARIO DE HORIZONTE ARTIFICIAL

Author(s): Rossana Quiroz Ennis / Language(s): Spanish,Portuguese Publication Year: 0

Cañada de la Virgen is a ceremonial prehispanic center located at the central part of the Rio Laja, in a region considered the limit of the Mesoamerican frontier for the 9th century CE. This article emphasizes the design of Complex A pyramid as an artificial horizon calendar and as an astronomical calendric instrument that captures the positions of the sun, moon, and Venus, through each vertex conformed by the staggering bodies of the pyramid. Direct observation and its systematic documentation, photographic records, and the complementary measurements made by theodolite have allowed recreating a model that reveals the count of day counts in coherent groups for the so-called “Mesoamerican families.” These sequences include 73, 63 y 65, 52, 40, 20, 13, 10, and 5 days.

LAS PEÑAS DEL COLORADO, UN MONUMENTO DE PIEDRA SIGNIFICATIVO EN EL PAISAJE DEL NOROESTE DE GUANAJUATO: IMPLICACIONES ASTRONÓMICAS

Author(s): Omar Cruces Cervantes / Language(s): Spanish,Portuguese Publication Year: 0

We seek to approach the forms of pre-Hispanic thought by analyzing the various elements that make up the significant landscape in the archeology of Guanajuato. This article will address the stone monument called Las Peñas del Colorado, located in the northwest of this State. It is a rocky outcrop with small arrangements suggesting an astronomical purpose and a possible association with certain ritual practices. In this space, the experience is structured by connecting various elements: an astronomical marker that mediates this phenomenon, the celestial body as a temporal agent that highlights a complex event, and human actors with assumed roles and determined actions. We take up the concept of cultural astronomy to recognize in these phenomena the mechanism and the conceptual system where the sky and its content acquire the ability to represent concepts.

ARQUEOASTRONOMÍA Y CALENDARIO DE TULA GRANDE

Author(s): Hans Martz de la Vega,Héctor Patiño Rodríguez Malpica,Rafael Ángeles Meléndez,Isidro A. Jaimes Hernández / Language(s): Spanish,Portuguese Publication Year: 0

The results derived from archaeoastronomical measurements of the Tula Grande urban core show the care and attention the Toltec architects gave to shape their ceremonial center, particularly and for this work, concerning the observation of solar zenith transit. We conclude that they generated the 32- and 27-day units to fix particular dates in the 364-day year, the so-called “computing calendar, ”and the city’s spatial organization obeyed the same criteria. However, these results raise questions about what kind of day intervals (and the base number of 4 and 9, respectively) were intended to organize the Toltec community’s yearly activities and shape the layout of the urban core.

UNA NUEVA PROPUESTA DE ORIENTACIÓN Y CARTOGRAFÍA PARA EL MAPA DE CUAUHTINCHAN II

Author(s): Tim Tucker / Language(s): Spanish,Portuguese Publication Year: 0

From the Pico de Orizaba to the top of volcano La Malinche, the Map of Cuauhtinchan II (MC2) is a cartographic guide which corresponds to an urban design of the ancient city of Teotihuacán at 17o northwest, which is known in archaeo-astronomical literature as the “17o family of orientations”. At the same time, an analysis of toponyms allows us to test the hypothesis that what is shown on the upper left hand corner of MC2 does not correspond to the area known today as Mexico City, but rather, the entrance to the Valley of Teotihuacán.

¿SE PUEDE JUSTIFICAR EL CICLO DE 11,952 K’INO’OB DE LA TABLA DE ECLIPSES?

Author(s): Geraldine A. Patrick Encina / Language(s): Spanish,Portuguese Publication Year: 0

The argument that says that the Eclipse Almanac on Dresden 52-58 is two-ways redundant is revised. Base dates and those derived from periods in L.C. notation (60 of 177 and nine of 148 k’ino’ob –which sum 11,952 k’ino’ob–) and from periods in tzolk’in day notation (52 of 177, eight of 178, and nine of 148, which sum 11,960 k’ino’ob) are calculated with the GMT Correlation (JD 584283) and with the recently proposed correlation (Patrick 2013). The latter has Creation on July 27, 3117 b.c.e. (proleptic), and for the three base dates starting with 9.16.4.10.8 12 Lamat 1 Muwan, it produces May 21, June 5 June 20 c.e. 755 (proleptic). A three-day window where the third day is the date obtained with each correlation produces that, out of 70 registrations, there is a 100% match with NASA dates using the second correlation and a 0% match using the first one. Moreover, following the second correlation, 11,952 k’ino’ob commensurate 11,959.93 days, which entails 405.00 lunations (29.530588 days each) and 69 eclipse seasons. The tzolkin-day-based record of 11,960 k’ino’ob on the same almanac ascends to 11,967.9395 days, reaching 438.03 sidereal Moon revolutions (27.32166 days/rev.; both lunar numbers are mean values in 4,000 years, from Espenak and Meeus 2009).

ICONOGRAFÍA DE DIOSES CELESTES EN CÓDICES DEL ALTIPLANO MEXICANO

Author(s): Ofelia Márquez Huitzil / Language(s): Spanish,Portuguese Publication Year: 0

Numerous images of various celestial deities appear in the graphic scenes in Postclassic and colonial codices as "Telleriano-Remensis, Vatican A, Borbónico, the Borgia, Vatican B, Cospi, Fejérváry-Mayer, Laud. Moreover, their names are also mentioned in" the accounts following the Spanish conquest, such as the General History of the Things of "New Spain", historical sources the "First Memorial" of Fray Bernardino de Sahagún. Furthermore, generations of scholars have been able to identify those deities in other pre-Hispanic and colonial documents (Seler (1980), Nowotny (2005), Anders, Jansen, Reyes Garcia (1992), Aguilera (1988), Caso (1996), Boone (2007)). This work was also followed by cultural astronomers (Bricker (2001), Siarkiewicz (1995), Aveni (1999)). In this paper, I describe the Sun, Moon, and Venus images that I will define following examples and statistical tables with iconographic specifications.

LAS SERIES LUNARES EN YAXCHILÁN

Author(s): Stanislaw Iwaniszewski / Language(s): Spanish,Portuguese Publication Year: 0

The Lunar Series at Yaxchilan are reconstructed. The paper demonstrates that the Maya used two intervals of 886 and 3396 days to make regular intercalations. At Yaxchilan, the first Lunar Series combined observation with the record. Later on, they relied on computations.

LA OBSERVACIÓN DEL CENIT EN MESOAMÉRICA: PERCEPCIÓN DEL ESPACIO, CIENCIA Y COSMOVISIÓN

Author(s): Johanna Broda / Language(s): Spanish,Portuguese Publication Year: 0

In this paper, I build on earlier investigations by Tichy, Morante, and Broda that focused on zenith observations in Mesoamerica. This observation alone permits us to situate sites within geographical space and distinguish them according to their latitude. This circumstance found expression in the counting of days and periods that the ancient Mesoamericans sought to systematize within the framework of their calendrical system. I will refer to constructions that served to make zenith observations and review several Mesoamerican sites regarding their geographic location and the perception of space implicit in this information. Finally, I will discuss the implications of these studies for theory and method in Cultural Astronomy briefly.