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Mit Nehrungskurisch wird in der deutschsprachigen sprachwissenschaftlichen Literatur die auf kurländisch-lettischen Dialekten basierende Sprache bezeichnet, die von den Bewohnern – in erster Linie Fischern – auf der Kurischen Nehrung und daran angrenzenden Gebieten bis ca. 1958 gesprochen wurde. In der litauischsprachigen Literatur hat sich dafür der Terminus kuršininkų kalba bzw. kuršininkų tarmė, in der lettischen – kursenieku valoda eingebürgert.
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This paper deals with the transcriptions of Chinese velar initials in the Kitan Small Script. We carried out a phonological analysis of the Kitan language as reflected in the transcriptions by comparing the transcriptions of Chinese words in the Kitan Small Script with those in the Mongolian/Uyghur script. This analysis demonstrates that Kitan has two velar consonants and one uvular consonant, and the transcriptions of the Chinese velar initials found in the Kitan Small Script reflect the distinction between velar and uvular consonants as seen in the Mongolian/Uyghur script.
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This paper aims at analysing Elma Mitchell’s poem Thoughts after Ruskin from the perspective of stylistic analysis. The paper focuses on verbs and their phonological, morphological and semantic features. The analysis will show that these verb properties contribute significantly to the meaning and interpretation of the poem. The analysis will thus illustrate the potential of phonology and morphology and their power in poetic and literary expression. The analysis will also have to address the semantic aspects of different morphological forms.
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Languageisa ”living body” into a continuous movement by means of words and structures that we borrow from different languages. We try to bring into light the manner in which borrowings that have English Etymon are going to influence our Romanian lexis. In this way, we choose different examples from sporting newspapers in order to reveal the phonetical adaptation, the morphological and the semantic evolution or involution of English words into our lexis. We know that sporting domain is into a continuous enrichment of words that have different origins, especially: English one. Our purpose is to reveal the manner in which English words from sporting language are going to influence Romanian vocabulary and to bring into light the consequences of the English influence upon Romanian lexis. We select, from different sporting contexts, words that have unique and multiple etymology and analyse them into Romanian from different linguistic viewpoints: phonetic, morphologic, semantic and stylistic.
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The dynamics of slang is closely related to that of the vocabulary, in general, leaving room any time for new analyses: phonetic, lexical, semantic, morphosyntactic, pragmatic, stylistic. The communication we are about to propose is trying to grasp those slang words and phrases including numerals in various hypostases of manifestation. Due to its heterogeneity manifested by its multiple values (noun, pronoun, adjective and adverb), the numeral manages to add extra freshness and creativity to the familiar and argotic register. At the same time, the lexical-grammatical class of the numeral is able to reflect the power of significance of the Romanian language, respectively the mentalities of the community of speakers turning to its three hypostases: symbolical value, quantitative representation and qualitative representation.
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This contribution discusses the transformations of the Romanian language (in parallel with the modernization of the Romanian public institutions) inspired or triggered by the "French model". After some conceptual and terminological considerations (re-latinization, re-romanization, Latin-Roman occidentalization, re-occidentalization, modernity in the dynamics of the language), the author evokes the circumstances (historical, political, economic, cultural, social) that favored the franchizing of the Romanian language and details this process from a chronological perspective (the Hungarian and German branches, the Greek branch, the Russian branch). With the help of relevant examples, the most significant changes brought to Romanian by French influence (phonetic, lexical, semantic, morphosyntactic changes) are presented. The article insists on some complementary vectors in the process of franchising the Romanian language: the Phanariot princes, the preceptors and secretaries of the aristocratic families, the French consuls in the Romanian Principalities, the young people who had studied abroad and the emancipated women, the literature, the press, and the Francophone education.
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Orthographic, grammatical and lexical norms at the beginning of the 20th century in Croatia were codified by normative works largely in line with the concepts of the Croatian Vukovians, grounding their linguistic views on the works of Vuk Stefanović Karadžić. The language practice, however, still retained certain older distinctive linguistic features typical of the Zagreb School of Philology. The paper analyses Croatian Tales of Long Ago from that perspective, as a document of the state of the language and orthography at the time. The starting point of the research is the third edition dated 1926, the last one published during the author's life, also authorised. Having in mind opposite language conceptions, certain linguistic peculiarities of this edition are pinpointed, focusing primarily on the changes caused by language policy and introduced in relation to the previous manuscripts, typed versions and two printed versions (the critical edition of 2011 lists all the differences between them), but also including other relevant features. Linguistic analysis includes orthographic, phonological, morpho(no)logical, syntactic and lexical levels.
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(до ювілею КОМІСАРОВА Олега Вадимовича, професора Національного педагогічного університету імені М.П. Драгоманова,члена-кореспондента Української технологічної академії, заслуженого діяча мистецтв України) / The creative work of the outstanding scientist and artist (to the anniversary of Komisarov Olegh Vadymovych, Professor of the Drahomanov National Pedagogical University, Corresponding Member of the Ukrainian Academy of Technology, Honored Artist of Ukraine)
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This paper deals with the use of reflex of Proto-Slavic compounds *ъ̯ r̥, *ь̯ r̥, *ъ̯ l̥, *ь̯ l̥ in the first edition of the old Russian poem The Tale of Igor’s Campaign. Graphically, the reflexes were groups that consisted of combinations of letters for denoting semivowels (ъ, ь) or/and vowels o and e with liquid sonants (r and l). The primary attempt was to reconstruct, as much as possible, how these groups were written in the protograph of the poem, to which the overview of the manner of their writing on old Russian monuments contributed. However, the paper is based on the systematisation, classification and statistic processing of all words containing the aforementioned groups in the literary work researched. They were written in accordance with the principles of etymology, phonetics, or the borrowed, South-Slavic principle. Additionally, morphological and etymological analysis clarified the cases of non-etymological usage of these graphical groups, as well as the cases when the graphical form of the word did not point to the etymological presence of the reflexes processed.
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In this paper we observe the accent shift to proclitic in the village of Batkuša, whose speech belongs to the northeastern region of the Herzegovina-Krajina dialect. This research included accent shift to proclitic of all types of words which participate in this process, and it has been observed by the types of words and the types of shift. The aim of this paper is to show how much the accent shift to proclitic in speech of the village of Batkuša is living phenomenon, in which categories it appears and to what extent, whether there is a tendency to abandon this occurrence, which linguistic and extra-linguistic factors affects its consistency, and how does it relate to situations in neighboring speeches and distant Serbian speeches. The analysis shows that the situation in Batkuša’s speech, when it comes to the intensity of the accent shift to proclitic and the categories in which it occurs, is very close to the condition familiar to most of the speeches of the Herzegovina-Krajina dialect.
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Language contacts can be studied in three directions: language acquisition; b) language borrowing; c) translation. In this paper all three directions are investigated. The process of language borrowing is analysed on four levels: the phonological, the morphological, the semantic and the syntactic levels. The adaptation of a model (a foreign word) shows two kinds of changes: primary and secondary changes which take place on all four levels. The adaptation on the quoted levels is carried out according to the three types of transphonemization (zero, compromise and free), three types of transmorphemization (zero, compromise and complete) and according to the degree of the change of meaning on the semantic level.
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Cette contribution aborde les caractéristiques linguistiques et stylistiques de l’ouvrage Fala od sveti aliti govorenja od svetkovina zabiliženi priko godišta (Eloges des saints ou bien discours de fête notés au long de l’année) de Stipan Margitić, franciscain de Jajce, publié à Venise en 1708. L’accent est mis surtout sur les aspects syntaxiques et lexicaux de cet ouvrage, entre autre aussi parce que ses caractéristiques graphiques, phonologiques et morphologiques ont déjà été bien abordées par Slavko Vukomanović dans sa monographie Jezik Stipana Markovca Margitića (La langue de Stipan Markovac Margitić, Belgrade 1971). Là se trouvent analysées aussi les caractéristiques qui correspondent aux traits linguistiques et stylistiques des autres ouvrages des écrivains de Bosnie-Herzégovine du XVIIe et du XVIIIe siècles, en particulier celles qui proviennent des finesses du parler de la région natale de Margitić, à savoir de Jajce, de même que les caractéristiques qui mettent en relief la beauté exceptionnelle de l’expression littéraire de Margitić et qui lui réservent une place distinguée parmi les meilleurs écrivains franciscains de Bosnie du XVIIIe siècle.
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Only a small part of the vocabulary of Göktürk and Uyghur languages is reflected in old written Turkish monuments, especially in the Göktürk inscription. There are many ideas with the idea that the Göktürk writings are very small in the dictionary and are too small for this. The texts of the Göktürk writings contain about 4,000 words and it is said that the texts of the old Uighur inscriptions are large according to the volume and even the most comprehensive works of art are included. For this reason, it is true that the old Uighur literary language has been well preserved until today. The vocabulary of ancient Turkish writing is so rich that it can be mentioned as an auxiliary material to study the dictionary structure of modern Turkish languages, as well as an independent language dictionary. Folk words and expressions form the basis of the vocabulary of old Turkish inscriptions. Most of the words used in old Turkish languages are preserved and used in modern Turkish. In some of the old Turkish words, the phonetic content remains the same, but is semantically expressed. In some, both its meaning and phonetic structure remained the same, while some words were used in ancient inscriptions, they were archaic for contemporary Turkish languages. In other words, there are words that do not leave marks in modern Turkish languages.
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This paper focuses on the importance of early intervention on language development in children with ataxic dysarthria, taking into account that they face various breathing, articulation, phonetic, resonance and suprasegmental difficulties. Coordination disorders, difficulties in walking, abundant salivation, low muscle tone and jerky speech are also known disorders met in ataxic dysarthria.All these disorders have a negative impact on the quality of life of the individuals diagnosed with this condition, so early intervention is necessary.This paper aims to bring forward an approach based on developing the suprasegmental component of communication, the abilities of immediate imitation, focused attention, establishing visual contact, developing the phono articulatory apparatus mobility using classical exercises as well as orofacial stimulation (Morales Technique and using special instruments – Sensory therapy instruments, Z-vibe – an instrument with vibrations), developing breathing, articulation, phonetic and resonance skills, developing active vocabulary, taking into account the final aim, developing a functional and efficient communication.
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The article deals with the compound constructional terms in scientific literature, published between 1918 and 1940. In Lithuania, during the interwar period, the construction sector was rapidly expanding, there were many new realities, which called for many new terms, including compounds. Exclusive personalities were very important for the development of construction terms of this period and for the formation of this professional language: Kazimieras Vasiliauskas, Jonas Šimoliūnas, Pranas Morkūnas, Anatolijus Rozenbliumas, Pranas Jodele, Jonas Kiškinas, Juozas Gabrys and others. Not only did these construction engineers carry out significant research, writing articles and books, teaching young people, but also enriched construction terminology. Quantitative data of related terms from 33 scientific papers and articles on construction indicate that during the interwar period compounding was an important way of developing construction terms: in the literature read, 262 related compound terms were found. The German equivalents presented in addition to some of the compounds make the assumption that the Lithuanian compounds are to be regarded as partial or full evaluations. Although general types of Lithuanian compound terms are characterized by the same major types of compounding found in the the present Lithuanian language, analyzing the period from 1918 to 1940 construction terminology compounds, it is determined that they are made according to 10 types of production.
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This article examines the nominal morphologic characteristics of the translation of “God’s Law” into the Udmurt language. The relevance of the study lies in the fact that Udmurt written monuments have not yet been thoroughly studied. Thus far more than 400 prerevolutionary Udmurt monuments have been found, but most of them have not been described. It is necessary to analyze those written monuments, as they provide important information for language reconstruction and help determine the chronology of linguistic phenomena. The description of morphological characteristics in the article is based on previously identified graphic and phonetic features of the translation of “God’s Law” into Udmurt. Its linguistic material is compared with data from literary language and modern Udmurt dialects. Having analysed “God’s Law” in the Udmurt language, some features were revealed in the design of morphological indicators of the plural, possessiveness and some case forms. However, in general, the analysis showed that at the level of nominal morphology the text is archaic in character, as only three features that distinguish the language of the monument from the literary Udmurt language and most modern dialects were identified. A comparison of the linguistic data of “God’s Law” with the literary language and modern Udmurt dialects does not contradict our hypothesis regarding the dialectic affiliation of the written source, when it is considered that all of the identified innovative features are present in the modern Middle-Cheptsa dialect of the northern dialect of the Udmurt language.
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The article presents an analysis of a previously unpublished Mansi dictionary, which was discovered in A. M. Sjögren holding of St. Petersburg Branch Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Its authorship, the place and time of its creation are unknown. The attention can be drawn to the fact that the wordlist coincides with the dictionaries by P. S. Pallas, which were collected in the 18th century. However, in the book by P. S. Pallas “Comparative Dictionaries of all Languages and Dialects Collected by the Right Hand of the All-Important Person” (Saint Petersburg, 1787—1789), these materials are missing for some unknown reason. The article presents the results of the analysis of the dictionary’s features concerning dialectal differentiation in comparison to other dialects of the Mansi language. The text was studied according to its graphical and phonetical features as well as according its dialectal differentiation. This fact and the addition of a comparative analysis of the dictionary with the modern information obtained in the fieldwork permit establishing that the language of the dictionary has an affinity with the Konda (earthern) and Middle-Ob (northern) dialect (the transition of Proto-Mansi *k into x before Proto-Mansi back vowels, the reflex of *ɣ before consonants and at the end of a word). This is confirmed by the lexical isoglosses common with the dialect, recorded near the river Beryozovaya and presented in the dictionary by P. S. Pallas. But in the dictionary a special form of conjugation is marked, which was previously described only for western dialects. The dictionary also shows the archaic preservation of the Proto-Mansi *š that turns into s in the northern Middle-Ob and Sosvinsky dialects, and Proto-Mansi *ɣ in the intervocal position that turns into w in all dialects except for the western Lozvinsky.
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Review of: Vadim V. Dyachkov - Рецензия на книгу: Элементы татарского языка в типологическом освещении. Мишарский диалект Ред. С. Г. Татевосов, А. Г. Пазельская, Д. Ш. Сулейманов. — М.: «Буки Веди», 2017. xxviii + 761 с. ISBN 978-5-4465-1693-3. / ELEMENTY TATARSKOGO YAZYKA V TIPOLOGICHESKOM OSVESHCHENII [ELEMENTS OF THE TATAR LANGUAGE IN A TYPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE] (MOSCOW, 2017. XXVIII + 761 PAGES)
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The article discusses the processes of formal adaptation of loanwords borrowed from European languages into Russian during the XVI and the XVII centuries. The paper deals with the specific features of phonetic, grammatical and word-building assimilation of foreign language vocabulary in the pre-Petrine epoch. The data of historical and etymological dictionaries of the Russian language were used as the research material. The texts of this period demonstrate the beginning of active penetration of borrowings of the European origin into the Russian language, and this process – in particular, the formal assimilation – was specific, since it was complicated by the frequently indirect nature of the borrowings and wide language variation. The peculiarity of the phonetic assimilation of the European borrowings is their proximity to the source language (and the intermediary language) and significant phonetic and graphic variation.In terms of part-of-speech ratio, the Russian language of Moscow Rus’ mainly adopted the nouns and less frequently the verbs from the languages of Europe. Grammatically, these borrowing were completely assimilated and consistently integrated into Russian morphological system. Indeclinable nouns and adjectives are not identified in Old Russian, and the most often varied grammatical feature is gender. Derivatives are actively formed from the borrowed stems, but there is no fundamental difference between the derivation of native and borrowed words.
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