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The article discusses the speech in town of Bansko. It gave some historical information about the speech and very short characteristic of this speech. It’s very interesting because Bansko is on the border of east and west Bulgarian speech. It deals with traditional livestock vocabulary. It also deals with some morphological and syntactical aspect.
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Kao što je poznato, pismo Divkovićevih izdanja, tako i velikoga Nauka krstjanskoga (VNK), otisnutoga u Veneciji 1611. g, višestruko stoji na razmeđu: uzusa ustavne, minuskulne i brzopisne ćirilice, ali i između uzusa staroslavenske i zapadne (latiničke) grafi je i ortografi je, između oslanjanja na fonologiju onodobnih bosanskih govora i na naslijeđenu staroslavensku praksu itd. Isto tako, Divkovićev VNK stoji i na razmeđu povišenoga i pučkoga, između rukopisa i nove tehnologije, još uvijek između srednjega vijeka i novovjekovlja, doslovce na rubu zapadne i istočne Europe, u kontekstu između latinske i crk venoslavenske tradicije u koji se uglavljuje književnojezični izraz utemeljen na narodnome idiomu.
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This paper is an attempt to present a different perspective in the theory of intonation in Bulgarian linguistic literature. The role of intonation in communication process is underlined. We base our arguments mainly on the Relevance theory (RT) and consider intonation as a code of in-structions for interpreting the morpho-syntactic content of the utterance. Using this code the listener reduces his efforts to get to the speaker`s meaning. This and other functions of intonation as a meta-level presume a discussion for the possibility intonation to be considered as a manifestation of speech economy.
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The paper analyses selected stylistic and linguistic properties of Šitović’s Pisma od pakla. Father Lovro Šitović was the member of Bosnian literature. He uses figures of speech which are common for all the Baroque literature. This has also been confirmed by corpus. The paper also analyses Šitović’s basic phonological and morphological features. Šitović’s word formation is very interesting. These new derivatives will be analyzed in this paper. The paper also considers some basic types of word formation.Attention will also be drawn to Šitović’s lexical stratification.
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The publication by Tomas Navarro Tomas of two fundamental books pertaning to Spanish phonetics („Manual de pronunciación española” (1918) y „Manual de entonación española” (1944) gave rise to the appearance of more publications dealing with the description and functioning of the Spanish phonetic and phonological systems. All the subsequent publications – which were based on Tomas Navarro Tomas’ books – attempted to develop, define more precisely and verify the theses formulated by the Father of Spanish phonetics. The author of this article presents a new important book which is indubitably an exceptional publication and constitutes a breakthrough in Spanish linguistics. His remarks are confined to the Spanish segmental system and phonetic change. The book came into being as the result of a close cooperation between 22 academies of the Spanish language („Nueva gramática de la lengua española. Fonética y fonologia”, vol. 3, 2011).
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In his academic work, Professor Witold Mańczak (1924–2012) explored thoroughly the questions of general and comparative linguistics of Indo-European, particularly Romance and Slavic, languages; especially the irregular phonetic development caused by frequency. He applied this concept to the Polish etymology, which bore fruit in a form of „Polish Etymological Dictionary” (in Polish; Kraków 2017, 238 pp. + CD-ROM). This dictionary’s major advantage is the fact that exact counterparts (instead of pre-language reconstructions established in accordance with laryngeal theory) in selected Slavic and Indo-European languages are provided therein, coupled with borrowings from Western European languages; the latter being indirect sources for words of exotic languages entering Polish. As an illustration of this approach may serve the following entries: bagnet, bóg, brat, bruk, car, chata, donica, dziś, gołąb, hrabia, jeden, jestem, każdy, kiełbasa, księga, mierzeja, olbrzym, włoszczyzna.
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Private correspondence is a valuable source e.g. for the purpose of studying the dynamism of relationships between the standardized form of a language and the non-standard varieties. An analysis orientated on quantitative phenomena and based on the Corpus of Private Correspondence [HLADKÁ a kol. 2005] strives to find out how the features characteristic of spoken language used in informal private letters affect the traditional correlation of written form and standard language, which substandard means of expression are more acceptable and less acceptablein this borderline type of written texts and especially to what extent using substandard means of expression in private correspondence depends on the territorial background of the author. Attention is paid to elements from the spheres of phonology and morphology, the main focus being on the differences between Czech, Moravian and Silesian usage. Results of this analysis also contribute to discussions that are currently taking place in present-day Czech linguistics and sometimes lacking a basis of this kind, namely to discussions concerning the extent to which Common Czech expanding to the eastern part of the Czech territory and also to discussions concerning territorial differences in the spectrum of functions of the standard language. Other aspects are taken into considerationas well, namely sociolinguistic aspects, such as the influence of gender, age and education on the choice of means of expression.
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The article describes the problem of the “dark vowel” or schwa, which is one of the phones of Macedonian. It has been discussed among linguists whether this phone is a phoneme too, or just “a dark tone”. Even if it does not exist as a phoneme, it can be often heard in Macedonian, but in some cases it also functions as a phoneme – because it distinguishes the meaning of words. It is not difficult for Czech speakers to pronounce the schwa, but they mostly do not even know that it exists or where it is located. The schwa is not even mentioned in contemporary textbooks, but in my opinion it should be.
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トルコ人日本語学習者の音声を観察すると「図書」を「としょ う」と発音するような長音化がよく見られる。この原因として、短 音と長音の境界が異なることが原因として考えられる。そこで本研 究は、トルコ人日本語学習者の短音と長音の知覚境界を明らかにす ることを目的とする。そのために、学習者と母語話者に対して、恒 常法による知覚実験を行った。その結果、（1）拗音を含む場合、 トルコ人日本語学習者の知覚境界は日本語母語話者と比較して有意 に大きい、（2）初級学習者は実験語による知覚境界の差が大きい が、上級学習者は実験語による知覚境界の差が小さいという 2 点が 明らかになった。 (1)から、学習者に見られる拗音を含む音節の長音化は、日本語 母語話者との知覚境界の違いによるものであると考えられる。また、 (2)の通り学習が進むと知覚境界のばらつきは押さえられるものの、 境界自体は日本語母語話者とは異なるままである。そのため、短音 と長音の知覚には特別な訓練が必要であると考えられる。 キーワード:トルコ人日本語学習者、長音化、知覚境界、拗音
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Hamza Humo is remembered as a narrator with lyrical elements. In that sense, his poetry became an important segment of his entire work which also reveals some key identities of poets personality. This paper analyzes the songs from the cycle The Herzegovinian landscapes that already in the title reveals the spatial identity of poets complex beings. The analysis of songs includes stratification of language characteristics by levels in language, considering the phonological, morphological, syntactic, lexical and stylistic features of poems and comparing those fetures with the situation in bosnian dialects and contemporary Bosnian language.
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This article describes Russian and Polish polyprefixation on the material of the group of verbs of silence. The analysis of historical and modern dictionaries combined with the functional-analytic approach to the text enable us to identify the hall marks of this language phenomenon in the Russian and Polish languages, to identify the most productive secondary prefixes and the specifics of their functioning.
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The aim of the article is a linguistic analysis of sound images in the context of original and translated poems by Boris Pasternak. The authors focus on the author’s individual features of perceptual imagery representation. This imagery is the basis for poetry transformations found in Pasternak’s Russian translations of poems by John Keats. Sound images in the translated poems have the same semantic and ‘poetic’ characteristics as in the original works by Pasternak.
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This article examines the role of minimal linguistic elements and their phonetic changes in the development of the semantic potential, grammatical system, and generative transformational ability of the Russian students in the Arabic classroom and the Arabs in the Russian one. Phonetic changes that serve as a means of differentiating word meanings in the first language level are represented as a connecting link between the first language level and the second one which help students master the mechanism of semantic development of minimal meaningful elements and the methods of generating new words at the second level. The designation of the rules in one language will help to find their exact equivalents in another one, and continue to handle all units in both languages by analogy. The markers obtained in the interaction of the first two language levels are indicative bases of the third, since the syntax is the highest grammatical link which helps morphologically formed minimal elements to be categorized syntactically. So, students can learn the ways of the gender, number, and case markers formation in a foreign language, their syntactic categorization and deductive skills by analogy, since the laws of language are sustained, and what constitutes a word would be a rule for a number of other words, not only in a foreign language, but also in their native language. The audible relation of language levels is always in need of a grammatical system which is able to fulfill the job of facilitating language learning as long as an audible language and its formal display must match in order for students to learn accurate rules of a foreign language. For this task we need a new language system – phono grammar through which students will be able to know the role of minimal meaningful elements in distinguishing word meanings, to learn rules for morphological categorization of already known to students minimal meaningful elements, and to master the relationship of language levels. Phono-grammar system, acting as a whole progressive principle of an audible and formal language structure helps students to generate their own words and sentences by analogy, which develops their generative transformational ability. This system will allow them to learn an accurate audible language.
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This lecture deals with the typical deviations found in the oral language of students with Russian background (heritage speakers) in Germany. As an empirical data basis, we use audio files of presentations given by Russian heritage students who live in Germany for a long time. The abovementioned deviations in oral Russian and their analysis concern the following linguistic disciplines such as orthoepy, phonetics, morphology and syntax. In addition, the lecture presents the analysis of the deviations that were created under the influence of the Russian-German language contact.
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The coexistence of Russian and Belarusian languages on the territory of Belarus leads to an active mixture of the systems of these languages, which is reflected, among other things, in the mistakes that Belarusians allow in both oral and written language. Particularly important is the problem of such superimposition of systems in official and business writing.
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The development of the functional-semantic (Kozhevnikova L.P., Podrutchnaja L.J.) and linguocultural (Barkhudarova E. L., Ershova L.V., Makarowska O. ) approaches in the methodology of teaching Russian as a foreign language in domestic and foreign universities had an impact on the selection of means and methods of teaching students. One of the directions for improving the content of teaching is associated with the expansion of the use of the poetic text as a didactic unit. In the practice of teaching Russian as a foreign language, the use of these didactic tools is aimed at solving various problems: strengthening cognitive processes in the mastering of a second language (Grosjean, F, Eirlys E., Davies A. et al.), satisfying students' interest in learning the language as " the transmitter of culture "(Sadıkoğlua S.), achieving a full understanding of Russian speech (Burykin AA), etc. The article proposes a system of tasks for the analysis of the poetic text in classes with foreign students, which includes a set of consistently built educational tasks: from reading (phonetic and orthoepic analysis, analysis of difficulties) through lexical analysis, analysis of grammatical and syntactic forms, difficult cases of usage - to the perception of the artistic image incorporated in the text (alignment of associative series, the selection of analogies from the native language, etc.).
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The drawbacks of the Dialect Subcorpus of the National Russian Language Corpus are obvious, therefore dialectologists in numerous scientific centres started creating regional dialect corpus. Omsk dialectologists have collected some unique material that is to be presented as corpus of texts. The novelty of the project consists in the fact that the corpus will be the first large-scale dialect source reflecting peculiar features of the folk speech in the polyethnic Omsk Irtysh region, which will present the discourse characteristics in the new format - the format of text, significantly large in terms of themes and genres. It will present the materisl in phonetic spelling, and contain extensive lingua-cultural and extralinguistic comments, audio and video illustrations for the texts, which are different in themes and represent various language personalities. The presentation includes a sample of the recorded speech of a Siberian Russian-Estonian dialect speaker that demonstrates topic-based notation of a polyphonic text with featuring the key words of the dialect discourse (the text contains about 10000 words).
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The dominant form of communication and understanding between people is achieved through speech. Speech development in children is a very complex process that can only be achieved in an environment where people communicate. While listening to the speech of adults, the child learns to speak, passing through different stages of speech development. The influence of biological and social factors is very important for the acquisition of speech. That is, the functioning and maturity of the areas responsible for speech development of the central nervous system, on the one hand, and social factors, on the other hand, the most important of which is the family, i.e. in the first place, the mother and the communication between mother and baby from the first day of life. Speech develops gradually from the earliest age. In this period, the movement of the speech organs matures, phonemic development, cognitive development, and maturation in the field of preverbal communication. The prelinguistic phase of speech development is a period of preparation for the development of speech in children and the acquisition of the language system of the mother tongue. The prelinguistic phase of development is divided into several subphases that all children with typical development go through. The aim of this paper is to present the pre-linguistic phase of children's speech development, and which factors are important during this transition of speech development.
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Příspěvek představí teorii mezijazyka, její vznik a vývoj a vliv na teorii osvojování druhého jazyka. Představí hlavní aspekty mezijazyka jakožto žákovského jazyka. Příspěvek se však zaměří na problém roviny foneticko-fonologické.
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In this paper, the phenomenon of grapheme multiplication in SMS messages in the Bosnian language was analyzed, with a particular focus on the pragmatic dimension of the repeated graphemes. For research purposes, the first 5,000 SMS messages in the Sarajevo corpus of SMS messages in the Bosnian language (Bulić et al. 2023) were analyzed. The observed examples with repeated graphemes can be classified into the following types: (1) examples with unintentional errors, (2) abbreviations with repetition of the same grapheme, (3) repetition of the grapheme c with the dental click value with the meaning of reproach, (4) gemination, and (5) lengthening. Some abbreviations with repetition of letters such as pozz (< pozdrav, pozdraviti) ‘greeting, greet’ or sigg (< siguran) ‘sure’ are characteristic of technology-mediated communication, primarily SMS, and can be considered textisms, a manner of SMS communication. Gemination often appears in foreign words and words of oriental origin, where it is used in accordance with the orthographic norm of the Bosnian language, but examples of a kind of exaggeration in the use of gemination in Islamic discourse have also been recorded. Lengthening is most often realized in interjections (heeeej), vocative forms (dušooo, sekooo) and speech acts of congratulations, greetings and their equivalents (sretan rodjendaaan, sretnooo, ljubiiiimm...). Although only vowels, fricatives and vibrant r can naturally be lengthened, some other consonants are also repeated in SMS messages, for example ć (> c) (sekicccc) or k (pusekkk). Such consonants cannot be lengthened in speech, so their repetition in SMS messages highlights an important feature of these messages: they are not meant to be read aloud. We consider the repetition of consonants that cannot be pronounced extended to be distinct examples of textisms. The examples with lengthening exhibit the most variety with regard to the intentions of the sender of the message and the feelings they wish to convey, reflecting the desired effects of the message.
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