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Pogrješke ili promjene

Author(s): Zrinka Jelaska,Vesna Bjedov / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2-3/2015

Some Croatian speakers differ in their production of certain grammatical categories when they speak the Croatian standard language, or attempt to speak it. In this article we explore several morphological and morphosyntactic categories that present difficulty to some adult speakers of Croatian, as well as students that are in the process of acquiring it. The data was collected from guided written assignments of 269 children at the end of obligatory school (13–14 years), in the Osijek-Baranja County. The analysis shows that students have acquired selected morphological units of the Croatian standard language to various degrees. Some answers that are not considered standard can be interpreted as slips of pen, some as mistakes, perhaps partly caused by the very mode of examination; others are simply errors. However, some answers cannot be interpreted solely as errors, but as traces of linguistic changes.

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Loan affixes in Hungarian word formation: Regularity, productivity, rivalry

Author(s): Mária Ladányi / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2009

This paper explores the (degree of) productivity of some loan affixes deriving nouns on the basis of a relatively large amount of corpus data, starting from the Natural Morphology approach to productivity. The two criteria originally proposed in that framework with respect to loan affixes do not seem to be sufficient for establishing the productivity of a given affix, whereas the more sophisticated productivity criteria applicable to native affixes are incapable of properly indicating the degrees of productivity in the case of loan affixes. In the paper, we propose a system of criteria for the productivity scale of loan affixes in Hungarian on the basis of the data considered, and evaluate the loan affixes studied in terms of their productivity and its degree. On the other hand, with the affixes discussed here as well as the material of other productivity studies and other functional considerations in mind, we conclude, departing from the usual approach within Natural Morphology, that the size of the domain of rule application and type frequency also play a role in the emergence and maintenance of productive rules and in the fate of the degree of productivity of the individual affixes.

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Information structural notions and the fallacy of invariant correlates

Author(s): Caroline Féry / Language(s): English Issue: 3-4/2008

In a first step, definitions of the irreducible information structural categories are given, and in a second step, it is shown that there are no invariant phonological or otherwise grammatical correlates of these categories. In other words, the phonology, syntax or morphology are unable to define information structure. It is a common mistake that information structural categories are expressed by invariant grammatical correlates, be they syntactic, morphological or phonological. It is rather the case that grammatical cues help speaker and hearer to sort out which element carries which information structural role, and only in this sense are the grammatical correlates of information structure important. Languages display variation as to the role of grammar in enhancing categories of information structure, and this variation reflects the variation found in the “normal” syntax and phonology of languages.

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Selection is a head property

Author(s): Antonietta Bisetto,Sergio Scalise / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2007

In the present paper we deal with the semantics of prefixation. We will show that prefixes acquire their semantic values in accordance with the meaning of the words which they are attached to. Hence, the choice of a prefix is semantically determined by the base constituent which is generally the head of the complex word. (We assume that the head of a derived word is the constituent passing on categorial and syntactico-semantic information to the derived word.) Whilst we are not ready to dispense with lexical categories as invoked by many scholars — see, among others, Croft (2001); Plag (2004); Di Sciullo (2005) and supporters of Distributed Morphology —, we are sympathetic with recent views grounding word formation on the role of semantics more heavily than in the past.

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Headhood of suffixes and final combining forms in english word formation

Author(s): Tvrtko Prćić / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2007

This paper offers a multi-layer description of the morphological, phonological, syntactic and semantic aspects of the behaviour of suffixes and final combining forms which function as heads in morphologically complex and compound words in English, both established and new ones. In the discussion, the following topics will also be dealt with in some detail: (a) a distinction between classical and modern final combining forms, (b) a distinction between classical, modern and dummy linking vowels, (c) dual headedness of composite FCFs, in which a micro-head and a macro-head can be observed to interact, (d) a contentbased approach to construing the headhood of suffixes and final combining forms, and (e) the notion of conceptual endocentricity.

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Derivational resources in P’urhepecha: Morphological complexity and verb formation

Author(s): Martha Mendoza / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2007

This article explores the derivational morphology of P’urhepecha, especially with regard to verbal forms. P’urhepecha, or Tarascan, is an isolated Mesoamerican Ianguage of Central-Western Mexico, with about 200,000 speakers. An agglutinative type of language where suffixes are attached to the stem in a fairly regular fashion, P’urhepecha also has an extensive inflectional morphology with a system of cases, including genitive, locative, and residential. The present work presents an overall picture of the linguistic complexity of this intriguing language and its rich morphological resources through a review of some of the most common and productive types of derivational morphemes that occur as part of the verbal complex in P’urhepecha, including body-part suffixes, causatives, deictic suffixes, and other adverbial suffixes.

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Stress in compounds: An experimental research

Author(s): Pavol Štekauer,Július Zimmermann,Renáta Gregová / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2007

The paper deals with the role of stress in distinguishing between compounds and phrases. An experimental laboratory research aims (a) to examine the nature of stress in N + N constructions in terms of its relative value, i.e., in relation to the values measured in neighbouring syllables; (b) to compare precise laboratory data with expectations of native speakers; (c) to compare precise laboratory measurement data with those obtained from native speakers who listened to a recording read by native speakers, in order to find out whether human ear perception corresponds to the results produced by computer technology; (d) to compare the laboratory data with the structural predictions using Giegerich’s criteria (2004); (e) to compare the laboratory data with the semantic predictions based on Olsen (2000). The laboratory data are analyzed and commented on with regard to the individual research tasks and objectives specified in points (a) to (e) above.

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Three puzzles about denominal adjectives in- EUX

Author(s): Bernard Fradin / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2007

French adjectives in- EUX (e.g., laiteux ‘milky’) usually have all the properties of true intersective adjectives. However, they sometimes behave like ordinary denominal adjectives e.g., presidential (no predication, no gradation, argument-saturating capacity). It is argued that this change is tied to the nature of the relationship between the base N ( lait in laiteux ) and the N which heads the NP the denominal adjective occurs in. Assuming that the denominal adjective’s semantics is equivalent to that of its base noun, three cases have to be distinguished. In the first one, the adjective functions as an argument of a predicate denoting an event and involving causal chaining, e.g., presidential trip . In the second one, the adjective is an argument of an event denoting predicate but the latter involves an internal causation instead of causal chaining, e.g., averse neigeuse ‘snowfall’. In the third, the relationship is based upon an internal link between the two nouns (e.g.,pont dangereux ‘dangerous bridge’) and the A is intersective.

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Spatial orientation and grammaticalization

Author(s): Katalin Sipőcz / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2005

The focus of this paper is on a probably universal type of grammaticalization whereby body part terms turn into place-denoting morphemes (adverbs, postpositions or local case markers). The linguistic expressions of the major areas of deictic orientation in the Mansi language are analysed on the basis of their lexical sources. According to general typological studies, the lexical origin of spatial morphemes shows considerable agreement across languages of the world: most of them go back to names of body parts. The paper shows that body part term sources follow the universal patterns in Mansi, too: in that language, 'back', 'head', and 'heart' have turned into general spatial markers. Exploring the system of spatial morphemes in Mansi, the paper argues that the etymology of those morphemes often reveals what is called a "relational object-part" origin; that class of sources is frequently attested in the typological literature, too. Finally, the paper tries to find out how unequivocally the body part terms that have turned into spatial markers can be determined. It is concluded that data from the various Uralic languages contradict some of the general statements found in the typological literature.

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“Compound verbs” in Komi: grammaticalisation without a grammatical morpheme?

Author(s): László Fejes / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2004

This paper explores Komi-Zyryan compound verbs. A small class of verbs can be formally recognised in posterior constituents of compound verbs, and compounds involving each of these verbs exhibit semantic and grammatical properties characteristic of their posterior constituents. On the other hand, the individual compound verbs are semantically non-compositional. The posterior constituents cannot be taken to be form-meaning complexes, i.e., morphemes. Therefore, some other, non-morpheme-based linguistic analysis is needed. This is a peculiar case of grammaticalisation where the result is not a grammatical morpheme.

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Grammaticalisation and preverbs

Author(s): Tamás Forgács / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2004

The aim of this paper is to investigate the historical process whereby preverbs came into being in Hungarian: to shed light on the reason why certain adverbial elements, used autonomously at first, were subsequently degraded into items of a bound grammatical category. It will be seen that that path is anything but straight: various factors may be involved in adverbial modifiers turning into preverbs, diverse “access roads” may lead to the same main road (this is also part of the reason why a number of items in the present-day stock of Hungarian preverbs are related to several parts of speech, e.g., to adverbs and to postpositions, at the same time). The second part of the paper tries to answer the questions why the stock of preverbs is presented in a heterogeneous manner in certain grammars of Hungarian, what role subjective criteria play in classifications, and how reliable the criterion of productivity is as a general guiding principle.

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Spatial prefixes in Dargi (East Caucasian)

Author(s): Helma van den Berg / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2003

This article explores the morphological nature of what are traditionally called spatial prefixes in the East Caucasian language Dargi. Having developed historically from adverbs, the prefixes are now completely integrated into the verb's morphology, syntax and semantics. Instead of regarding verbs derived with these spatial prefixes as prefixed stems on a synchronic level as well, the alternative proposed here is to consider them bipartite stems. This also fits a recent proposal to regard bipartite stems as a feature of the East Caucasian language family as a whole.

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Produktywne typy słowotwórcze nazw żeńskich we współczesnej polszczyźnie

Author(s): Marta Grochowska,Agnieszka Wierzbicka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 49/2015

The problem of introduction and use of feminine names is still current and arouses many controversies. One can find a lot of information concerning reasonableness of the use of feminine names and their social reception though there are only a few papers referring to their grammar and word-formation. Thus it is right to complete the discussion on the use of feminine names by a solid word-formation analysis, which also aims to show productive and non-productive word-formation types and the difficulties one can encounter while creating feminine names. The research used in this paper consists of 265 feminine names found in an annual 2014 of daily newspapers (‘Dziennik Łódzki’, ‘Gazeta Wyborcza’) and feminine magazines (‘Wysokie Obcasy’, ‘Zwierciadło’), used with reference to females.

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The time course of processing perfective and imperfective aspect in Polish

Author(s): Dorota Klimek-Jankowska,Anna Czypionka,Wojciech Witkowski,Joanna Błaszczak / Language(s): English Issue: 2-3/2018

This paper is a contribution to a long-standing discussion related to the domain of aspectual interpretation. More precisely, it focuses on the impact of the degree of specificity and morphological complexity on the time course of processing of perfective (prefixed perfective and semelfactive perfective) and imperfective (simple imperfective and iterative imperfective) verbs in Polish. In two experiments, eye-tracking during reading and self-paced reading, we tested a hypothesis based on Frisson & Pickering (1999), Pickering & Frisson (2001), and Frisson (2009) that the interpretation of semantically underspecified verbs should be delayed to the end of a sentence. As predicted, in both of the reported experiments significantly longer reading measures were observed for aspectually underspecified simple imperfective verbs as compared to aspectually more specific perfective verbs in the sentence-final region. Our second major prediction was that morphological complexity of aspectual forms should cause computational cost directly on the verbal region. As predicted, significantly longer reading times were observed on morphologically complex (prefixed) perfective verbs and (suffixed) semelfactive perfective verbs as compared to their morphologically simple imperfective counterparts in the eye-tracking experiment. This effect was not confirmed in the self-paced reading experiment. This difference between the results in the two reported experiments is attributed to the differences between the methods used.

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Теоретико-проложни аспекти на морфологичния разбор в обучението по български език (5. - 7. клас)

Author(s): Ganka Yankova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2013

The study discusses some problems with the theory and practice of morphological analysis in school education (5.-7. Grade). Its place in the teaching of Bulgarian language and the reasons for morphology to be dominant in the curriculum are justified in the study. Two levels (first and second step) are differentiated in the use of morphological analysis and tasks for its implementation are proposed. Parts of speech and some grammatical categories are described in theoretical terms. The high frequency of synthetic exercises in teaching morphology are motivated in terms of their functionality and utility to enhance speech and language competence of the students.

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Bulgarian ingressive verbs: the case of za- and do-

Author(s): Svetlana Nedelcheva / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2012

This study focuses on the ingressive use of two Bulgarian preverbs: za- and do-. Both prefixes combine with a wide variety of verbs which makes their semantic networks quite extensive. Our database is extracted from Pashov’s thorough study on Bulgarian verbs [Pashov 1966] and contains a total number of 1076 za-verbs (65% of them ingressive) and 315 do-verbs (6% of them ingressive). Those with obsolete and perfective base are excluded. The prototype for za- can be interpreted as passing from a state of non-activity into a state of activity (the trajector (TR ) oversteps a limit) or as it was pointed out by Janda [1985] it is crossing a boundary. The prototype for do- is associated with the GOAL REACHED meaning. We argue that the prototypical meaning of these prefixes can be found in their ingressive uses. There is no arbitrariness in the choice of prefix and it is systematically motivated.

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Hungarian particle reduplication as local doubling

Author(s): Anikó Lipták / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2019

This paper provides a morphosyntactic account of particle reduplication in Hungarian, a case of reduplication whose function is to express repetition of events. The most conspicuous property of this process is that it can only apply when the particle is strictly left adjacent to an overt verb. We develop an analysis in terms of a syntactic process that yields a string of doubled particles that do not form a constituent, following the insight of Piñon (1991), and we propose that reduplication targets subwords and derives the facts via a local doubling process.

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OBSERVATIONS ON THE REALIZATION OF THE MORPHOLOGICAL OPPOSITION OF NUMBER IN NEUTER NOUNS WHOSE ROOT ENDS IN –E

Author(s): Cristina Bocoș / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

Observations on the Realization of the Morphological Opposition of Number in Neuter Nouns Whose Root Ends in –e. The study aims to identify the main rules governing the distribution of the etymological desinences for plural nouns (–e and –uri), in order to establish the principles that should be applied in the case of neuter nouns with the root ending in –e, a category of nouns that has been little studied in the literature. As neologisms are borrowed from other languages, this category is significantly enriched, becoming increasingly fluctuant and heterogeneous. Since the previously formulated rules do not apply consistently in the case of these nouns, the –e at the end of the root – which could be confused with the homonymous plural desinence – is the only element that imposes either the neutralisation of the number opposition (nume [name], index [index], faringe [pharynx], etc.), or its realisation exclusively by using the desinence –uri (degradeuri [colour gradients], café-frappé-uri [frappé coffees], puzzle-uri [puzzles], etc.).

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Формална класификация на глаголите в българския език (нов подход)

Author(s): Ruska Stancheva,Tatyana Alexandrova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2019

The article presents two types of classifications of Bulgarian verbs – horizontal and vertical, who are based entirely on formal criteria, justifying the prospect of a new approach. The research is related to the work on the project "Normative grammar of the Bulgarian language". The two classifications take into account the values of the three temporal temporal grammatical suffix – prescient, aorist and imperfect. One classification is based on the combinatorics of these values, and the other is a three-level, based on the dichotomous principle.

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Underlying representation of [w]-final words in Brazilian Portuguese: Evidence from morphological derivation

Author(s): Luiz Carlos Schwindt / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2021

This paper deals with the underlying representation of [w]-final words in Brazilian Portuguese, usually spelled with <l> and pronounced as [w] and occasionally as [ɫ] (e.g., papel / [paˈpɛw] ~ [paˈpɛɫ] ‘paper’). It focuses on non-verbs derived by a vowel-initial suffix preceded by [l] (e.g., papel+eiro ‘paper+suffix’ / [papeˈlejɾʊ] ‘papermaker’; cliente+ismo ‘client+suffix’ / [kliẽnteˈlizmʊ] ‘patronage’). The results from a pseudoword task answered by 219 participants contrasted to lexicon data from Corpus Brasileiro show that native speakers associate such derived forms with bases already containing [l] in the last syllable, either in the onset or the coda position. This observation is interpreted in a constraint-based approach, with the assumption that a demand for alignment between vowel-initial suffixes and roots closed by /l/, along with the requirement for phonological correspondence between base and derivative, is highly ranked in a grammar that accounts for learning morphophonological representations in the language.

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