VARDAŽODINIŲ VEIKSMAŽODŽIŲ SU PRIESAGA - ( I ) A U T I, PRIKLAUSANČIŲ KATEGORINEI REIKŠMEI ʽBŪTI TUO AR TOKIAM, KAS PASAKYTA PAMATINIU ŽODŽIUʼ, DARYBA

Author(s): Anželika Gaidienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 6/2012

Straipsnio objektą sudaro 239 veiksmažodžiai, rasti elektroniniame "Dabartiniame lietuvių kalbos žodyne" ir 236 veiksmažodžiai iš elektroninio "Lietuvių kalbos žodyno varianto. Tyrinėjant vardažodinių veiksmažodžių darybą didžiausias dėmesys buvo kreipiamas į kategorinę reikšmę ir jos poreikšmius, taip pat pamatinius žodžius, jų semantiką, darybą. Nagrinėjant vedinius nuosekliai žiūrėta sinchroninių darybos ryšių, stengtasi parodyti kiekybinius santykius. Išnagrinėjus šios kategorinės reikšmės veiksmažodžius paaiškėjo, kad bendrinėje kalboje jie sudaro darnią sistemą, šaknies balsių kaita ir priebalsių kaita yra reta, priesagos ir šaknies variantų yra nedaug.

ON DERIVATIONAL SUFFIXES AND INFLECTIONAL CLASSES OF VERBS IN MODERN LITHUANIAN

Author(s): Jurgis Pakerys / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2011

IŠ LIETUVIŲ KALBOS ISTORINĖS MORFOLOGIJOS PROBLEMŲ: APIE ʽNEBE(-)ʼ IR ʽBENTʼ KILMĘ

Author(s): Norbert Ostrowski / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 5/2011

Kognityvinis požiūris į žodžių darybą

Author(s): Lina Inčiuraitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 2/2013

Structural approach to word formation in Lithuanian is still dominant, meanwhile cognitive insights have not been applied yet. The object of this paper is the aspects of cognitive grammar to word formation. In the article, cognitive semantic notions and their application to the morphological analysis of cognitive grammar are introduced. In the cognitive theory of grammar, symbolicity plays a significant role. The essence of cognitive grammar is based on the idea that language units are bipolar language signs. A linguistic unit consists of phonological and semantic poles which are linked by a symbolic structure. A category is a network of meanings of a derivational morpheme, which, as in the case of lexical category, is structured in terms of prototype and periphery. The prototype of a category is considered to be the most typical member, whereas other senses of the prototype comprise the periphery. Morphological expressions are closely related to each other and comprise cognitive domains. A domain is perceived as knowledge in terms of which derivational morphemes can be interpreted. Compositionality is a process when the composite structure is determined by the meanings of its constituents. This process plays an integral part in understanding the senses of new morphological expressions. Full and partial compositionality types are typical of morphological expressions. In compounding, full compositionality is endocentric, meanwhile partial compositionality is exocentric. A large number of units are pertinent to each other by schema and instance relations. A schema is defined as a general model made of instances. The schema reflects the general meaning of instances. Due to further elaboration the instance becomes a basis for a new schema and its elaborating elements become new instances.

Naujųjų skolinių kaitybinio ir darybinio adaptavimo modelių produktyvumas

Author(s): Loreta Vaicekauskienė,Ineta Dabašinskienė,Laura Kamandulytė-Merfeldienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 3/2014

The paper analyses affixation of new borrowings in Lithuanian and the process of their integration into the system of Lithuanian morphological paradigms applying the framework of Natural Morphology. Two word classes, nouns and adjectives, have been analysed and productivity patterns of the new lexicon are presented and discussed. To the group of new borrowings are assigned those items that have been accepted into Lithuanian since 1990 or those that have not been included into the “Dictionary of International Words” (1985). The corpus of data used for the present analysis is compiled from the material found in the Database of New Borrowings, which provides information about borrowing into Lithuanian in written public texts of the last two decades, and the Corpus of Spoken Lithuanian (2006–2009). It has been found that the new borrowings follow the inflectional and derivational rules of the most productive morphological paradigms of Lithuanian. The most productive inflectional class of the borrowed nouns is -as, less productive is -is (-io), and the least productive is -a. As for the suffixes, the most productive are -imas (signalling abstract nouns), -ininkas (naming of persons), and the feminine derivational form -inė (from the masculine form –inis) for naming of instrument/ location. The newly borrowed adjectives, as a rule, are only rarely integrated into Lithuanian vocabulary by just adding the Lithuanian inflectional endings, they are mainly integrated using a suffix. In the adjective group the most productive suffix is -inis, while the least productive is -iškas. The research of new borrowings as either inflectional or derivational. This is due to the fact that the derivational relationship between the base and the derived forms in the case of new borrowing is difficult to identify and to prove.

Iambic Templates in Hausa Morphology

Author(s): Bartosz Kurzyca / Language(s): English Issue: 43/2009

Le travail presenté veut cerner le rôle du pied ïambique pour le haoussa, une langue tchadique tonale qui est la langue maternelle pour environ 30 mln des usagés au nord du Nigeria et au sud du Niger. Elle est aussi parlée par 30 mln des habitants des territoires qui s’étendent de l’Afrique de l’Ouest jusqu’au Soudan. Proposant les analyses diachronique et synchronique de deux classes de mots (celle du nom et celle du verbe) de la langue haoussa, nous supposons que son caractère ïambique, bien qu'il n'influence pas directement sur la distribution de tons, détermine considérablement sa morphologie. Ainsi, le pied ïambique devient, avec la structure tonale, l'un des deux sous-systèmes de la prosodie de la langue haoussa.Du côté de la forme, ce travail est basé sur la Théorie de l’optimalité. Néanmoins, nous nous éloignons du modèle standard en formulant directement les conditions prosodiques portant sur la taille de la lexie.

Lietuvių kalbos žargono priesaginių prieveiksmių morfologinė adaptacija: Priesagos -ai hibridiniai vediniai iš būdvardžių su priesaga -iškas ir nepriesaginių būdvardžių

Author(s): Robertas Kudirka / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 14/2020

This article is one part of the research of adverbs in Lithuanian slang. Although there is no systematic and comprehensive research into the Lithuanian language slang, slang is commonly believed to be chaotic and have no grammatical system. The purpose of this article is to morphologically examine the derivatives formed with suffix -ai from the adjectives with suffix -iškas and from the primary adjectives without suffixes. The material (79 adverbs) is collected from the dictionary of Lithuanian slang and the dictionary of non-standard Lithuanian. The study aims to identify the systematic morphological features. To achieve the aim the research words are classified according to their suffixes, their origin is determined and morphological analysis is performed.The research reveals that a foreign language unit that emerges in the context of another language undergoes assimilation - it is transformed in one way or another by adapting it to the linguistic system. In Lithuanian slang, adverbs with the suffix -ai are mostly made up from hybrid adjectives of Russian origin with the suffix -iškas. There is also a number of adverbs formed from English hybrid adjectives. A few are derived from semantically neologic adjectives. The majority of suffixal -ai derivatives that are formed from primary adjectives are Russian origin. Adverbs which are derived from the adjectives with the suffix -iškas always retain the accent in the root: this pattern is common to all slang adverbs. All forms of adverbial degrees have accented suffixes. The findings of the research reveal that the morphological features of the studied slang adverbs have undergone certain transformations and follow the regularities of the Lithuanian language system: the slang adverbs copy derivative models of the standard language.

NAGLASCI GLAGOLSKIH OBLIKA

Author(s): Stjepan Vukušić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/1991

The specific characteristic of the accent system of the Western New Stokavian is expressed particularly in verbal forms. This contribution gives the list of representative accent patterns for all verbal forms.

The Kashubian Indefinite Marker Jeden ‘One’ and Its Grammaticalisation

Author(s): Motoki Nomachi / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

This article analyses the use of the indefinite marker jeden ‘one’ in contemporary Kashubian, which has often been treated simply as an indefinite article in previous studies. A synchronic description has been presented in the first part of this paper, comparing the use of the indefinite marker in Kashubian with that in Polish, Upper Sorbian and German. The second part deals with the diachronic change in Kashubian in this respect. The main conclusion of this paper is that Kashubian has never developed the indefinite article per se, while its usage was far more frequent in the past, which could be explained by the emergence of the German influence.

Анализа на формалната и семантичка деривација на прасловенскиот корен *dvig- во македонскиот јазик

Author(s): Marjan Markovik’ / Language(s): Macedonian Issue: 2/2020

The subject of analysis in this paper is the verbal root *dvig-, whose formal and semantic development can be followed ever since the Proto-Slavic period. The research is based on anthropocentric-spatial language theory, which enables the analysis of how basic semantic componentс embedded in some verbal roots representing basic human positions, movements and activities with hand, can be transferred and elevated by the evolving conceptualisation (of the material and mental world). The author analyses the derivatives of the Proto-Slavic verbal root *dvig- / *dig- with the embedded semantic components ‘human relocation in space’ and ‘relocation in space upwards’, which during language evolution have been transferred into the mental domain, preserving only the basic concept of ‘relocation’ and the broad concept that ‘upwards’ refers to ‘a higher level’, which is perceived as ‘better, more desired’ in the mental world. The author also analyses how these formal verbal and nominal derivatives carry this semantic information through language evolution, both in real and in mental world.

Морфолошке особине говора источне Шумадије

Author(s): Žarko Bošnjaković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2012

Автор в книге анализирует морфологические особенности говоров восточноћ Шумадии, куда входит говорњи Смедеревско-Подунавле, северноћ части Жсеницљи и востoчнoћ части Косман. ГраницВи зтоћ области на севере, Востоке и коге проходит по речним долинам Дунал, Велика-Морављ, КубршницЊI и Велики-Луга, а на западе — по линии Сеоне — Мало-Орашње— Дубона — Влашка — Раћковац и Меджулужње — Жгнило и Рабровац кожнее Велики-Луга. Анализ показал, что висследованном раионе незначителњное количестводифференциалвних признаков. Лингвистические картњи подтвердили мнение,что изоглоссви в данном рађоне по правилу вЗаимонезависимњи. Частично совладакот изоглоcсви на картах. No 4, 5, 6 и 7 (да њом/јом дам, ко(ј)/куј, у овом лепом соби, моa/ма/мо). На осталенвих картах (Ne 1, 3, 8, 9) иногда ВБ деликотса центр И ког (барјаце), иногда перифериа (ДЛjд жене), иногда центр и кого-запад (лебац, лукац, сирац), Иногда севернЊић ареал (окончание -ду), а иногда — востoчнЊlji (вршем). В кого-западноћ части зтоћ территории, где доминирует кановачское ударение, встречакотса и типичнЊме смедеревско-вршацСкие особенности: да дам њом, да јом дам, да дам овом жени, у мојом лепом соби. Хота на основании изложеннLIх фактов можно прићти к вљиводу, что смедеревско-вршацекић диалект авлаетса северо-периферићноћ зоноћ косовско-ресавского диалекта, все же необходимљ дополнителњнвле исследованих говоров окрестностећ Пожареваца и кожного Баната с последукошим определением его места среди сербских диалектов. Клкочевње слова: Смедеревско-вршацСкић диалект, Косовско-ресавскић диaлект, морфологиа.

Радивоје Младеновић, Заменице у говорима југозападног дела Косова и Метохије. — Монографије, Београд (Институт за српски језик САНУ), 2010, 12, стр. 472.

Author(s): Slobodan Remetić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2011

ИЗВЕДЕНИЦЕ СА СУФИКСОМ -ĀНКА КАО ОГЛЕДАЛО КУЛТУРНОГ РАЗВОЈА

Author(s): Aleksandar M. Milanović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2020

The paper analyses the etymology, time of origin, derivational categories and derivational types of derivatives with the -ānka suffix, their number, functions and status in the former and contemporary Serbian langauge. It is ascertained that they predominantly originated in the late 18th and 19th centuries, that they are a reflection of the social and cultural progress of the Serbs in various areas of material and non-material culture, and that the derivational types involving this suffix were especially productive in the (pre-)Romantic poetic language. The paper also points to the partial productivity of this suffix in contemporary Serbian, its inclination towards terminologisation, as well as to the fact that some derivatives have been relegated to the sphere of archaisms and historicisms.

DERIVATIONAL PARADIGM OF THE ADJECTIVE ZELEN IN SERBIAN

Author(s): Mirjana Ilić / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

The paper discusses lexemes obtained by different word formation processes from the adjective green, represented in a dictionary sample. This analysis indicates a tendency for the semantic content of the base to prevail in the derivatives. The structure of derivational paradigms shows regularities in the organization of the derivational processes of lexico-semantic groups, which produces regularities in the derivational system of the language.

HIERARCHICZNOŚĆ W OPISIE SŁOWOTWÓRCZYM – WYBRANE PROBLEMY

Author(s): Paweł Kowalski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2021

This article presents the selected problems to do with the description of hierarchical relations in the area of word-formation. Hierarchy as a form of categorizing the linguistic reality, reduced to the word-formation framework, delimits two larger thematic areas related to the polysemy of the very term of word-formation in Polish. The fi rst concerns the selection of topics and their respective ordering of the individual word-formation mechanisms described in derivatological research, while the second involves the implementation of hierarchies and hierarchical meanings in the investigated language. This paper mainly focuses on the fi rst aspect that concerns the issue of hierarchy in Polish word-formation descriptions.

СУДБИНА ФЛЕКСИЈЕ ИМЕНИЦА КОСОВСКО-МЕТОХИЈСКИХ ПРИЗРЕНСКО-ЈУЖНОМОРАВСКИХ ГОВОРА

Author(s): Radivoje Mladenović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 8/2019

This paper discusses the destiny of noun inflection in Prizren-South Morava vernaculars in Kosovo and Metohija. There are two distinct dialect areas in the analyzed region. A special area of Prizren-South Morava vernaculars was formed in the Metohija and Kosovo basins, and in Sirinićka Župa. East of this area the Kosovo-Pomoravlje vernaculars are spoken. The most important difference between these two areas is in the domain of noun inflection. While analytism absolutely dominates in the inflection of nouns in the Kosovo-Pomoravlje vernaculars, the inflection of nouns of the Metohija-Kosovo-Sirinić area is only partly replaced by analytism.

СУФИКСИ -ИНА И -ИЦА КАО ОПОЗИТИ У ГЕОГРАФСКОЈ ТЕРМИНОЛОГИЈИ И ТОПОНИМИЈИ (Категоријални приступ)

Author(s): Jovanka Radić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 22/2015

The suffixes -ina and -ica are the most common suffixes in geographical terminology and toponymy. They are almost equally involved in the structure of formations with opaque and transparent motivations, which is interpreted as a sign of an ancient origin and the fact that their original values have been well preserved in concepts denoting ‘a part of space’. Relying on the logical linguistic method, the paper seeks to demonstrate that, in the sphere of denomination, these suffixes form two polarized subcategories of words-concepts, i.e. they denote two types of quantitative objects. The formations containing -ica represent entities of d e f i n i t e dimensions (in one or two dimensions) and extent (‘river’, ‘road’, ‘the direction of observation’,‘parts of a landscape within easily conceivable limits’: ponornica, ulica, Belica; nizbrdica, ornica, Gnjilavica, Rajkovica), whereas the formations including -ina denote entities of i n d e f i n i t e dimensions and boundaries (‘multidimensional extent without perceptible or easily conceivable boundaries’: dolina, planina, Proćepina, Posavina, Hercegovina). These differences explain why -ina is more frequent in geographical terminology, whereas -ica is somewhat more common in toponymy. In the conclusion, the author suggests that distinction between the “one-dimensional” and the “multi-dimensional” may be universal in character.

НEОЛОГИЗМИ NOMINA PERSONALIA ПО ИНИЦИАЛНИ АБРЕВИАТУРИ

Author(s): Tsvetelina Georgieva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2019

The article examines the Bulgarian neologisms nomina personalia from the first decade of the 21st century that were formed of the initial abbreviations (for example абевеец, идилец, etc.), proving that the productive basis is not the grapheme combination (АБВ, ИДИЛ), but the so-called lexoid (for example [абеве], [идил]). Оn the grounds of the word formation and morpheme analysis that was performed in advance, the nouns that are directly motivated by the lexoids are organized in word formation nests, as each derivative is related to its particular and summarizing scheme.

The role of phonology in Vata adjectival agreement

Author(s): Sebastian Bredemann / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

In realizational theories of morphology, different opinions exist on the relationship between phonology and Vocabulary Insertion. On the one hand, there are separational theories like Distributed Morphology (Halle & Marantz 1993), which assume that Vocabulary Insertion does not interact with the phonological component of the grammar. These theories predict that the properties of a language's regular phonology never play a role when vocabulary items (VIs) are inserted. The opposite view is held by integrational theories as, for instance, proposed in Wolf (2008). These theories assume that the general phonology of a language can influence Vocabulary Insertion. Based on adjectival agreement in the language Vata, I propose an integrational model that assumes that Vocabulary Insertion applies in an Optimality-Theoretic (Prince & Smolensky 1993) phonology, where regular phonological constraints are active. I propose that the phonology consists of two levels: one level where VIs are inserted and one level for regular phonology.

THE USE OF INFLECTIONAL AND DERIVATIONAL SUFFIXES IN THE NOVELS HARRY POTTER AND THE PHILOSOPHER’S STONE AND TWILIGHT

Author(s): Ivona Šetka-Čilić,Tonina Ibrulj / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

The paper discusses the use of inflectional and derivational suffixes, for which purpose two chapters from two novels written in English language have been analysed. The novels include: Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone, written by J. K. Rowling and Twilight, written by Stephanie Meyer. It is hypothesized that inflectional suffixes prevail in literature texts written in English language in comparison to derivational suffixes. The first part of the paper provides theoretical background of the process of affixation with a special emphasis put on suffixation, types of suffixes, distinction between inflectional and derivational suffixes, whereas the central and the most important part of the paper deals with the analysis and the results. Although only two chapters of two novels have been analysed, the sufficient number of each type of suffixes has been selected clearly showing that inflectional suffixes prevail, which proves the hypothesis. The results obtained through the analysis can be representative, even though they cannot be considered as a general rule since they may be influenced by many factors, e.g., whether the analysis has been conducted using the entire novels or even completely different corpus (newspapers, online articles, scientific papers, etc.). Nevertheless, the results can provide a good basis/source for some future similar research.