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Semantic Analysis of the Dative Case in New Czech

Author(s): Enrique Gutiérrez Rubio / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2013

In this paper I analyse 3141 examples of the dative included in Božena Němcová’s The Grandmother (Babička) in order to observe the semantic configuration of the dative in the Czech language as written in the middle of the nineteenth century. My theoretical framework is mainly based on George Lakoff’s cognitive semantic development and, particularly, on Laura Janda and Steven Clancy’s The Case Book for Czech. In their book, Janda and Clancy divide the semantics of the Czech dative into three basic meanings: 1) DATIVE: A RECEIVER; 2) DATIVE: AN EXPERIENCER, AND 3) DATIVE: A COMPETITOR. I have added the fourth type of semantic category: the TRANSITIONAL DATIVE, which relates and connects all three types of datives, creating a continuous semantic map of the Czech dative.

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Několik poznámek k dvojnásobné prefixaci (nejen u sloves)

Author(s): Vojtěch Veselý / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2017

The paper deals with the question whether it is possible to combine 1) two prefixes with opposite meaning (and distinct form) and 2) two prefixes with identical meaning (and identical form) in one expression. I will argue that the combination of two prefixes with opposite meaning is quite seldom in both verbal and non-verbal expressions. Two prefixes of identical form usually may not have identical meaning when attached to verbs. In the case of substantive and adverbial derivatives, however, such combinations are very possible.

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Slovesná intenziva v českých nářečích

Author(s): Zuzana Hlubinková / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2017

Based on language material gained from a database for the upcoming Dictionary of the Czech Language Dialects, the contribution deals with verbal intensives in Czech dialects. They are formed by suffixation. Whereas in Standard Czech these verbs end especially in -tat (chechtat se), -otat, (chichotat se) and -chat (šplouchat), in dialects they are formed using some specific dialectal formants. These expressive verbs most often end in -ýňat (hopýňat), -úňat (łamúňat), -ýzňat (řehýzňat sa), -úzňat (havúzňat), -ázňat (hulázňat) a -ýcat (pluvýcat). Verbs with other endings are rare. The above-mentioned dialectal intensives have been found particularly in Moravian Wallachia.

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Chodovo, Kouto, Choboto. K přechodu toponym od maskulina k neutru

Author(s): Pavel Štěpán / Language(s): Czech Issue: 3/2017

The article deals with Czech toponyms with the neuter ending -o, occurring almost exclusively in Southwest Bohemia. These neuter forms are regarded as (mostly unofficial) variants of masculine names. These forms are attested both in non-settlement names (mostly field names) and settlement names. Especially the settlement names data are rather rich; they include unofficial variants of toponyms and their historical records (some of the historical records are very old, beginning as early as in the 12th century). The area of occurrence of toponyms of this type has been compared to the dialectal area of the indeclinable form of possessive adjectives ending in -ovo found in Southwest Bohemia; the correspondence of these two areas is striking and can hardly be coincidental. According to the author’s hypothesis, the change of the toponyms ending in -ov and -ín to -ovo and -ino started in the historical period in which the original possessive function of the names and their connection with possessive adjectives was still transparent. Based on the toponymic evidence, it seems that the Southwest Bohemian dialectal phenomenon of possessive adjectives ending in -ovo must be extremely old, reaching as far back as the 12th century.

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Korpus českého jazyka 2. poloviny 19. století

Author(s): Karel Kučera,Kateřina Najbrtová,Klára Pivoňková,Anna Řehořková,Martin Stluka / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2019

The paper describes the principles and structure of the one-million-word DIA1900 Corpus built at the Institute of the Czech National Corpus (CNC) in Prague, focused on the language of Czech texts published in the years 1851 to 1900. The DIA1900, planned for publication by June 2020 and to be followed by the DIA1850 (a corpus built around the same principles, with the focus on the first half of the 19th century), observes both the balanced representation of the three major text types (belles lettres — journalistic texts — technical/scientific texts) and the system of morphological tagging implemented in the synchronic corpora included in the CNC project, thus facilitating the diachronic comparison of two stages in the development of Czech. A brief description is given of the structure of the morphological terminology used in the lemmatisation and tagging of the corpus, and of two tools designed to help search the 19th century texts with their fluctuating orthographic consistency combined with phonological and morphological variation characteristics of the language of the period: (1) a multiple select/suggest feature (reminding the user of the existence of non-standard orthographic and phonological variants of the lemma found in the corpus before the lemma search is started) and (2) the position attribute (informing the user of the ambiguous status of a word in the text, resulting from a misprint or misspelling, damaged page etc.).

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English presentative sentences with have

Author(s): Klára Brůhová,Markéta Malá / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

The paper explores the potential of English sentences with the verb have to constitute the Presentation Scale. Have-presentative sentences, in which the verb is devoid of its possessive meaning, can be viewed as an alternative to the “full presentative” there-constructions. Both constructions contain an indefinite noun phrase presenting new information, and they share the communicative function of introducing a new referent into discourse, cf. We have a long trip ahead of us vs. There’s a long trip ahead of us. Presentative sentences with have are described and classified with respect to the animacy, semantics and reference of the subject, the presence of a locative adverbial, and the semantics of the object.

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TÜRKÇEDE BİLEŞİK EKİ VE TÜRETİMSEL DİZİL

Author(s): Aysun Kunduracı / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2020

This study deals with the productive N-N-(s)I(n) compounds in Turkish (so-called indefinite noun phrases, traditionally) within a Process-Morphology approach (cf. Zwicky, 1986; Aronoff, 1994; Pounder, 2000), and presents a structural and a semantic analysis, which includes a new function for the -(s)I(n) suffixation in the compounds. Assigning a derivational and barely morphological function to the -(s)I(n) in compounds, which is stem formation, the study proposes a derivational paradigm where -(s)I(n) is involved in a paradigmatic relation with a group of derivational suffixes. Importantly, the paradigm structure explains not only the existence but also the absence of the compound marker in contexts where it would be expected to occur semantically. Theoretically, the study (i) assumes that the morphology (and morphological operations) is not manipulated by either the syntax or the lexicon, but an autonomous subsystem of the grammar, (ii) supports the Separationism Hypothesis (Beard, 1995) with Turkish data showing that form and meaning are separate levels, as is highlighted in other process approaches exploring other languages. The study also offers an insight into the descriptive and theoretical status of the inputs of morphological operations, i.e. stems, which gain prominence both in derivational and inflectional morphology.

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Kompozitnosť a kompozícia: príspevok k charakteristike zložených slov na materiáli západoslovanských jazykov

Author(s): Martin Ološtiak,Marta Vojteková / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2021

The aim of the paper is to analyse compounding and compoundness in Slovak, Czech and Polish. Compoundness is defined as a property of a complex word (compound) having at least two components with lexical meaning. The essential distinction between composition and derivation (affixation) lies in the number of bases in the structure of a word, so it is inevitable that we analyse the notions of base and affix. Subsequently, the paper proposes several criteria on the basis of which the following constituents are defined: base (a free morpheme with lexical meaning, e.g. "terapia" in the Slovak compound "ergoterapia" 'ergotherapy'), baseoid (combining form, a bound morpheme with lexical meaning, e.g. "ergo-" in Slovak compound "ergoterapia" 'ergotherapy'), affixoid (diachronically a free morpheme, synchronically a bound morpheme that has acquired a more general derivational meaning, e.g. Slovak "-násť" in "dva-násť" 'twelve'), affix (a bound morpheme with a general derivational meaning, e.g. Slovak "-ista" "osoba" 'person' in "gitar-ista" 'guitar player'). The definition of these constituents makes it possible to establish a more precise borderline between compounding and derivation and introduce three types of compounds: proper compounds, semi-compounds and quasi-compounds.

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Morphological Variation in Ukrainian Regional Varieties: a Corpus Study

Author(s): Achim Rabus,Maria Shvedova / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

As is known, Ukrainian exhibits variation with respect to the declension of masculine nouns: the endings -у and -ові are possible in the dative, and in the locative, -у, -ові, and -і. The current study uses the General Regionally Annotated Corpus of Ukrainian (GRAC) to show the distribution of the respective endings, to discuss the reasons for variation, and to predict future developments. In doing so, we apply the statistics tool R and statistical methods such as mixed-effects logistic regression. Our analysis suggests that, while there is ample variation in the dative, linguistic change towards -у is attested. Furthermore, our empirical analysis proves unfounded several normative assertions found in the literature.

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Adjectival vs. nominal: Surnames with ambiguous declension paradigm in the Polish onymy

Author(s): Justyna Barbara Walkowiak / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

The gender-marked -ski or -cki/-dzki ending surnames of adjectival origin are usually perceived, especially by foreigners, as the archetypal Polish surname type. Yet there also exists a numerically modest surname category, which includes such names as Załuska or Nędzka, and which was admittedly overlooked by prof. Kazimierz Rymut in his seminal surname dictionary Słownik nazwisk współcześnie w Polsce używanych (1992‒94). This type is characterised by a mixed declension: some part of the name bearers decline their surname within the adjectival paradigm (with the masculine form Załuski, Nędzki, and the respective feminine form Załuska, Nędzka), while others ‒ within the nominal paradigm (featuring the same form Załuska, Nędzka for both genders, with identical declension). The present paper seeks to answer several questions connected with this surname type: how many such surnames of this kind there are in current use in Poland, how they differ in the degree of their nominality, and ‒ where possible ‒ also to outline their etymology, which might help decide which form, adjectival or nominal, may have been historically first.

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Kameno(-)cihlový, nebo kamenno(-)cihlový dům? (Polemický a mezijazykový pohled)

Author(s): Richard Straberger / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2022

This article deals with the notation of one n in adjectival determinative compounds of the type kamenouhelný 'carboniferous' and considers whether to write one n or two n's in the coordinative compound adjectives of the type kamen(n)o(-)cihlový 'of stone and bricks', vápen(n)o(-)pískový 'of sand lime' and in coordinative adjectives with the first component amon(n)o- 'ammonium'. In this context, it draws attention to the discrepancy between the relevant passage in the Grammar of Czech 1 (see MČ 1) and the form vápenopískový mentioned in the current codification and normative dictionaries and manuals. It also touches on whether or not a hyphen should be written between the components of coordinative adjectives. The Czech ways of writing down such adjectives are compared with those found in Slovak.

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(Re)ediční praxe Daniela Adama z Veleslavína: Kronika o založení Země české a prvních obyvatelích jejích Martina Kuthena ze Šprinsberka

Author(s): Dmitrij Timofejev / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2022

The famous Czech printer Daniel Adam of Veleslavín (1546–1599), as well as most of his fellow typographers, not only published previously unreleased works, but also prepared a number of re-editons. Our research is focused on the changes made by Veleslavín in his re-edition of Martin Kuthen’s Chronicle of the Founding of the Czech Lands. The paper concludes by arguing that Kuthen’s original text from 1539 was reprinted by Veleslavín in 1585 rather precisely, and changes were made in an attempt to systematically treat phenomena that vary at random in the first edition. This resulted, for example, in a quantitative reduction of minuscule digraphs, in the declining occurrence of the prothetic consonant v- before the phoneme /o/, as well as in a diminished usage of the auxiliary verb to be in the third person of the past tense. Nevertheless, a few features (e.g., an increasing usage of the letters combination «uo» instead of the more progressive letter «ů» to spell the vowel /u:/ from Old Czech /o:/) were employed by Veleslavín most probably to keep the archaic aura of Kuthen’s Chronicle, otherwise modernized by him in several aspects.

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Rezultativa se jmenným a složeným tvarem n-/t-ového příčestí. Výsledky z ČNK po zavedení nového morfologického značkování

Author(s): Markus Giger / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2022

Until recently, the full form of the n-/t-participle was tagged in the Czech National Corpus as a common adjective. Only with the new corpus SYN2020 a special tag was introduced. This allows for research the role of both the short and the full form of the n-/t-participle with resultatives in written Standard Czech texts. The results show that the full form of the participle has in most contexts a significantly higher frequency than the short form. The only excerptions are subject and object resultatives without subject (Je zataženo / Je otevřeno) and possessive resultatives without object (Mají zavřeno), both with the participle in the neuter singular form. In these cases the full forms seldom occur in actual written Czech texts. The use of the new tag in other corpora than SYN2020 will allow for better research of full forms of the n-/t-participle in Czech, not only in resultative constructions.

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Šéry: O rodové nevyhraněnosti a způsobech jejího zkoumání

Author(s): Ondřej Dufek / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2022

The article deals with the morphological character of the Czech noun with the first person plural form šéry (‘skerries’). It is based on the observation that standard Czech codification sources contained the word šéry only as an inanimate masculine noun šér, but corpora also show its considerable use as a feminine noun. A corpus analysis is thus carried out in order to find out whether the codification was justified or whether the non-codified variant is frequent enough to suggest that both of the variants are partly normative among the users of standard Czech. The paper shows that in some cases, even when the gender of the word cannot be determined, it can in fact be identified unambiguously on the basis of other occurrences of the word in the same text/source. The paper arrives at the conclusion that both of the variants are part of the standard Czech norm.

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Despre al în domeniul RLS

Author(s): Anamaria-Bianca Tonț / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2022

My article presents the problem of al (a, ai, ale) in the field of Romanian as a foreign language. The first part of the study is an exposure of the interpretation of possessives, interpretations depending on which the morphological statute of al varies: possessive genitive mark, semi-independent possessive or formative pronoun. The consequences of the morphological interpretations of al can also be seen in the RFL domain. Therefore, the second part of the present article pursues the acquisition of the semi-independent possessive pronoun al by the foreign students depending on the several different interpretations found in the Romanian language textbooks for foreigners.

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Cases Denoting Path in Komi: Semantic, Dialectological and Historical Perspectives

Author(s): Niko Partanen,Riku Erkkilä / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

This article examines the functions and use of Komi-Zyrian prolative cases. The theoretical background is rooted in cognitive linguistics, and the use of these cases in written Komi is studied with the methods of corpus linguistics. Our analysis shows that the two prolative cases have different distributions and functions, but there are also dialectal and grammatical factors that condition their use. Furthermore, we show that there are parallels between the distribution of these forms in different Permic languages and dialects. We contextualise these findings within Permic dialectology, and provide an analysis of how these forms are related and how they have developed in specific Komi subvarieties.

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MORFOLOŠKA PRODUKTIVNOST SLOŽENIH IMENICA U ENGLESKOM JEZIKU NA NIVOU PRAVILA TVORBE

Author(s): Maja M. Žarković Mccray,Maja R. Kujundžić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 25/2022

This paper tries to present morphological productivity of compound nouns in a corpus comprised of news, literary, academic and TV registers using an onomasiological approach, namely, the productivity at the level of word-formation rules. The productivity at the aforementioned level is the union of the productivity at the level of word-formation types and morphological types. By using manual, descriptive, analytic and statistical methods, we came to 571 examples of compound nouns that fell into 10 different conceptual categories (Agent, Action, Result, Object, Location, Instrument, Substance, Time, Quantity, State), i.e. clusters. Each cluster offered pieces of information on the interaction of different concepts within different word-formation types together with the morphological aspect through different morphological types, which was the aim of the paper. The results proved our initial hypothesis that the interaction of different elements is of the utmost significance for better understanding of compounding. The interaction of two concepts dominated all clusters while the combination of two stems, especially two nouns, dominated morphological types.

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Extended conceptual metaphor theory

Author(s): Péter Csatár / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

Zoltán Kövecses . (2020). Extended conceptual metaphor theory . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. xiii + 196 pp.

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On the morphosyntax of hybrid agreement in Jordanian Arabic

Author(s): Basem Ibrahim Malawi Al-Raba'a / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2022

This paper investigates the (hybrid) agreement patterns with collective and military rank nouns in Jordanian Arabic, both inside and outside the determiner phrase (DP). It will be argued that the number, unit (group), and feminization features are hosted on functional heads merged in various positions in the course of the syntactic derivation of the DP, and that agreement is determined on the basis of the Merge sites of those functional projections. More particularly, it will be shown that the heads Num(ber) and Unit may be situated higher or lower within the DP, and that each head controls agreement on the adnominals above it via feature sharing prior to movement, consequently producing different patterns of number agreement inside the DP, which in turn feeds DP-external agreement. The feminizing head, by comparison, is optionally merged, but when it is present, mixed gender agreement arises, depending on its Merge position. Finally, it will be shown that the above assumptions are substantiated by empirical data from Jordanian Arabic as well as from other languages.

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The historical development of the suffix -en in English

Author(s): Jeroen van de Weijer,Hua Gao / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2022

This paper investigates the historical development during the past three centuries of the English suffix -en, used to create denominal adjectives (e.g. golden, silken), focusing on words that have remained in the language until the present day. We specify a way of calculating the rate of loss of the suffix and apply this to different lexical items involved in this process. Finally, we explore the roles of word frequency and collocations, in order to shed some light on how these factors relate to the loss of a linguistic form.

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