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Neparadigmaticky tvořená adjektiva verbální a jejich status ve slovotvorných paradigmatech

Author(s): Patrik Mitter / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2017

Study deals with the nonparadigmaticly formed adjectives in wordforming paradigms of czech verbs. Verbs are suitable material for studying word-forming paradigms because of their large derivation potenciality (especially prefixal derivation is potencial) and for their ability to form verbal aspectual counterparts and multiplicativity counterparts. Study is focused on verbal ability to be basis of nonparadigmatical formation of verbal adjectives. Study indicates how is possible to record these adjectives in word-forming paradigma.

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Substantivizace adjektiv jako problém strojové analýzy češtiny

Author(s): Hana Žižková / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2017

We focused on units with adjectival inflection, for which the primary function is expressing an attribute and its secondary function is expressing a subject. Analysis of corpora data showed that units with adjectival inflection which perform primarily the function of a subject (hajný, pokojská) are reliably identified in the dictionary. We also found that such units with adjectival inflection which serve primarily as an attribute and only secondarily as a subject are in most cases assigned two interpretations in the dictionary, however, when disambiguating, the interpretation is selected incorrectly (strážný, výchovný). This type of expression is interpreted considerably erratically in the corpora. We propose such a solution to this problem that would enable proper disambiguation of units with adjectival inflection, but would at the same time help to avoid increasing homonymy in the morphological dictionary.

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A Morphological Analysis of Fag Packet Sums and a Certain Stoicism

Author(s): Ioan Beniamin Pop / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

In order to assess the truthfulness of events as well as comments or information, journalists make use of various techniques employed to support the validity of their statements in the face of reality. The present paper attempts to prove that writers resort to several methods, among which, almost invariably, is the use of the involvement features specific to adverbs, especially epistemic, attitude, and style stance adverbs. A higher number as adverb occurrence is anticipated in newspaper articles meant to spectacularly or persuasively present information or events, as is the case of tabloids, whereas ‘highbrow’ broadsheets, which supposedly present information rather objectively, will exhibit a lower percentage of adverb employment.

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Usage and Empirical Productivity of International Adjectival Suffixes in Slovak Revisited

Author(s): Jana Levická / Language(s): English Issue: 28/2021

This paper represents a sequel to earlier research focusing on the usage and productivity of five Latinate suffixes in Slovak. The analysis focuses on real and potential productivity in a two-stage comparison: 1) tokens and lemmas occurring in a general balanced corpus vs general corpus of specialised and academic texts, 2) general corpus of specialised and academic texts vs specialised (sub)corpora of medical, legal, economic and religious texts. The first aim of the sequel was to establish if the low-frequency lemmas include new coinages that could contribute to the productivity variation across domains. The second aim was to identify and implement an appropriate statistical measure that would enable the comparison of productivity corpus data across differently sized corpora.

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Tvorba imenica u ranom jezičnom razvoju na temelju podataka za jedno dijete iz Hrvatskog korpusa dječjeg jezika

Author(s): Zrinka Kuna / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 93/2022

Research on the acquisition of word formation has shown that the sequence and speed of this process may vary in typologically different languages (Clark 2001, 2014; Haman et al. 2009). In Croatian, the research on the acquisition of word formation focused primarily on the acquisition of diminutives (Palmović 2007; Kuvač and Palmović 2001); recently, however, there has been a growing interest in this subject area. Based on a case study, this paper aims to explore noun formation in early language development in Croatian and find out: a) when the first derived and compound nouns occur in the data analyzed and to what degree, b) which word formation patterns are found in child language, c) whether there is a difference in frequency of the use of suffixes between the data analyzed and general Croatian, d) to which semantic categories the produced derivatives belong. The results of this research are based on the study of the speech of Antonija, a girl, aged 1;3 to 2;8. Her speech was recorded and transcribed and is a part of the Croatian Corpus of Child Language (Kovačević 2002). Produced derivatives were recorded in the IBM SPSS Statistics 22 program and a frequency analysis was carried out. The results of the analysis show that the girl produced 164 lemmas and 511 tokens. The first noun derivative was produced at the age of 1;5. The girl used all word formation patterns except prefixation. The most productive pattern is suffixation, with diminutives being the most common semantic group. The girl produced 34 suffixes of various meanings. The most productive suffixes are –ica, –ić, –a, and –ek. The most common suffixes in Antonija’s speech differ from the most common suffixes in Croatian (Filko 2020) since the child produced various semantic categories of nouns in a different way from adult speakers. This research can be used as a starting point for future assumptions and research on the acquisition of word formation, in particular on the development of morphological awareness related to particular suffixes in child language.

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O spisovném tvarosloví na téměř tisíci stranách

Author(s): Robert Adam / Language(s): Czech Issue: 5/2022

Review of Štícha, František et al. (2021): Velká akademická gramatika spisovné češtiny II. Morfologie: Morfologické kategorie / Flexe. Praha: Academia, 988 pp.

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„Pastile” și alte remedii pentru cultivarea limbii

Author(s): Adina Streche,Ionela-Alina Cotorogea / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 4/2022

The present article - second of the "Pills" series - aims to present a few of the current rules of the Romanian language, in terms of spelling, pronunciation, grammatically correct forms, as they are included in the new edition of the Orthographic, Orthoepic and Morphological Dictionary of the Romanian language. Always in sight are the compulsory nature of these rules while carrying out professional activities, as well as the purpose of improving the vocabulary by a proper command of the literary language and last, but not least, to help cultivate an educated language.

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Numeral Subjects in Polish: Surface Morphology vs. Abstract Syntax

Author(s): Jacek Witkoś / Language(s): English Issue: 9/2020

Numeral subjects in Polish show a non-uniform agreement pattern with the verb depending on the cardinality of the numeral (paucal vs. high) and the gender of the NP. Full agreement shows with paucal numerals (<5) on non-virile NPs, while high numerals (≥5,) require default agreement (3 person, neuter, singular) on the verb. Paucal numerals combined with virile NPs may show either full agreement or default agreement, while high numerals with virile NPs show default agreement. Furthermore, high numerals combined with virile NPs show a surface morphological form of accusative/genitive, whereas high numerals combined with non-virile NPs show a surface morphological form of accusative/nominative. At the same time all the subtypes of the numeral subject share crucial syntactic properties with the standard nominative subject (e.g. coordination, anaphoric binding, control). This contribution reports on a plausible account of the morphological aspect of the overt (dis-)agreement between the numeral subject and the verb and proposes an account of an abstract syntactic relation between the numeral subject and Tense which resembles the standard procedure of nominative case marking.

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Note despre etimologia unităților derivate de la radicali împrumutați din alte limbi

Author(s): Vasile Bahnaru / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 3/2022

The article examines lexical units derived from neological roots, especially those that form whole families of words. Following their analysis, it is demonstrated that most of these vocabulary elements require to be interpreted, from an etymological point of view, as derived words within the Romanian language, regardless of whether or not they are based on foreign derivative models.

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+lAt- Biçimbirimine İşlevsel Bir Yaklaşım

Author(s): Sıdıka Dursun / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 20/2022

In this study, it is argued and supported by the evidence that the +lAt morpheme as a suffix whose function is to verbalise nouns directly, should be evaluated separately from +lA-t. The study will focus on whether +lAn, +lAş and +lAt and +lA-n, +lA-ş and +lA-t should be considered in a compound structure or as separate suffixes, and it will be discussed whether CAUSATIVE verbs can derive directl from nouns by means of the suffix +lAt-. The relations between these suffixes will be tried to be explained through the phenomenon of CAUSATIVE / INCHOATIVE verb pairs. The question of why diachronic methods are not an appropriate way to explain the derivational relations between these suffixes will be answered. The study will be based on Martin Haspelmath’s (1993) classification of the derivational relations between the CAUSATIVE / INCHOATIVE pairs.

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Phenomena in Romance verb paradigms: Syncretism, order of inflectional morphemes and thematic vowel

Author(s): Benedetta Baldi,Leonardo M. Savoia / Language(s): English Issue: 8/2022

This article aims to propose a treatment of the internal morphological organization of words, based on the idea that morphology is part of syntactic computation. We disagree with Distributed Morphology model, whereby morphology is identified with a post-syntactic component conveying an information ‘separated from the original locus of that information in the phrase marker’ (Embick and Noyer 2001: 557) by rules manipulating syntactic nodes. We also consider inadequate the costly and complex syntactic structures that cartographic approach maps into inflectional strings. We pursue a different conceptualization assuming that morphology is governed by the same rules and principles of syntax. Sub-word elements, including inflections, thematic exponents and clitics, are fully interpretable and enter (pair-)merge operations (in the sense of Chomsky 2020a,b, 2021) according to their content, giving rise to complex words.

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The morphology of complex numerals: A cross-linguistic study

Author(s): Lukáš Žoha,Marcin Wągiel,Pavel Caha / Language(s): English Issue: 8/2022

Complex numerals are numerals composed of two or more numeral roots, e.g., three hundred five. Complex numerals fall into two classes called additive (e.g., twenty-three = 20 + 3) and multiplicative (e.g., three hundred = 3 × 100). There are two possible approaches to capturing their structure. Analysis A (e.g., He 2015) says that complex numerals form a constituent that quantifies over entities denoted by the noun. Analysis B (e.g., Ionin and Matushansky 2018) says that each numeral independently combines with the expression denoting counted entities. This article investigates the morphology of complex numerals in a sample of 17 diverse languages to determine which of these analyses (if any) is more accurate. Our goal is to lay out the patterns and discuss how well they fit with these theories. Our preliminary conclusion is that both structures should be allowed based on the data in our sample, though structures adhering to Analysis A (the complex numeral is a constituent) seem to be more common than the other type.

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PrevDistro: An open-access dataset of Hungarian preverb constructions

Author(s): Ágnes Kalivoda / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2022

Hungarian has a prolific system of complex predicate formation combining a separable preverb and a verb. These combinations can enter a wide range of constructions, with the preverb preserving its separability to some extent, depending on the construction in question. The primary concern of this paper is to advance the investigation of these phenomena by presenting PrevDistro (Preverb Distributions), an open-access dataset containing more than 41.5 million corpus occurrences of 49 preverb construction types. The paper gives a detailed introduction to PrevDistro, including design considerations, methodology and the resulting dataset's main characteristics.

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O patocelebrytach i patointeligencji, czyli o nowych złożeniach z (produktywnym) członem pato-

Author(s): Agnieszka Cierpich-Kozieł / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2022

New Polish compound words formed with the prefix pato- [‘patho-’] undertake an innovative lexical function in communicating a pejorative meaning. They refer not only to new social phenomena but also to persons who provoke public outrage, cause widespread consternation and/or arouse interest. Undoubtedly, the Internet, including the social media, generates their productivity boost. The aim of the article is to excerpt such compounds and investigate their synchronic development in the Polish language. Furthermore, we shall comment on the meaning of some selected lexical units as well as define their formal status.

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Konszabelant: osobliwy transfer językowy

Author(s): Mirosław Bańko / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2022

The article concerns the word konszabelant, known from the children’s song Jestem muzykantem konszabelantem ‘I’m a music man’. It focuses on the German source of the song, parallel songs in several other languages, the etymology of konszabelant, its meaning and scope of use, and above all the reasons why the German phrase (Ich) komm’ aus Schwabenlad ‘I come/arrive from Swabia’ was in the Polish text rendered in such a way, and the circumstances in which it happened.

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Na Zakroczymskiej, na Freta: o reinterpretacji fleksyjnej nazw miejskich

Author(s): Justyna B. Walkowiak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2022

The topic of the study is the phenomenon of inflectional reinterpretation (which may be understood as a kind of folk etymology, more appropriately called etymological reinterpretation) in urban names (hodonyms). It leads to a change of the inflectional paradigm of the onym, e.g. na Matejkach, na Strugarce, na Karasiej instead of na (ulicy) Matejki, Strugarka, Karasia. The examples were excerpted mostly from the Internet and – to a lesser degree – from scholarly literature. Twelve types of such reinterpretation have been identified, exemplified by a total of over 40 onyms. Possible factors contributing to reinterpretation were analysed, such as the specificity of proper names, their frequency and developmental trends, as well as semantic and structural mechanisms (internal analogy, the ellipsis of the identifying element). Some similarities were also found between the effects of the most common type of inflectional reinterpretation and the formation of informal, unconventional urban names.

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Co ma wspólnego stonka z biedronką, czyli próba ustalenia pochodzenia wyrazu stonka

Author(s): Jadwiga Waniakowa / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2022

The aim of this work is to try to find the etymology of the word stonka and to present the history of this word. In the course of research, the author discovers that the word was first attested in 1780 and meant ‘ladybird’. She suggests that the word stonka is a native derivative and is associated with the verb stać. The author then examines the semantic changes of the word, which depend on the discoveries and findings of entomologists, such as the discovery of the Colorado beetle species in 1824 and the naming of the Chrysomelinae subfamily in Polish. Today the word stonka is the name of a potato pest because it is the most popular representative of the Chrysomelinae subfamily in Poland.

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MARCAREA CAZURILOR OBLICE ÎN GRAIURILE DACOROMÂNE

Author(s): Ana-Maria Neagu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 02/2022

When compared to other Romance languages, Romanian is observed to allow both synthetic and analytical marking of oblique cases. The analytical marking is a Romance characteristic of Romanian and the synthetic marking is inherited from Latin, but it is also a Balkan Sprachbund convergence feature. This paper describes the use of genitive-dative forms in a corpus of dialectal texts and draws comparisons with Old Romanian. The corpus-based investigation shows there is an expansion of analythic markers in regional varieties as compared with old language when it comes to the type of constructions these markers appear in and their frequency

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The in-out spatial relation as conceptualized and verbalized by Danish Directional Adverbs and their equivalents in Polish

Author(s): Aleksander Kacprzak / Language(s): English Issue: 25/2018

The present paper aims to investigate and compare the conceptualization and verbalization of the in-out relation in Danish and Polish. The introductory paragraphs focus on the differences in the distribution of content in Polish and Danish employing Leonard Talmy’s typological classification of languages into verb-framed and satellite-framed, and provide information about Danish Directional Adverbs which are believed to be the key to understanding spatial relations in Danish. The analysis in the following paragraph reveals similarities and differences in the perception of the in-out relation through image schemas such as container and center-periphery. The analysis of the center-periphery image schema in Danish reveals that there is often a presupposed reference point in situations where the directional adverb does not refer to the in-out relation denoted by the prepositional phrase, which leads to a description of the general structure of this image schema in the last part of the article.

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Reflexives are Results of Impoverishment

Author(s): Yusuke Yoda / Language(s): English Issue: 44/2020

For decades, the central issues surrounding Binding have been investigation of mechanisms of co-referentiality. Most of literature have attempt to find out the mechanisms of binding condition (Chomsky 1981, 1986). This paper will shed new light on the Binding, that is morphological aspects of reflexive anaphors and pronouns, and the source of subject orientation. The purposes of this paper are to claim that Apparent ses (Pica (1985)) in some languages are in fact pronoun and thesubject orientation is emerged as a result of person/gender-feature (φ-feature) impoverishment (cf. Noyer (1997), Halle (1997)). To claim these, this paper looks at Thai and Japanese data. The organization of this paper from next chapter is as follows. Section 2 briefly reviews binding theory we adopt. Then section 3, Thai binding data are introduced. Based on Thai data provided in section 3, section 4 provides proposal and analysis, in which the morpho-semantic framework by Middleton (2018) is introduced. Section 5 shows the current account is also applicable to Japanese reflexives. Section 6 concludes this paper.

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