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Si představ, by mě zajímalo, ti to ukážu: Jednoslabičné začátky syntaktických segmentů v mluvené češtině

Author(s): Jana Hoffmannová,Olga Richterová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2015

The paper deals with a phenomenon frequently encountered in the syntax of spoken Czech, namelyone-syllable words, mostly of pronominal or verbal nature (se, si, sem, ste, sme, mě, mi, mu, tě, ti, bych,bys, by…) at the beginning of syntactic segments. At this stage, the analysis focuses on three forms:by, si, ti. The authors address the issue of the difficult identification of segment boundaries, includingthe influence of turn-taking in dialogue. The data was taken from the ORAL2013 corpus; thepaper further looks into the usefulness of this corpus for the investigation of dialogue syntax, itsquery options and the possible interpretation of the presented evidence. The results have shown sofar that the one-syllable beginnings in question are based on the elision of certain, mostly pronominal,expressions, or less frequently on word-order inversion. Furthermore, to a certain extent, theycorrelate with selected non-verbal discourse phenomena (longer pauses, silence, laughter), withsyntactic phenomena (repetitions, corrections, parentheses, aposiopesis, etc.) and also with speakerturn-taking and topic change.

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Vývoj slovosledu kondicionálového auxiliáru ve starších českých biblích

Author(s): Pavel Kosek / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2015

The paper deals with the development of word order of the conditional auxiliary in Old and Middle Czech which has changed into a permanent enclitic form. The paper is based on data gained from the Old and Middle Czech Bible translations (The Gospel of Matthew). The aim of the paper is to detect all possible word-order positions of these auxiliary forms in Old and Middle Czech. The analysis shows that the conditional auxiliary behaves as a ′stable′ enclitic in the explored older Czech Bibles, except when it is an auxiliary in the function of a subjunctor. According to the explored data it seems that the post-initial (2P) word-ordering of the Czech enclitic became established in Old Czech and that verb-adjacent (VA) word- -ordering was retreating at that time.

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Mluvená syntax v Naší řeči

Author(s): Jiří Zeman / Language(s): Czech Issue: 3/2017

The article focuses on the presentation of some specific aspects of Czech spoken syntax. It draws attention to several methodological problems accompanying research of this kind. It is based on articles published in the journal Naše řeč.

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„Reprodukce“ řeči v mluveném projevu (řeč přímá, nepřímá, ev. polopřímá téměř sto let po Hallerovi)

Author(s): Jana Hoffmannová,Zuzana Komrsková,Petra Poukarová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 3/2017

In his 1929 study published in Naše řeč, Jiří Haller introduced the term free indirect speech. He also explored how direct, indirect and free indirect speech works in spoken discourse, showing how difficult it is to distinguish among the three forms and how the frequent use of the particle prý/prej contributes to the blurriness of the boundaries between them. In an effort to respond to Haller’s notions, we present some results from current research on the syntax of spoken Czech drawing on corpus data. We focus on the role and use of the particle prý/prej: a) as concerns its changing functions and semantics; b) whether it signals the reproduction of the speaker’s own speech or the speech of others; c) its position (inside the introductory segment or inside the reproduced segment).

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O modálních predikativech slovesného původu typu To přende, (se) patři… zbórat

Author(s): Milena Šipková / Language(s): Czech Issue: 4/2017

The paper describes the process of modalization of originally verbal expressions such as přijde (in the dialect přende, přydže...), (se) patří...; it explains the causes of this process and its manifestation (consequences) on the morphological and syntactic levels: ta stodola / to stodolo přende / (se) patři jož zbórat... The topic was initiated during work on the Dictionary of Czech Dialects (A–C; available from sncj.ujc.cas.cz) but also by numerous articles on modal expressions (modal verbs and modal predicatives) by Josef Zubatý, co-founder and previous editor of the journal Naše řeč (Our Speech). The process of modalization of these verbal expressions rests on the fact that: (a) they are followed by an infinitive; (b) they keep the form of the 3rd person sg.; (c) they tend toward reflexivization, i.e. the reflexive verbal form (patří / patří se, sluší / sluší se…); (d) these expressions are part of both subject sentences (with the patient in the nominative case) and subjectless sentences (with the patient in the accusative case).

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Multimodální konstrukce: jazyk a gestikulace jako vtělená kognice

Author(s): Eva Lehečková,Jakub Jehlička / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2018

Language interaction is a multimodal phenomenon. Although traditionally deemed mere epiphenomenon of language, co-speech gestures and other non-verbal means are crucial to all aspects of communication. In this paper, we focus on co-speech gestures from the perspective of cognitivist approaches to language, particularly Construction Grammar. We attempt to make a case for Multimodal Construction Grammar as a promising way of taking co-speech gesture into a holistic symbol-based account, that adheres to both cognitive as well as interactionist principles.

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ON THE PRESENTATIONAL CAPACITY OF THETIC-LIKE SENTENCES

Author(s): Martin Adam / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2012

Within the Firbasian framework of the theory of FSP, sentences are understood to implement either the Presentation Scale or the Quality Scale; the author’s research into the area of FSP has recently dealt with the role of the English verb operating in Presentation Scale sentences (Pr-sentences) (Adam 2011, 2012; cf. 2009). In addition to the existential there-construction, it is the configuration of the rhematic subject in preverbal position that seems to convey existence/appearance on the scene most frequently in English (A cruel smile hovered over her face). The present corpus-based paper proposes to shed light on the structure and the function of a rather specific type of Pr-sentences patterning as relatively short structures with a tentatively context-independent subject (The potatoes are boiling). Such sentences functionally resemble statements that came to be labelled as “thetic” or sometimes “all-new sentences” (Mathesius 1975: 87, Firbas 1992: 86-87, cf. Kuroda 1972, Lewis 2001). The point is that even though from the static point of view (i.e. that of lexical semantics) such sentences do not suggest the characteristic of appearance/existence, they do not appear to be excluded from expressing presentation on the scene.

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SYNTACTIC FUNCTIONS OF FINITE AND NON-FINITE CLAUSES IN ACADEMIC ENGLISH

Author(s): Marcela Malá / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2010

Finite and non-finite clauses can perform four syntactic functions in sentences. They can substitute for clause elements commonly expressed by noun phrases or adverbials; they can pre- and postmodify noun phrases, or as comment clauses, be independent of the rest of the sentence. This paper explores the four categories in 100 consecutive sentences in four research articles from psychology and economics published at the beginning of the 20th century and a hundred years later. The findings show that fi nite and non-finite clauses postmodifying noun phrases are by far the most frequently used category in the older texts. In the modern texts, however, this category decreases in favour of clauses occupying a noun phrase slot and adverbial. In the disciplines explored, the data also shows that texts are more impersonal and academic English indicates a trend towards a non-finite mode of expression.

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GRAMMATICAL ORIENTATION CORRELATED WITH REGISTER: AN ANALYSIS FROM A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

Author(s): Junichi Toyota / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2009

Languages can be classified into three types, e.g. situation-oriented (e.g. Russian, Chinese, etc.), speaker-oriented (e.g. Bulgarian, Turkish, etc.) and hearer-oriented (e.g. English, Danish, etc.) (Durst-Anderssen 2005, 2006, 2008). In this paper, it is argued that the difference in spoken and written discourse can be compared to different patterns in these classificatory types, and historical changes in register can be explained through changes in these types. Due to gradualness of changes, one can find overlap in features, but orientation types presented here can be a useful indicator of register, especially from historical perspectives.

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FSP AND COHESION: COHESIVE RELATIONS WITHIN AN FSP ANALYSIS OF A THEOLOGICAL TEXT

Author(s): Martin Adam / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2009

The Firbasian theory of functional sentence perspective (FSP) has been an integral part of the research into information processing. Analysing clauses (horizontal axis) and texts (vertical axis) from the point of view of distribution of the degrees of communicative dynamism, and studying the dynamic processes in functional macrofields, FSP logically deals with cohesion of discourse. The paper will discuss the cohesive means functioning in the text in the light of FSP, namely in terms of co-referential strings and dynamic semantic tracks. It will also look at the phenomenon referred to as semantic (notional) homogeneity. The paper analyses and interprets cohesive relations found within one New Testament theological text of epistolary character, employing FSP methods of analysis.

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CLINES OF CATEGORIALITY IN SENTENCE COMPLEXING

Author(s): Jarmila Tárnyiková / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2008

This paper argues that the dynamism of multidimensional processes of sentence complexing cannot be fully understood without due attention paid to both dichotomies and clines of categoriality (also referred to as scales or gradients). First the scope of analysis is proposed, taking into view both the micro- and macrostructures of the text. Then the simplifying impact of binary sets on certain syntactic taxonomies is exemplified, followed in the application section by the discussion of the gradient of integration of dependent clauses into their respective Head-clauses, ranging from fully integrated (and interlaced) embedded clauses to loosely attached enhanced clauses.

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Asyntaktická spojení vět v složitém nadsouvětném celku

Author(s): Josef Štěpán / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2019

The article first defines the concept of asyntactic clausal connections and the concept of a compound-complex super-clausal unit as textual phenomena. The first section delimits semi-dependent and parenthetical clauses as asyntactic connections of clauses, before turning to subordinateclauses. The second section provides the focus of the article, classifying the order (postposition, anteposition, interposition) of primarily semi-dependent and parenthetical clauses in relation to independent and subordinate clauses in a compound-complex super-clausal unit. The classsification is based on excerpts from contemporary written texts selected over time by theauthor.

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Subject it-extraposition in applied linguistics research articles: semantic and syntactic analysis

Author(s): Reza Moghaddam,Seyed Foad Ebrahimi / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

During the last two decades, numerous studies have focused on linguistic features of academic writing. One of these features, which appears frequently in academic writing and which writers need to improve their use of, is the it-extraposition construction. The existing literature on subject it-extraposition has focused on syntactic analysis (types and patterns) of this construction and little attention has been paid to semantic analysis (meanings); thus, this study aims to explore the types, patterns and meanings of subject it-extraposition used in Applied Linguistics research articles. The study was run on a corpus of 57 Applied Linguistics research articles, wherein the common extraposed subject clauses were the that-clause followed by the infinitive to-clause. It was also evident that minimal attention was devoted to the use of the wh-clause and the -ing participle clause. Concerning patterns of it-extraposition subject clause, subject + predicate and subject + predicate + complement were the most commonly utilised in Applied Linguistics research articles. The findings showed that Applied Linguistics writers were more concerned with expressing and evaluating their opinions and claims semantically. This study could help novice writers, especially novice non-native writers, to increase their awareness regarding how such construction is used syntactically and semantically by expert writers in writing research articles.

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Větné členy jako funkčně sémantické kategorie (teoretické vymezení)

Author(s): Václav Slovák / Language(s): Czech Issue: 3/2020

The article analyses theoretical aspects of sentence members in the Russian and Czech languages and it sets the following aims: 1) to describe different linguistic approaches to the theory of sentence members and to present basic principles of classification of sentence members in contemporary linguistics, 2) to connect the theory of sentence members with the theory of functional semantic categories and to demonstrate that sentence members can be perceived as functional semantic categories with the structure of functional semantic field. Such approach to sentence members reflects the essential function of sentence members in a more precise way and enables to divide the sentence members into two categories – typical and syncretic (which are placed at the periphery of individual categories).

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О синтаксическом статусе указательного местоимения это в позиции связки

Author(s): Aleksander Kiklewicz / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2020

This article deals with a particular type of simple sentences with a complex predicate, which includes the Russian demonstrative pronoun это (‘eto’). The author states the prevailing in the linguistic literature view, that such units take the position of the so-called copula. The author presents arguments against treating the pronoun as a copula, taking into account such aspects as: function, distribution, position, intonation, substitution, semantics. The author proves the thesis that the demonstrative pronoun in so-called binominative sentences occupies the position of subject, establishing an anaphoric relation with the noun in preposition, which has the status of parenthesis. Binominative sentences with parenthesis occur in several varieties, while the positions of the right and left collocators by the pronoun may be occupied by nouns (in the nominative), verbs (infinitives), as well as predicative adverbs. The pronoun in binominative sentences with parenthesis occurs in a general-indicative meaning, it has (from a semantic point of view) an expletive character, and the topical pause (between parenthesis and pronoun) serves to emphatical separating of the predicate group.

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Формальний і функційний вокатив: комунікативно-граматичні студії

Author(s): Anatoliy Zahnitko / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 2/2021

The article thoroughly reveals evolutional and prospective, formal and grammatical, linear and positional, semantic and syntactic, functional and communicative dimensions of the Ukrainian vocative with disclosure of the main tendencies of strong influence on the development of its forms and formation of temporal interruption of their functioning. Actualized space of convergence and divergence of the vocative in the internal case system was found out, basic and non-basic semantic and syntactic functions of the vocative were determined, linear and positional intra-sentence status of the vocative forms was determined with the emphasis on special load of centrifugal intra-sentence tendencies in secondary functions of the neutral addressee and the identifier and centripetal force in the primary function of the addressee who is potential subject of action. The weakening and/or strengthening of individual vocative flexions reflects the main tendencies of the evolution of the Ukrainian language grammatical structure, interaction with other cases, increase and/or decrease of convergent and/or divergent relations. The variety of strong flexions of the vocative between nouns – names of creatures, partly – nouns – names of creatures is opposed to weak flexions of noun vocative case – names of non-creatures, which motivates the strengthening of the analogy in the vocative noun forms – the names of non-creatures, formation of regularities of noun vocative forms. The primary and secondary functions of the vocative are characterized by its appellative function, vocative forms belonging to volitional, functional and communicative field with pragmatic intentions’ domination. The correlation of systemic and normative, usual and speech implementations of formal and grammatical dimensions of the vocative was revealed with the disclosure of significance of the last two in the weakening of systemic and normative expression of vocative forms.

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О грешниках «смашком главом ходешти» в Абагаре Филиппа Cтаниславова

Author(s): Lyudvig Selimski / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2021

In this article the idiomatic expression смашком главом ходешти ‘smashkom glavom hodeshti’ is analyzed. The problematic smashkom glavom is considered as a substitution of the Croatian s muškom glavom ‘with a man (a male person)’. The preposition c/s for instrumental does not refer to the appearance (of a person) “(with) shorn hair” or “(with) uncovered head” etc. In this case, it is semantically connected to the subject of the verb (Bulg.) ходя / hodya ‘gо’ with one more subject of the same action; beside the semantics of this verb is another: ‘have intercourse’. Regarding the inner form of the Bulg. ходя c (някого) / hodya s (nyakogo) ‘go with (someone)’ cf. the Lat. co-eo, co-īre ‘to come together, to have sexual intercourse’, and from it – the Lat. coitus ‘sexual intercourse’. Hence, ‘smashkom glavom hodeshti’ in Abagar (1651) means ‘male homosexuals’ – the subject to reprimand in the Epistle of Apostle Paul to Corinthians.

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Syntaktische Musterreplikationen bei deutsch-tschechischen Bilingualen: Ein gebrauchsbasierter Ansatz

Author(s): Aneta Bučková / Language(s): German Issue: 2/2021

The article deals with the analysis of syntactic pattern replications of Czech -German bilinguals. The analysis draws on spontaneous language data from narrative interviews with two groups of bilinguals who were born in Czechoslovakia around 1955 and emigrated to West Germany in the late 1960s. These are described in regard to language acquisition and language attrition. The study makes a strong case for the usefulness of an interpretive framework in the area of argument structure and related valency for the analysis of pattern replications. For this purpose, traditional valency theory and cognitive construction grammar are combined. In this way, the cognitive processes behind contact -induced patterns differing from the homeland variety can be captured, as shown by the example of the accusative construction.

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Operátor lomeno koordinátor lomeno adordinátor: K funkcím slova lomeno

Author(s): Jakub Sláma / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2022

The paper uses various corpora to scrutinize the uses of lomeno 'slash' in Czech. The word lomeno is sometimes used when the name of the slash sign is spelled out explicitly, and it is used in mathematical operations. The word has, however, two more uses not registered in Czech linguistic literature: it can function as a coordinator, typically (but not necessarily) with the meaning of 'or'; it can also be used similarly to the English slash when conjoining two coreferential words or phrases (i.e., as an "adordinator" or apposition marker).

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K vyjadřování reciprocity v češtině: souvýskyt výrazu jeden – druhý s reflexivem

Author(s): Jiří Pergler / Language(s): Czech Issue: 4/2022

The article deals with the Czech reciprocal syntactic pattern characterized by the co-occurrence of the reflexive marker and the bipartite reciprocal marker jeden – druhý (with identical case marking) within one clause; this pattern has not been studied yet in Czech linguistics. After a brief introduction to the field of reciprocity, the most detailed existing model of the Czech reciprocity (developed earlier within the framework of Functional Generative Description) is shortly summarized, highlighting the fact that this model does not take into consideration the pattern in question. Thereafter, linguistic data drawn from both a written and a spoken corpus are presented in order to document the pattern; the co-occurrence is attested most frequently with the dative reflexive form si, although sporadic attestations were found with all other case forms of the reflexive pronoun as well. Attention is also paid to the possibilities of the linguistic interpretation of the co-occurrence, considering also some related patterns (e.g. the mutual co-occurrence of two different forms of the reflexive) as well as the situation in other languages.

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