Семантические классы предикатов состояния (на материале русского языка)

Author(s): Galina Ivanovna Kustova / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

This chapter deals with the analysis of states from the perspective of the typology of predicate vocabulary. States (along with qualities) occupy the lowest rank in the semantic hierarchy of predicates; prototypical states, e.g. ( В комнате темно (The room is dark), Детям холодно(The children are cold) are one-place predicates: their only argument (semantic actant) is the subject (inanimate or animate) undergoing he state. However, many experiential state predicates have two arguments, an experiencer and a stimulus.The chapter is focused mainly on experiential states, i.e. human states, which are the result of a person’s ability to react to the impact of the outside world and to construct in formational images of non-linguistic situations. A hierarchy of experiential states and the semantic relations among them are presented as well.This chapter deals with the analysis of states from the perspective of the typology of predicate vocabulary. States (along with qualities) occupy the lowest rank in the semantic hierarchy of predicates; prototypical states, e.g. ( В комнате темно (The room is dark), Детям холодно (The children are cold) are one-place predicates: their only argument (semantic actant) is the subject (inanimate or animate) undergoing he state. However, many experiential state predicates have two arguments, an experiencer and a stimulus. The chapter is focused mainly on experiential states, i.e. human states, which are the result of a person’s ability to react to the impact of the otuside world and to construct informational images of non-linguistic situations. A hierarchy of experiential states and the semantic relations among them are presented as well.

Дативно-инфинитивные структуры и синтаксические идиомы в русском языке

Author(s): Anton Zimmerling / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

I discuss two sentence patterns expressing modal meanings in Modern Russian. Dative infinitive structures (DIS) have the taxonomic meaning of alethic (external) modality in sentences in the indicative mood. Root DIS clauses are productive, while embedded DIS clauses represent a relic type inherited from Old Russian: it only survives in sentences with identical clausal subjects. Syntactic idioms like негде спать, некого винить project an idiosyncratic finite sentence pattern with a negative existential head. The latter consists of a stressed negation не merged with an incorporated wh-word. Such elements, called neg-words, combine features of morphological units resembling dative predicatives with characteristics of reordered sentences derived by the raising of wh-words from embedded infinitival clauses to the matrix clause. Most sentences with predicative neg-words reconstruct affirmative counterparts, which are overtly bi-clausal. Russian sentences with predicative neg-words express the taxonomic meaning of existential quantification combined with the meaning of alethic impossibility. The modal subject does not impose restrictions on animacy in either sentence pattern. Both DIS sentences and syntactic idioms with neg-words are reordered bi-clausal structures, but the reordering vector is different: DIS sentences have a degraded upper clause, while the idioms with neg-words have a degraded embedded infinitival clause.

Семантические и синтаксические свойства предикативов ощущения (сензитивов)

Author(s): Galina Ivanovna Kustova / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The paper considers constructions «sensation predicative + infinitive» and «emotion predicative + infinitive». The infinitives of the movement, position and some others are typical for sensation predicative: Kholodno stoyat’ / ekhat’ ‘It’s cold to stand / to drive’; Temno idti / chitat’ ‘It’s dark to go / to read’. Such an infinitive occupies an intermediate position between a valency and an adjunct. In the infinitive construction, sensitives undergo a semantic shift: they are shifted to the zone of emotional evaluations (Mne dushno ezdit’ letom v metro ‘It’s stuffy for me to ride the subway in the summer’) or to the zone of modal predicates (Uzhe temno chitat’ ‘It’s dark to read’).

Конструкции за психически преживявания с дателна клитика в българския език

Author(s): Maxim Stamenov / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The paper will present an overview of the constructions with dative clitics for mental experiences in the Bulgarian language. Their specificity is that they include in their syntactic and semantic structure the so-called ‘dative subject’, which may be expressed by a dative clitic or a dative noun group. This construction possesses several specific features on a morphological, syntactic and semantic basis that will be taken into account and discussed.

Причастные формы как депиктивы: болгарско-русские параллели

Author(s): Elena Yu. Ivanova / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The present article explores constructions with depictives (in conventional terms, predicative attributes), which constitute one of the forms representing the secondary predication. Participles in the depictive function are the most appropriate morphological means of expression of the current state of the subject at the moment of performing a certain action. The article shows, on the basis of the parallel Bulgarian-Russian corpus, that while participles can function as depictives in the both languages, they differ in their depictive potential.

Адюнкти към глаголи за емоционални състояния

Author(s): Yovka Tisheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The main goal of this paper is to discuss the realization of manner and quantity and degree adverbs as adjuncts to emotional predicates. The object of observation is the realization of sentences with Bulgarian verbs obicham (to love), obozhavam (to adore), mrazya (to hate) and nenavizhdam (to loathe). The use of adverbs modifying the intensity or degree of emotional state manifestation is commented. Observations are also made on the word order of intensifying adverbs in adjunct position, and on the possibility for verbal degree gradation.

Дателно допълнение или предложна фраза при предикативите в руския и в българския език – конкуренция и специфики

Author(s): Alexander Letuchiy,Marina Dzhonova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The paper represents a comparative study of the cases in which in Bulgarian and Russian there is a competition between the dative and the prepositional complement with the preposition для/за 'for' in stative predicative constructions. The relation between the type of complement and the choice of complement clause is considered. Based on empirical data from both languages, general tendencies as well as language-specific features such as control rules in Russian or cases of raising an argument from the subordinate clause are outlined.

Съпоставителен анализ на глаголите виждам – видя и видеть – увидеть и комплементите им в български и руски език

Author(s): Hristina Kukova,Maria Ovsjannikova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The paper presents part of a contrastive study on stative predicates. The observations are focused on the verbs виждам – видя and видеть – увидеть and their clausal complements’ realisation in Bulgarian and Russian. The research aims at demonstrating the correlation of the conjunctions че, да, как and respectively что, чтобы, как in the two languages.

Опит за класификация на предикативи за състояние

Author(s): Valentina Stefanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The article is aimed at classifying the state predicatives and describing the semantic classes, subtypes and characteristic features. The classification is made on the basis of analyzes of predicative constructions. The meanings and realization of the individual impersonal predicative constructions with a component ending in -о/- е with obligatory or optional use of clitics are observed, the different constructions are noted, also selective or contextual restrictions.

Семантико-синтаксический анализ болгарских, польских и русских глаголов

Author(s): Julia Mazurkiewicz-Sułkowska / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

This article presents the results of an extensive study entitled “Syntactic properties of verbs as a basis for their integrated lexicographic analysis (in the Polish-Bulgarian-Russian comparative perspective)”. Three Slavic languages were examined for verbs of the mental and emotional types. Besides illustrating mutual influence between the semantic plane and the syntactic plane of sentences, containing verbs belonging to the mental and emotive classes, the core of which are the verbs of the analyzed classes, the main assumptions of two dictionaries containing semantic and syntactic characteristics of verbs are also presented.

Концептуална структура на предикати за състояние върху материал на български и руски

Author(s): Svetlozara Leseva,Ivelina Stoyanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The paper presents our observations on two major groups of stative predicates – Permanent Properties and Relations and True Statives, as well as their corresponding classes. After an overview of the main theoretical works focusing on stative predicates, we turn to their representation in two lexical-semantic resources – WordNet and FrameNet. We analyse the specific features of the conceptual description using FrameNet frames and demonstrate the research principles through the analysis of predicates for intent, will and desire. The analysis employs data from WordNet synsets and their corresponding equivalents in Bulgarian and Russian, while the examples are extracted from a parallel Polish-Bulgarian-Russian corpus.

Quelques considérations concernant l'intégration des anglicismes dans la langue française

Author(s): Larisa-Elena Alui-Gheorghe / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

Our aim is to analyze a few key factors, which determine the process of borrowing words of English origin into French, and the barriers that these words surpassed in order to be integrated in the French vocabulary. As we noticed, in the everyday speech, there are many words of English origin that have been inserted by the speakers and which are used frequently. What are the reasons that determine the use of this type of words? How can we check if the use of this kind of words is necessary? What solutions can we propose in order to avoid the use of this type of neologisms without a well-defined reason? These are some important questions to which we will try to find appropriate explanations and examples taken from everyday speech.

Категорията съставни лексикални единици в нормативната граматика

Author(s): Ruska Stancheva,Viara Maldžieva / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The paper discusses the systematic description of multiword expressions (MWEs) as objects of grammar. The definition of such units is proposed, their scope is determined, criteria for their identification are derived. A framework for description of the grammatical properties of MWEs is presented that takes into consideration two distinct types of MWEs – syntactic phrasemes and phrasemes. Main normative problems related to the use of syntactic phrasemes are noted.

Интерпретация имён с нулевыми суффиксами в русском языке: Участник или ситуация?

Author(s): Alexander Letuchiy / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

In this paper, I discuss Russian deverbal zero-derived nouns, both prefixed (vyezd ‘departure’) and compound (gvozdodёr ‘tool for pulling out nails’, snegopad ‘snowfall’). It turns out that prefixed nouns mainly denote a situation or its result, while compound nouns may either denote a situation (snegopad) or a participant (agent or a similar instrument-like participant like gvozdodёr). The interpretation depends on the transitivity of the base verb: if it is transitive, the participant interpretation is chosen (gvozdodёr, lesorub ‘lumberjack’, lit. ‘wood-cut’), while with intransitive verbs, the default interpretation is situational (snegopad, ledoxod ‘ice drift’). I explain this possibility by the fact that in complex words, the zero suffix is attached simultaneously with root compounding, and the second root (e.g., -dёr-, -rub-) is not usually a word and does not have a fixed interpretation. By contrast, in words like vyezd the zero suffix is attached to the existent prefixed verb vyexat’ / vyezžat’ ‘drive out’. The properties of the verb are retained under nominalization, including the situational interpretation.

Семантични студии. Синтактично и семантично описание на български глаголи. Предговор

Author(s): Svetla Koeva / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Extended ontology of noun semantic classes

Author(s): Svetla Koeva / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The primary aim of this study is to propose an effective approach for characterising the frame elements of conceptual frames within the Bulgarian FrameNet using noun classes. This approach will facilitate the prediction of comprehensive and semantically valid combinations between verbal lexical units that evoke conceptual frames and appropriate nouns. The study provides a concise overview of the semantic classifications of nouns in WordNet, Corpus Pattern Analysis, FrameNet, and VerbAtlas, emphasising their significance in predicting verb-noun compatibility. The structure of the Bulgarian FrameNet (BulFrame) is presented, containing components adapted from FrameNet for Bulgarian along with a substantial amount of lexical, morphological, syntactic, and semantic information specific to the Bulgarian language. One distinctive feature of the Bulgarian FrameNet is the specification of noun classes, indicating appropriate nouns for the lexical realisation of frame elements. By aligning synonym sets from WordNet with the semantic types of Corpus Pattern Analysis and FrameNet, as well as with the selective preferences of VerbAtlas, the foundational structure of the Extended Ontology of Noun Semantic Classes is established. The Ontology concepts are linked, not exclusively, to synonym sets from WordNet and thereby to sets of nouns suitable for combination with verbal lexical units that evoke the corresponding conceptual frames. The contribution of this development lies in detailing the steps for selecting semantic classes (concepts) and constructing the structure of the Extended Ontology of Noun Semantic Classes.

Част на тялото като семантична характеристика

Author(s): Valentina Stefanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

This study focuses on the analysis of the frame element Body part as a semantic feature to describe semantic frames according to the hierarchical structure in FrameNet. The aim is a semantical description and a methodological presentation for information extraction and analysis of a group of verbs according to the presence of a specific frame element. The research is part of the development of the Bulgarian FrameNet (BulFrame), a system for visualisation and editing of conceptual frames that are defined in the system (Koeva, Doychev 2022). The analysis is carried out by extracting verbs that are conceptually described by semantic frames with the core frame element Body Part. Semantic resources that are created for the purpose of semantic, syntactic and conceptual knowledge of verbs are used in the study. Mapping with verb synsets from the Bulgarian WordNet is made for the observation. The nouns that the verb conjuncts are considered with respect to distinct synsets and semantic types as a possible realisation of the verb. As a result, a grouping of nouns associated with semantic types from Corpus Pattern Analysis (CPA) is proposed.

Verbs of communication: validation of conceptual frames in corpus data

Author(s): Svetlozara Leseva,Ivelina Stoyanova / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The chapter outlines the properties of the semantic class of verbs of communication in terms of the most representative FrameNet frames of higher frequency and the syntactic realisation of the frame elements in different valence patterns in English and Bulgarian. For the purposes of the study we employ two large lexical-semantic resources: (a) the Princeton WordNet (Fellbaum 1998b), and the Bulgarian WordNet (Koeva 2021), and (b) FrameNet (Baker et al. 1998). In particular, the analysis is centred on the information included in each of the resources and how it can be used towards their mutual enrichment and the extension of their coverage. We discuss the general organisation of the verb lexis representing the domain of communication: the prototypical frame Communication and frames inheriting from it, focusing on the frames Statement and Telling as two of the most representative frames of verbal communication. The objective is to validate the realisation of semantic frames in corpus data using the semantically annotated corpora SemCor (Miller et al. 1993b) and BulSemCor (Koeva et al. 2006). While we use resources for English and Bulgarian, we discuss the universal and language-specific aspects of this description and the transferability of knowledge across languages. The observations made on the valence patterns and the syntactic expression of the core frame elements are used to verify the validity of the assigned frame, while also highlighting the similarities and differences both between verbs from the same domain in one language (Bulgarian) and between equivalent/similar senses across languages (Bulgarian and English).

За семантичния клас глаголи за контакт чрез преместване

Author(s): Maria Todorova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The study offers a description of a group of verbs from WordNet with the semantic class (primitive) “verbs for contact”, which belong to the set of commonly used vocabulary in Bulgarian. The description focuses on verbs of contact combined with displacement, which include verbs for attaching, detaching, placing, removing, filling, and emptying. A semantic-syntactic description is proposed, which covers the frame elements of the corresponding FrameNet semantic frame and their corresponding syntactic implementations. Situations represented by the semantic frames Attachment, Detachment, Filling, Emptying, Manipulation and Touching are considered. The analyzed information is based on manual verification, editing and addition of the semi-automatic correlation of two large semantic language resources — WordNet and FrameNet. Subclasses of motion contact verbs have been proposed according to the location of physical contact.

Основни фреймове за перцепция и комплексно представяне на семантико-синтактична информация

Author(s): Hristina Kukova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The research focuses on verbs of perception and their conceptual descriptions in Bulgarian. An analytical review of previous theoretical generalisations as well as scientifically applied research is presented. The variety of constructions and syntactic realisations that the representatives of this class of predicates project onto their sentential surroundings serves as a starting point for the present study. The analysis is based on semantic and partly morphological information about the lexical units from WordNet (Fellbaum 1998; Koeva 2021a), as well as on semantic-syntactic specificities by which the lexical units under study are represented in FrameNet (Baker et al. 1998; Ruppenhofer et al. 2016). Seven frames are considered, which demonstrate high frequency and a wide variety of verbal lexical units. The description includes grammatical features of the verbs, semantic and syntactic constraints that the verbal lexical units impose on their frame elements, mapping of the frame elements to a certain synonym set or semantic class of WordNet nouns that corresponds to the properties of the elements in the frame. The status of the frame elements is also adopted from FrameNet, which is essential for the realisation of the given lexical unit.