ŽODŽIŲ JUNGINIAI DVIKALBĖJE LEKSIKOGRAFIJOJE: VOKIEČIŲ–LIETUVIŲ KALBŲ ŽODYNO ANALIZĖ

Author(s): Lina Plaušinaitytė,Skaistė Volungevičienė / Language(s): Lithuanian,German Issue: 10/2016

Der vorliegende Aufsatz befasst sich dem Problem der Präsentation von Mehrwortverbindungen in den lexikographischen Werken am Beispiel des Großen deutsch–litauischen Wörterbuchs. Im theoretischen Teil werden die wichtigsten für eine systematische lexikographische und metalexikographische Beschreibung notwendigen Klassen von Wortverbindungen vorgestellt und auf die Schwierigkeiten einer exakten Abgrenzung einzelner Klassen hingewiesen. Eine für die lexikographische Beschreibung des Wortschatzes ausreichend differenzierte Gliederung der Mehrwortverbindungen muss auf der Benutzeroberfläche eines Printwörterbuchs nur insofern erkennbar sein, als sie die Grundlage für eine geordnete und systematische Präsentation von Mehrwortverbindungen bildet und so zum schnelleren Auffinden von benötigter sprachlicher Information verhilft. Vor diesem theoretischen Hintergrund wird auf die Probleme der Präsentation von Mehrwortverbindungen im Großen deutsch-litauischen Wörterbuch eingegangen. Dabei wird berücksichtigt, dass es sich hierbei um ein passives Wörterbuch, das zum Verständnis der deutschsprachigen Texte und deren Übersetzung dienen soll, handelt und die Präsentation von Mehrwortverbindungen dieser Wörterbuchausrichtung möglichst Rechnung tragen soll. Die Ergebnisse der Analyse des Wörterbuchmaterials zeigen, dass das Wörterbuch im Hinblick auf die Auswahl der Mehrwortverbindungen viel redundante Information bietet und Mehrwortverbindungen präsentiert, deren litauisches Äquivalent sich aus der Übersetzung der einzelnen Bestandteile ohne größere Schwierigkeiten herleitet. Bei einem Teil solcher Mehrwortverbindungen kann ihre Anführung im Wörterbuch allerdings durch das Bestehen bedeutender auf sprachlicher Konvention oder strukturellen Differenzen zwischen den Sprachen beruhender Unterschiede zwischen einer deutschen Mehrwortverbindung und ihrer litauischen Entsprechung gerechtfertigt werden. Die Untersuchung der Präsentation der Mehrwortverbindungen im Wörterbuchartikel hat einige Mängel in der Systematik zutage gefördert, die vor allem die Präsentation der idiomatischen Ausdrücke betrifft. Bei der Wörterbuchsstruktur lässt sich vor allem ihre Uneinheitlichkeit bemängeln, wobei gleichwertige oder gleich strukturierte Mehrwortverbindungen unter jeweils verschiedenen Kriterien eingeordnet werden und eine systematische Suche dadurch erschwert wird.

FRAZEOLOGIZMAI HOROSKOPUOSE

Author(s): Saulius Lapinskas / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 6/2012

SENOJI IR NAUJOJI EUFEMIJA. GRAFINĖ EUFEMIJA ELEKTRONINIAME DISKURSE

Author(s): Robertas Kudirka / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 6/2012

R O J A U S KONCEPTUALIOSIOS METAFOROS SIGITO GEDOS KORANO VERTIME

Author(s): Eglė Vaivadaitė-Kaidi / Language(s): English,Lithuanian,Spanish Issue: 5/2011

Straipsnyje S. Gedos į lietuvių kalbą išversto Korano konceptualiosios ROJAUS metaforos lyginamos su vertimais į ispanų ir anglų kalbas siekiant nustatyti lietuviško vertimo ypatumus. Keliamas klausimas, ar adekvačiai vertimas gali atskleisti kitai kultūrai būdingą kalbinį pasaulėvaizdį.

Aldonas Pupkis. Kazlų Rūdos šnektos žodynas 1–2

Author(s): Rima Bacevičiūtė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 5/2011

MORFOLOGINIS SKOLINIŲ ADAPTAVIMAS LIETUVIŲ KALBOJE

Author(s): Jūratė Raižytė,Erika Rimkutė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 4/2010

LEKSEMA TRADICINIAME ŽODYNE IR ELEKTRONINĖJE LEKSIKOS DUOMENŲ BAZĖJE

Author(s): Daiva Murmulaitytė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 4/2010

J. Lipskienė. Vaizdingieji lietuvių kalbos posakiai

Author(s): Klementina Vosylytė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 3/2009

Disfemismul ca proces lexical

Author(s): Roxana Pașca / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2018

The present paper aims at analyzing the linguistic manifestations of taboo (dysphemism, euphemism, and orthophemism), taking into account the politeness and the impoliteness theories. We focused on dysphemisms which are a pragmalinguistic phenomenon having both positive (emotional discharge) and negative effects (the loss of social status).

K lexikografickému zpracování tabuových slov

Author(s): Martin Šemelík,Michaela Lišková / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2019

The present study addresses primarily the question of how vulgarisms are treated in various dictionaries, classifying taboo words into four main classes (etymological, euphemistic, terminological, and informal/vulgar). The main focus here is on sexual vulgarisms, as sexuality can be regarded as a multifaceted taboo established by various factors such as religion, psychology and the like. Our claim is that there exist certain taboo mechanisms within the lexicographic process that influence the design of particular dictionary entries. Supported by original research, our study illustrates how these mechanisms apply in the Large German-Czech Academic Dictionary and the Academic Dictionary of Contemporary Czech. Challenges in the description of vulgarisms, e.g. orthography, definition or exemplification, are presented. It is posited that the user aspect must be given enhanced status within the dictionary-making process and that lexicographers often have to base their decisions on common sense rather than a general methodology that often cannot account for various special cases and exceptions.

TOWARDS A SYNTAGMATIC BILINGUAL DICTIONARY FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES

Author(s): Alice Tihelková / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2008

The article represents a contribution to specialized lexicography, a discipline dealing with the preparation of specialized dictionaries of various fields (law, business, engineering, medicine, etc.). The main objective is to introduce an original model of a bilingual (English – Czech) specialized dictionary based on the user-oriented approach. The model enables Czech users to consult a specialized dictionary not only for bare terms but also for their linguistic and encyclopaedic properties. The inclusion of linguistic and non-linguistic information renders the dictionary suitable for a variety of uses, including production in and translation into the foreign language.

Vlastní jména člověkem vyšlechtěných odrůd rostlin jsou fytonyma, ne chrématonyma (Příspěvek do diskuse)

Author(s): Libuše Olivová-Nezbedová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2019

The proper names of cultivated varieties cannot be considered chrematonyms. The still valid onomastic terminology introduced in „Osnoven sistem ...” describes chrematonyms as “proper names of things created by man which are not fixed in the landscape”. Man has not created plants but has changed some of their qualities by cultivating. Plants are living organisms fixed in the soil (even aquatic plants which are fixed in the soil at the bottom of a pond or a stream). Therefore the proper names of man cultivated plant varieties are fytonyms. The author suggests that fytonyms be further divided into a) proper names of individual plants, b) proper names of groups of plants, i.e. proper names of man cultivated varieties (e.g. the Gala apple).

О «ковидно-коронавирусных» процессах в русском языке 2020 года

Author(s): Elizaveta S. Gromenko,Alina S. Pavlova,Marina N. Priemysheva / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2020

The paper deals with the lexical-semantic processes the Russian language has experienced during the first half of the year 2020 throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of the paper is to give a general characterization and evaluation of the phenomena and processes occurring at the period of time during which the language vocabulary gets rapidly enriched with both usual neologisms and occasionalisms. From March to June 2020, the Russian language has been subject to intense changes: a vast number of new words and notions have entered the language, a certain number of lexical units and collocations have acquired new meanings, and some of them have widened the scope of functioning: e.g. a transition of units that formerly used to belong to medical terminology or to the sphere of social life into the words of common use can be observed. The Russian language has joined the process of continuous language game and linguistic creativity. COVID, coronavirus, and corona have become the keywords of the current era as they have not only turned out to be the symbols of a certain historical period but also have served as productive stems for the formation of an enormous number of regular and occasional lexical innovations. The data presented in the paper are based on the lexical innovations published in the mass media and the Internet sources. The new lexical units were collected by the authors, who are members of the group of academic “Dictionaries of neologisms”, and collated with the large-scale mass media database “ Integrum ”, which comprises the data bank of over 30,000 mass media editions as well as records of television and radio programs. In the course of research, the following matters are examined: a number of new words and collocations which entered the language during the COVID-19 spread, the cases of forming new polysemy that the words covid, corona, and the adjectives derived from them have developed, a brief analysis of compounds with the first-component stems covid- and corona- (including the innovations that are formed by means of blending), and the investigation of obvious cases that manifest regular lexical relations (synonymy, antonymy, and homonymy) among the above-mentioned neologisms. In addition to the broad review of the neological language data, its analysis, and some scientific generalizations, one of the most important conclusions the paper arrives at is the regular character of a variety of lexical changes which have been caused by an intense and spontaneous process observed in the Russian word formation and lexical-semantic system.

ÎNCEPUTURILE LEXICULUI EXERCIŢIILOR FIZICE

Author(s): Manuel Cristian Firică / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 25/2018

Dans l'élaboration de cet article, nous avons choisi une certaine présentation des idées afin de ne pas sacrifier la précision de l'accessibilité ultérieure pour un lecteur public expérimenté et diversifié. La présente recherche découle de la passion évidente pour le sport. Je pense que cela ouvre la voie à l'analyse linguistique du langage sportif et souligne la nécessité d'une synthèse large du langage sportif roumain, résultat de la place de plus en plus importante que le sport occupe dans la vie quotidienne et dans le phénomène sportif universel, ce qui conduit à une intense circulation des pratiques sportives, expressions spécifiques et langage spécialisé.

СИСТЕМ ОБРАДЕ ГЛАГОЛСКЕ ФЛЕКСИЈЕ У БЕНСОНОВОМ РЕЧНИКУ

Author(s): Saša Marjanović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2021

From the perspective of the theory of lexicographic functions, this paper analyses in a metalexicographic manner the system of processing inflection data on the verbs of the Serbian language in M. Benson’s SerboCroatian–English Dictionary (BENSON 1993). The processing system is perceived through the prism of the needs of users whose native language is not Serbian in three situations: reception, production (which includes translation situations) and the situation in which the dictionary is used for gaining knowledge on verb inflection in the Serbian language. In the analysis of the dictionary, it has been noted that the processing system is made up of four lexicographic methods: 1) inflected forms of the verbs with a suppletive present base form and apophony in that base compared to the infinitive base form were included as headwords of particular dictionary entries with cross-references to the infinitive, but this was not done systematically and consistently; 2) as for the thematic verbs which are included in 36 separate accentual-conjugation types, type marks were provided with the verb, with cross-references to the introductory pages of the dictionary, where those marks were textually interpreted; 3) as for the thematic verbs which are not included in the aforementioned types, as well as all athematic verbs, inflection data were listed in the grammar section immediately after the headword; 4) for a smaller number of verbs, the model verb from which the inflection data should be analogically derived is listed in the dictionary entry itself. However, if a sound change in the present tense appears in verbs to which the third and fourth lexicographic method was applied, then a partial paradigm of the present tense in its full or shortened form was provided before the cross-reference to the typical verb in the form of a mark or a specific verb. The analysis showed that the first aforementioned lexicographic method meets the reception-related needs of the users of Benson’s dictionary. However, considering that it was not consistently applied, it does not satisfy those needs in all cases. The remaining three methods completely meet production-related needs, but it remains uncertain whether the applied methods are clear to the average user and, if so, to what extent. Therefore, the paper also offers a simplified version of Benson’s system of processing verb inflection, which would be more harmonized with the users’ needs. However, Benson’s dictionary cannot serve as a handbook for gaining knowledge on verb inflection in the Serbian language, because the introductory pages and the grammatical appendix neither offer the rules on the formation of verb forms nor include complete paradigms of basic inflection types. The results of the analysis in the conclusion are applied to the draft of a new, proposed, French–Serbian dictionary, which additionally points to the advantages and shortcomings of applied lexicographic methods.

Polskie gwarowe nazwy chabra bławatka, Centaurea cyanus L. na tle słowiańskim i europejskim

Author(s): Jadwiga Waniakowa / Language(s): Polish Issue: 74/2019

The article presents Polish dialectal names of cornflower in a historical-comparative perspective, thus against the background of Slavonic and European names. The discussed forms come from many dialectal and botanical sources, dictionaries, and atlases. The names are grouped according to their semantic motivation. It can be observed that the studied forms relate to the various characteristics of the species. Sometimes one name can be motivated by two characteristics of the plant. This applies in particular to two-part names. The analysis indicates that the majority are old names. Polish forms have formal-semantic parallels in Slavic languages and convergent semantic motivations in many other European languages.

Černá dáma a Hugo z Lednice. Příspěvek ke studiu fytonym

Author(s): Michaela Boháčová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2022

The article deals with issues of phytonyms, i.e. with proper names of plants, especially with dendronyms – names of trees – as one of subsidiary groups of names. In Czech onomastics, close attention has not been paid to phytonyms so far. The first part of the article focuses on defining the group of phytonyms and especially on dubious aspects of this issue – in linguistic, non-onomastic works, phytonyms often include appellative names of plants (jahoda – strawberry), dendronyms often include appel-lative names of trees (buk – beech), similar approach can be found in other Slavonic languages as well as in onomastic works written in German. Attention is also paid to discussions on names of plant varieties, on the borderline of chrematonyms and phytonyms. The second part of the article is focused on several extensive online databases of Czech dendronyms and indicates possibilities of further research in this field.

Kontroversen um die lexikographische Theorie

Author(s): Monika Bielińska / Language(s): German Issue: 8/2019

Discussions on the status and nature of lexicography have been ongoing since at least the 1960s. Some of the most frequently discussed issues concern lexicographical theory, including its very existence, which some scholars find problematic. And if it is considered to exist, questions as to what can be treated as a lexicographic theory arise: Is it a theory of dictionary making practice? Is it a linguistic theory? Is it a separate lexicographical theory? The aim of the article is to present and comment on the divergent positions. Finally, the author draws attention to the factors that cause that the discussion on lexicographical theory is not always conducted at the appropriate scientific level.

Additional Remarks to SLing 137(1): 83–84 and 138(2): 75–78

Author(s): Michael Knüppel / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2022

Additional Remarks to SLing 137(1): 83–84 and 138(2): 75–78

Ottoman-Turkish Loanwords in Egyptian and Syro-Lebanese-Palestinian Arabic – Part 4

Author(s): Luciano Rocchi / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2022

Although the earliest Turkisms that entered Arabic go back to the 9th century – when the Arabs began establishing regular contact with speakers of Turkic languages – a significant number of Turkish loans in both written and spoken Arabic only date from the time of the Ottoman Empire, which in the course of its expansion conquered and for centuries ruled a large part of the Arab world. This paper aims to examine the words of Turkish origin found in the dialects spoken in Egypt and parts of the Middle East (Syria, Lebanon, Palestine), i.e. the Arabophone regions that have been most exposed to Turkish influence for historical and cultural reasons. It has also been endeavoured to provide information about the etymology of the Ottoman-Turkish words (interestingly, as some of these come from Arabic, the Egyptian, Syrian, etc. words borrowed actually prove to be backborrowings).