We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.
The book “Tekst ushtrimesh për lakimin e emrave dhe zgjedhimin e foljeve” has two chapters. The first chapter has some nouns, adjectives, pronouns that are presented in practice. In the second chapter has all for the verbs. All the curvature and conjugation are without theory. All of them are in practice.
More...
The volume is a collection of articles dealing with the presentation of dialect material in the form of dictionaries. The texts describe various aspects of Slavic lexicography and constitute a synthesis of the achievement of scholars from the Slavic area. Presented are the latest accomplishments of research on Slavic vocabulary, including the conceptions of new dictionaries and the progress of those that are in the works. Importantly, these developments are discussed by the authors of the dictionaries. Also significant are the articles overviewing the lexicographical legacy of particular Slavic countries.
More...
The book “Kërkime gjuhësore II” has two chapters: In the first chapter are researches for compound words. All the compound words are founded by journal “Përpjekja shqiptare”. The compound words are all the words that are compound from two or more words and both of them creative the new words with the new meaning. In linguistics, a compound is a lexeme (less precisely, a word) that consists of more than one stem. Compounding or composition is the word-formation that creates compound lexemes (the other word-formation process being derivation). Compounding or Word - compounding refers to the faculty and device of language to form new words by combining or putting together old words. In other words, compound, compounding or word-compounding occurs when a person attaches two or more words together to make them one word. The meanings of the words interrelate in such a way that a new meaning comes out which is very different from the meanings of the words in isolation. The second chapter has some papers: Pikëpamjet e Idriz Ajetit për nyjën e shqipes; Studim krahasues i nyjës së prapme të shqipes dhe gjuhëve ballkanike; Ndihmesa e Stuart Edward Mannit për gjuhën shqipe
More...
Ferhenga Biruski is the go-to dictionary for Kurmanji a dialect of Kurdish spoken originally in parts of Iran, Iraq, Syria, Turkey while also being common among a large diaspora of Kurds in Europe, North America and elsewhere. This comprehensive Kurmanji-English dictionary is prepared in two volumes by Michael L. Chyet, a renowned linguist with extensive knowledge of the major dialects of Kurdish. This dictionary is an essential reference source for linguists and others interested in Kurdish language and people.“The second edition of my Kurmanji-English dictionary, which I would like to call “Ferhenga Birûskî” to honor the memory of my beloved friend and colleague Birûsk Tugan, contains considerably more entries, and in many cases offers fuller information on earlier entries. In addition, I have found and corrected several typographical errors. Moreover, it is to be accompanied by a companion English to Kurdish volume. […] It is my goal to accurately reflect the language as it exists today, providing variant spellings, synonyms, and regional usage, as well as etymologies. The late Iranist D.N. MacKenzie advised me early on to avoid filling my dictionary with “ghost words”. He suggested that I base all the entries in my dictionary on texts (both written and orally generated), to ensure that I am reflecting the language as it is used by its speakers. The earlier dictionaries include words of unknown provenance, which may have no existence outside those pages.”
More...
Secondary agent constructions (SA constructions) represent verb-class specific constructions (in the sense of Croft 2003). The reasons are as follows: (a) SA constructions include a narrowly defined set of verbs and (b) the resulting meaning is derived from the interaction between the meaning of the verbs and the meaning of the construction, involving a very specific causal structuration (as regards the form of SA constructions, directional phrases can be missing, depending on the type of scenario). Heavy restrictions imposed on the repertory of verbs that are admitted into these constructions have been explained in the literature by the inherently monadic, non-causative nature of these verbs. It has often been claimed in the relevant literature that manner of motion is not syntactically relevant. However, owing to the apparent restrictions imposed on the syntactic applicability of self-agentive manner of motion verbs (including their usability in SA constructions), it is evident that the claim cannot be maintained. Boas (2006, 2008) has shown convincingly that there are connections between the verb’s descriptivity (roughly, the complexity and specificity of the verb´s meaning) and the range of syntactic patterns into which the verb may enter. Nevertheless, his account does not make clear exactly which elements of the verb´s meaning decide the verb’s usability in SA constructions (and in some other types of syntactic patterns).
More...
Ferhenga Biruski English-Kurmanji Dictionary Vol. 3 - A-Z . Ferhenga Biruski is the go-to dictionary for Kurmanji Kurdish spoken in parts of Iran, Iraq, Syria, Turkey while also being common among a large diaspora of Kurds in Europe, North America and elsewhere. This comprehensive Kurmanji-English dictionary is prepared in two volumes by Michael L. Chyet, a renowned linguist with extensive knowledge of the major dialects of Kurdish. This dictionary is an essential reference source for linguists and others interested in Kurdish language and people.“The second edition of my Kurmanji-English dictionary, which I would like to call “Ferhenga Birûskî” to honor the memory of my beloved friend and colleague Birûsk Tugan, contains considerably more entries, and in many cases offers fuller information on earlier entries. In addition, I have found and corrected several typographical errors. Moreover, it is to be accompanied by a companion English to Kurdish volume. […] It is my goal to accurately reflect the language as it exists today
More...
Ferhenga Biruski Dictionary Volume 2 - M-Z; Ferhenga Biruski is the go-to dictionary for Kurmanji a dialect of Kurdish spoken originally in parts of Iran, Iraq, Syria, Turkey while also being common among a large diaspora of Kurds in Europe, North America and elsewhere. This comprehensive Kurmanji-English dictionary is prepared in two volumes by Michael L. Chyet, a renowned linguist with extensive knowledge of the major dialects of Kurdish. This dictionary is an essential reference source for linguists and others interested in Kurdish language and people.“The second edition of my Kurmanji-English dictionary, which I would like to call “Ferhenga Birûskî” to honor the memory of my beloved friend and colleague Birûsk Tugan, contains considerably more entries, and in many cases offers fuller information on earlier entries. In addition, I have found and corrected several typographical errors. Moreover, it is to be accompanied by a companion English to Kurdish volume. […] It is my goal to accurately reflect the language as it exists today.”
More...
The reader will find here a collection of exercises in the correct use of the Polish language. The book has been designed as a classroom help for teachers on the one hand, and on the other – as a concise self-study guidebook for people who would like to improve their language skills.Pupils, students, journalists, editors, proofreaders, employees of advertising and copywriting agencies are the principal target audience, although all Polish-language enthusiasts are more than welcome to make good use of it. From the introduction “An undeniable advantage of the book is that it takes note of the latest changes that have been occurring in contemporary Polish. We should appreciate the work of the young scientists who have made the effort to prepare a new and original set of exercises revealing the complexity of the Polish grammar and its inherent vigor, and at the same time showed the transient character of existing codifications. ”From the review by prof. dr hab. Leszek Tymiakin
More...
Time is a phenomenon interlinked with an act because an act must occur at a specific time. There are three foundational times in all languages. These are past, present, and future. The time of occurrence for a specific action is indicated in Arabic by the verb because it expresses the time of action. Verbs in Arabic get separated into three forms: the perfect, the imperfect, and the imperative, a version derived from the imperfect. The basis of the time system in Arabic is composed of these three forms. The perfect indicates the past, the imperfect indicates both the present and the future, and the imperative indicates the future time. These times expressed by verbs are morphological times which the verbs provide independent of any context. Time can also be expressed with forms other than verbs. These forms are the active participle, the passive participle, the verbal noun, and the infinitive. Time expressions of these forms occur when used within sentences. This is called syntactical time. Syntactical time can only be understood by looking at the whole sentence. Because the factor that expresses the tense, here, is the fluency of the sentence and the context of it, rather than the forms used. When associated with syntactical time, the perfect can refer to present tense and future tense. The same goes for the imperfect as well, it may refer to the past tense. The time indicated by the verbs and the other forms -which act as verbs- can be inferred with the knowledge of their either linguistic or situational con-text. Prepositions especially provide for these tense changes that occur in sentences. For example, the imperfect verb used with ﻢـْ ﻟَ and ﺎﻤﱠﻟَ indicates the past tense, and the perfect verb used with the conditional preposition نْإِ refers to the future tense. The imperfect verb; except for ﻢـْ ﻟَ and ﺎﻤﱠﻟَ , when it comes as meczum or as mansup, refers to past tense, and refers to future tense when it gets used as merfu. Therefore, to understand the tense of a sentence in Arabic one must recognize the prepositions in it. Apart from prepositions, which provide linguistic con-text, the expression of time can also be determined by the situation at the moment of utterance. The situational context, which we call hâlî karine, plays a major role in determining the tense expressed by verbs and nouns which get used instead of verbs. In the first part of our study, The Forms of the Time in Arabic, Their Places in Use and Comparison with the Times in Turkish, occurrences of the morphological and the syntactical times are observed along with their usage areas. In the second part, Arabic counterparts of Turkish Forms of time are given and compared. By doing so, it is aimed to make learning and teaching the forms of time, in Turkish and Arabic Languages, easier.
More...
The book is intended as a source of linguistic curiosities. It is the result of the author's descriptions of words and common verbal constructions selected from the resources of the Polish language for the purpose of presenting them to the radio audience of Agnieszka Strzemińska’s programme "Słowa i słówka. Chwycić języka, czyli z sekretów polszczyzny..." comprises 104 sketches concerning the mysteries of the Polish mother tongue. The study contains diverse linguistic material. Agnieszka Piela describes words that are intriguing in their very sound, e.g. absztyfikant, fidrygałki, safanduła, and phraseologisms that contain in their composition an enigmatic word, e.g. brać na spytki, nudy na pudy, śmiać się w kułak. The author also draws attention to seemingly ordinary lexemes, e.g. dworzec, przeciąg, rosół – which, as it turns out, also conceal a linguistic secret. The studied collection of lexemes and word combinations is the basis for observing the phenomena affected by linguistic forms in a temporal perspective. The publication devotes a lot of space to past customs, while numerous references to literary and cultural texts not only embellish the lecture, but also allow for a better understanding of the language of our ancestors and contemporary Polish. The composition of the work makes it possible to read the book in two ways: either from cover to cover, or in its individual parts – those that interest the reader most at a given moment. This is because each linguistic sketch constitutes a closed whole.
More...
The book Approaching Language is a selection of articles or parts of articles of the author written during his research and teaching work, and in which,sometimes in a great amount, was reported something new, unknown in the Bosnian-Herzegovinian linguistic science until they appeared, whether we consider language as a structural creation, or if we consider it as a social phenomenon.The introductory text – the interview, In the Defense of the Scientific Approach to Language problems, which gives an insight to the author’s relation toward the facts and questions which he clarifies, is first followed by the articles in which the language structure is explained, in the basis of the organic idioms of the štokavian dialect, but of the standard Croatian-Serbian language as well, its nature and norm before the dissolution on separate standard languages: Bosnian, Montenegrian, Croatian and Serbian,then by the texts with theoretical characteristics, dedicated to the questions of language planning and functioning of the standard language in nationally non-homogeneous communities.The problems of organic idioms are very present in this book. Seven works are dedicated to this issue, five of which are related to the most archaicorganic idiom in Bosnia and Herzegovina – the subdialect of the natives in Bosnian Posavina. The first of them, A Contribution to the Problems of the Posavian Ikavian Dialect in Bosnian Posavina, is important because it completed the gap that remained after the monograph of S. Ivić Today’s Posavian Subdialect.This article precisely determines where the southern border of that subdialectin Bosnia and Herzegovina is, and all the villages with the Croatian population that belong to that subdialect are enumerated. The second paper The Syntax of Case in the Subdialect of the Natives in Bosnian Posavina,is the first work describing our dialects that gives a full description of the syntax of case, as a system of constructions used in one subdialect to state all the case meanings.The third work, The Acute Accent in the Subdialect of the Natives in Bosnian Posavina, is a part of the author’s MA paper The Accent System of Village Kostrča in Bosnian Posavina (Bosnian-Herzegovinian Dialectology Anthology II, 159–234). In this article there is a review of the distribution of the acute accent and the author highlighted the grammatical categories in which S. Ivić in his work A Contribution to the Slavic Accent gave arguments for the presence of the acute, and he also mentioned the categories which hadn’t been explained before. The work Orientalisms in the Subdialect of the Natives in Bosnian Posavina is the introductory fraction of the dictionary with the same title. As an introductory text, it talks about the adaptation of the orientalisms in this subdialect, and it is included to complete the totality about this organic idiom, together with the paper About the Subdialect of the Natives of Bosnian Posavina.
More...
Vareš is a small town near Sarajevo, a synonym for a mining town and a hard way to make one’s living. I started the collection and lexicographic processing of mining terminology from the Vareš region with the goal to„save“ from oblivion the phrases which are going out of use, since mining production in Vareš has stopped entirely.The introductory part of the paper is concerned with the relation be-tween lexis and terminology, with the historical background of mining in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Vareš, as well as the influence of the Saxon miners on mining in Vareš. That part of the paper traces the evolution of mining and with it the evolution of mining phrases, during a specific time period. The main part deals with the influence of ijekavskošćakavski dialect (Eastern Bosnian dialect) on the speech of Vareš miners. The descrip-tions are given of specific aspects of mining terminology at the phonetical-phonological, morphological and lexical levels; there were no significant discrepancies observed at the syntactic level.At the phonetical-phonological level there is an observed tendency to reduce two affricate pairs to jus tone, as well as hyperjekavisation, and tendencies contrary to hyperjekavisation, reduction of consonant clusters, assimilation of vocals, omission of assibilation, etc. At the morphological level,most distinctive qualities werefound in nouns; there were no significant peculiarities to be found in adjectives, verbs and other parts of speech. At the lexical level, a great number of synonyms were found among the collected phrases. The evolution of the mining terminology can best be traced precisely at the lexical level. Certain old phrases are also being used with new meanings.A separate part of the paper is a dictionary with 945 entries. All of them have been thematically classified. Based on research, it was concluded that there is a relatively small number of phrases relating exclusively to mining among the phrases described, and that there are many more generally used phrases and phrases which are used both in mining and other economic activities.
More...
The aim of the publication is to list the chosen Czech, Moravian and Silesian place names which reflect the names of trees, bushes and shrubs. Trees and bushes, especially solitary ones, have drawn people's attention for centuries, for which reason they have served mainly for specifying location, direction or orientation in an area. The book contains the list of some places named after woody plants. In addition, the related municipal locations are recorded in the form of public online maps for the further use of readers. All gathered data must be treated with caution, because the proper names show a specific linguistic characteristic. The author explains that the purpose of the selected proper names is not to transmit an image of the past or contemporary landscape, but she stresses that the proper names themselves can help a great deal to reveal either a past or contemporary mutual relationship between the landscape and its inhabitants.
More...
The monography is devoted to a comparative analysis of Russian and Czech syntactic terms related to systems of terms Syntagma, Syntactic relation and Members of the sentence. The work examines the principles and problems of comparative terminology, describes some unsolved problems of modern terminology. The study describes the differences in the meaning and functioning of the selected syntactic terms in the syntactic works of Russian and Czech linguists. A detailed analysis of individual syntactic phenomena and categories indicates their complexity and diversity, helps the development of syntactic theory. The monography is intended for Czech Russianists, Russian Bohemians, translators and everyone who is faced with this problematics.
More...
The work focuses to the systematisation of the univerbizates (one-word lexemes that were formed as a results of fuse of collocation in one word) in accordance with their classification by the semantic of the univerbizates and by the way of their formation (word-formation, ellipsis). The centre of the system of univerbizates are derivative that are classified according to their suffixes (-áč, -ák, -ař/-ář, -árna, -as, -ajda, -ec, -ice, -ík/-ník, -ka …) and according to the word-formative structure of their “foundational” words = almost adjectives. The system of the univerbizates is compared to the system of the “primary derivatives” from the point of view of the quantity of suffixes. The systematisation of univerbizates is completed with the comparison of their frequency and frequency of the equivalent collocation and with the stylish value that prove stylish differentiation of the univerbizates.
More...
The study looks into the various dialects in use in the region of Trei Scaune, Romania. A phonetic as well as lexicological comparison is made between the different variations presented in the paper, a special emphasis being placed on the diphthongs that appear in the lexical elements discussed.
More...
The functional route of the international neologisms varies by the areas in which they are installed and by the way of operating of the neoconfixes upon them. In this way, all-inclusive appears recorded in the Romanian current language, in pleonastic and nonsense structures, demonstrating that, in the process of assimilation in the host language, the oscillations may cause adverse effects.
More...