Continuity in European Toponomastics: the (Pre-)Indo-European *kar- / *kal- Root in the Pre-Latin Ligurian Toponymy

Author(s): Francesco Perono Cacciafoco / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2015

This paper provides a scientific survey about the proto-Indo-European root *kar- / *kal-, meaning ‘stone’, rock’, and about the related European Prehistoric toponymy according to a new convergent approach. The stem *kar- is considered, in this study, as a presumably pre-Indo-European root transferred (after the possible ‘arrival’ of the Indo-Europeans in their European territories) in the linguistic system of proto-Indo-European through a process of reuse and refunctionalization of roots and (loan-)words due to linguistic contact. Phonetically adapted to the (proto-)Indo-European standards, the root *kar- shows, at least in the Ligurian area, a variant *kal- (not an independent stem, but an alternative form) involved in the formation of a number of words and place names linked to the notions of ‘rock’ and ‘stone’ (in particular ‘friable, calcareous rock eroded by water’). The paper tries, moreover, to highlight a particular morphologic phenomenon of reduplication of the root *kar- (very peculiar, because the reduplication is not widely productive in Indo-European) in the Italian (Ligurian) place name Carcare (< Carcaris).

Pre-Indo-European Relics: the *borm- Root in the Pre-Latin European Context

Author(s): Francesco Perono Cacciafoco / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2015

This paper provides an innovative hermeneutic interpretation of the possible pre-Indo-European origins of the root *borm- (> *bormo), meaning ‘warm water’, ‘hot water’, according to a new convergent approach. The stem *borm- (> *bormo) is considered, in this study, as not directly related to the (proto-)Indo-European root *gʷhermó- / *gʷhormo-, meaning ‘warm’, ‘hot’. It could be, rather, a trace of the pre-Indo-European linguistic substrate, with the voiced bilabial (/b/) phonetic treatment of the voiced aspirate labiovelar consonant *GwH. The presumably pre-Indo-European root *borm- (> *bormo) would have been, over time, transferred (after the possible ‘arrival’ of the Indo-Europeans in their European territories) in the linguistic system of (proto-)Indo-European through a process of reuse and refunctionalization of roots and (loan-)words due to linguistic contact. Phonetically adapted to the (proto-)Indo-European standards and equated with the stem *gʷhermó- / *gʷhormo-, the root *borm- (> *bormo) could have been preserved in the hydronymy and toponymy of North-Western Italy, for instance in the river name Bòrmida (water course flowing between Liguria and Southern Piedmont) and in the place name Bòrmio (small town located in Lombardy).

SPATIUL SEMANTIC AL COMUNICĂRII – DE LA TENSIUNE ETIMOLOGICĂ LA CONTESTATIILE VIRTUALE DIN DEFINIREA HABERMASIANĂ

Author(s): Nicolae Perpelea / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 13/2015

The language-roots of communication have forked derivations. There is the Latin communis, but an ancient compound is the Proto-Indo-European ko-moin-i- (“held in common”). The suffixes mei and meith (“to change, go, move”) together with base tra (“instrument”) have given mitras (“contractual partener”, “alternating reciprocity”). In Sanskrit,methati, myth mean “to meet a friend or an enemy”. The bivalences contained by this complex semantic space are nurturing the modern “communication”, and they can be found as tacit assumptions in Habermas’s communication paradigm

Ispovjedaonik Stjepana Matijevića Solinjanina

Author(s): Gabriela Banović / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 12/2015

Ispovjedaonik Stjepana Matijevića Solinjanina je moralno-didaktičko djelo tiskano u Rimu 1630. godine. Radi se o detaljnom priručniku za sakrament ispovijedi bez posebnih težnji prema umjetničkoj funkciji. Mnogo veći od umjetničkoga, značaj je Ispovjedaonika u jeziku kojim je pisan. Od mnogobrojnih primjeraka nekada vrlo popularnog i čitanoga djela danas ih je sačuvano tek desetak u više europskih država. Mali broj sačuvanih primjeraka i pismo kojim je djelo tiskano razlozi su zbog kojih je Ispovjedaonik danas zaboravljen. Ovaj rad zato ima za cilj približiti javnosti Ispovjedaonik, jedino poznato Matijevićevo djelo, kroz detaljan prikaz grafičkoga izgleda i sadržaja djela.

Slika drugog u franjevačkim ljetopisima

Author(s): Adnan Pejčinović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 12/2015

Vatroslav Jagić, hrvatski jezikoslovac

Author(s): Marijana Nikolić / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian Issue: 10/2013

U ovom radu pažnja će biti posvećena znanstvenom djelovanju i lingvističkim doprinosima jednog od najvećih južnoslavenskih i europskih slavista, Vatroslavu Jagiću. Osobita pozornost usmjerena je na njegova filološka istraživanja koja predstavljaju zavidan doprinos južnoslavenskoj slavistici. Rad je teorijski usmjeren, a metodologija istraživanja zasnovana je na proučavanju dostupneliterature o slavističkim i lingvističkim istraživanjima Vatroslava Jagića. Cilj istraživanja je zasnovan na pokušaju ukazivanja na važnost filoloških proučavanja, koja gotovo uvijek ukazuju na sam jezik, njegovu ‘’prošlost” i evoluciju koja je evidentna upravo u literarnim sadržajima. Prikupljanje, sortiranje, selekcija i objavljivanje staroslavenskih spomenika, te kasnije narodnih umnotvorina, Vatroslava Jagića čine jednim od najvećih filologa u oblasti slavistike i jednim od najvećih hrvatskih jezikoslovaca.

Pieśni pogrzebne w Doskonałym kancyonale polskim z 1673 r.

Author(s): Agata Haas / Language(s): Polish Issue: 77/2015

In the Doskonały kancyonał polski [the great Polish cantional] published in the Krzysztof Tschorn’s printery in Brzeg in 1673, are twenty funeral hymns. These pieces were created as a form of opposition to massively extended Catholic funeral rites. Modest Protestant hymns were supposed to be the only right part of the funeral ceremony. The funeral hymns address the problem of faith in the salvation of the human soul after death, provide a great trust of man to God and his plans, raise a question of eschatological truth, remind about the inevitability of the end of human life and the vanities of the world. Moreover, they represent a kind of record of intimate, candid conversations with human and Christ. Many of the funeral hymns find their origins in the earlier old prints and translations of German, Czech and Latin texts. Some hymns have their origin in Catholic texts. The poetic language of the funeral songs is characterized by austerity and a distinct lack of sophisticated means of artistic expression. The most frequent lexemes in the analyzed texts are: body, death, sin, soul, final judgement, resurrection, grave, life. The hymns sung during the funeral rites are not only a farewell to the deceased, but also a preparation for a good death for the living and an elicitation of thoughts about the meaning of life. The texts presented in the Doskonały kancyonał polski are an extremely valuable research material, as well as a testimony of the culture and traditions of the religious practices of the XVIIth century, not only the Protestant, but also the Catholic.

COMPOUND ADVERBS IN OLD AND MIDDLE ENGLISH

Author(s): Violeta M. Gavranović / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

Compounding in the English language has been thoroughly researched, and various descriptions and classifications have been proposed in linguistic studies. However, little attention was given to parts of speech other than nouns, adjectives and verbs. This work deals with the diachronic study of compound adverbs found in the Old and Middle English texts of the Helsinki Corpus. The compound adverbs of both periods are described and analysed in terms of their structure and meaning. The research aims at describing the development courses of compound adverbs during the two language periods.

Първи прояви на пуризъм в България

Author(s): Nadka Nikolova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2014

The subject of research are the first signs of purism during the Bulgarian Revival: from 'Istoria Slavianobolgarska' until the end of the late 20s of 19th century when the puristic idea in the social space was implicitly expressed. The most typical features of the initial phase of Bulgarian purism are glorification of Bulgarian language, ascribing of symbolic functions and prestige to it, the attitude of loyalty and pride with the view of excluding Greek from the cultural and linguistic space.

Първи преводи на произведения от български писатели в българския немскоезичен вестник „Дойче балканцайтунг” 1917-1918 г.

Author(s): Daniela Kirova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2010

The article deals with the first translations of works of Bulgarian authors in the cultural column Feuilleton of the German-language newspaper Deutsche Balkan-Zeitung 1917-1918 and its weekly illustrated supplement Witoscha, published in Bulgaria by the German-Bulgarian society [Deutsch-bulgarische Gesellschaft e. V. 1916-1918] during the First World War.

La construction du dictionnaire multilingue en fonction des besoins des utilisateurs

Author(s): Alina-Mihaela Pricop,Mihaela Mocanu / Language(s): French Issue: 1 (29)/2019

This study is part of a larger research on the relation between the potential users of multilingual dictionaries and the manner in which these dictionaries are conceived in order to be used in given usage contexts. The study aims, on the one hand, at indicating the design elements of a sample of Romanian multilingual dictionaries and, on the other hand, in assessing the degree in which the design of their content is adjusted according to the profile of the potential users targeted by the authors. The corpus consists of a sample of Romanian multilingual dictionaries, published in classic form in the period 1990–2010 and is based on the editorial information provided by the authors in the introductory sections of these works. Our analysis takes into account aspects such as: the selection of component languages, the choice and organization of the glossaries of words and/or terms, the scientific lexicographic features provided by the scientific apparatus.

Langues et politiques, des destins imbriqués mais distincts (II)

Author(s): Christian Tremblay / Language(s): French Issue: 1 (29)/2019

This study, the second chapter of which this article is, aims at disentangling the relationship between politics and languages and raises the question of to what extent and at what level it is possible to have a language policy and particularly a French language policy from a plurilingualism perspective. The bases of our argument is a comparative approach to the future of English and French. This approach is all the more legitimate since the two languages, despite the obvious supremacy of English, have some common characteristics as international languages. We like to point out that the French language is no longer the property of France. In fact, an objective look at nearly a millennium forces us to consider that the French language, which owes much to the French monarchy, has always had its own destiny, and there is no reason for this to change.Despite the disappearance of thousands of languages by the end of this century, the idea of a single language is likely to remain a myth. Economic and technological factors and cultural dynamics play a role in both diversification and unification. From this point of view, the Francophone space, capable of assuming its linguistic diversity, has a decisive role to play in future balances.

"Vita et mores Gregorii Sanocei" von Callimachus – eine anekdotische Biografie aus der Renaissancezeit

Author(s): Przemysław Chudzik / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2019

Aim: The aim of the article is to look at the first Renaissance biography written in Poland – Life of Gregory of Sanok by Callimachus. Research method: A compositional analysis was carried out and anecdotes appearing in the work were pointed out. Anecdotes are one of the key elements of ancient biography, which Callimachus directly referred to. Results/Conclusions: The analysis carried out in this way not only shows the Renaissance reception of ancient patterns, but also the use of anecdotes, which has not changed since ancient times. Callimachus’ work has a two-part structure - the first part refers to the tradition of Plutarch's biography, which is chronological; the other, however, follows the thematic pattern of Suetonius' biography. Anecdotes appearing in the work perform all the functions they performed in ancient works - they successfully carry out their tasks in new circumstances and with a new hero - a fifteenth-century Polish magnate.

Compusele neoclasice în terminologia actuală

Author(s): Doina Butiurcă,Vlad-Olimpiu Butiurcă / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2 (30)/2019

The role of neoclassical compounds in terminology and terminography, in neonymy is a problem of the highest priority, given the fact that they represent a productive means to form neologisms and a form of creativity in specialised lexis. It is the assertion we start from in the research of thematic compounds. Resemantisation of terms in accordance with the conceptual modification – through enrichment of senses and conceptual metaphor, restriction of iniatial sense, mobility of formants, motivation, the role of Greek-Latin roots in the interdisciplinary lexis are but a few of the objectives of our research. The descriptive-linguistic method and the etymological method are two of the methods used in the analysis. One of the conclusions of the research is that in the current terminology, neoclassical compounds have a high willingness to generate terms that cover the multitude of new concepts at disciplinary and interdisciplinary level of sciences.

A Prehistoric ‘Little Goose’: a New Etymology for the Word ocarina

Author(s): Francesco Perono Cacciafoco / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2019

This paper is aimed at providing a new etymological reconstruction of the Italian word ocarina, which become widespread all over the world with the success of the musical instrument it describes.Going beyond the commonly accepted onomastic origin from the ‘invention’, by Giuseppe Donati, in Budrio, of the Italian ocarina (the ucarèina / ucarènna, ‘little goose’,in the Bolognese Emiliano-Romagnolo dialect), in 1853, the study tries to go back in time till possible Indo-European origins for the name of the musical instrument, reconstructing a proto-form that could date back to the Neolithic and to the first stages of the Indo-European settlements in Europe.The article also reconstructs an Indo-European etymology for the word flute, in its generic proto-form comprehensively describing ‘wind instruments’ in general, highlighting how the onomastic origin of ocarina differs from the one of the common word for all kinds of musical instruments producing sound by being blown. The lexical distinction could indicate the fact that the word ocarina, in its Indo-European proto-form and in remote times in Europe, was already describing a specific set of musical instruments, different from the common flute-like ones (which were originally bone flutes).

Az Aranyos-vidéki román helynevek eredetéről

Author(s): Zselyke András / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/2019

In this study I analyse the synchronic and diachronic Romanian place-names of two villages from the Aranyos region (Mészkő/Cheia) and (Mezőcsán/Ceanu Mare) from the viewpoint of their origins. I establish such categories as real Romanian names, translations from Hungarian, adoptions from Hungarian and, eventually, products of parallel nomenclature. I make an attempt at outlining the similarities and differences of the toponyms’ collection, regarding the two settlements, which have their root in particular historical-demographic conditions.

-kál végű igék az Erdélyi magyar szótörténeti tárban

Author(s): Borbála Zsemlyei / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/2019

The main focus of the present article is connected to the morphological structure of Hungarian verbs that have as their final component the morpheme -kál. This is a problematic phenomenon, as the specialized literature presenting derivation (ex. Magyar grammatika, Strukturális magyar nyelvtan) does not include the morpheme -kál in the list of derivational suffixes, therefore the question rises whether -kál can be considered a derivational suffix at all, or do we have to deal with a suffix formed by two separate elements (the diminutive suffix -ka + the verbal suffix -l). To be more specific: in today’s spoken language there are several verbs – definitely formed by derivation – about which we cannot determine whether they were derivated in one or two steps. Therefore, the question is whether in the structure of the verb pisikál -kál is a derivative suffix in itself, or the verbal suffix -l is attached to the diminutivized version of the noun pisi (pisi + -ka). The same phenomenon can be observed in the case of other verbs as well hamikál (hamika + -l vs hami + -kál) or papikál (papika + -l vs papi + -kál). If it gets proved that such a denominal suffix exists, then there must be a deverbal suffix, too, which appears in the morphological structure of the verb járkál for instance. This means that we have two different suffixes: a denominal one and a verbal one. The present article analyses this problem from a historical perspective, based on the data of the Historical Dictionary of the Hungarian Language in Transylvania.

Матаруге као ономастички проблем

Author(s): Aleksandar Loma / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 25/2018

O aplicație la teoria trăsăturilor dialectale tipice. Cazul unor graiuri de tip moldovenesc din două sate de romano-catolici din zona Romanului

Author(s): Luminiţa Botoşineanu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2 (32)/2020

Due to its accelerated modernization that raises special problems, challenges and discussions (among others, the intergenerational stratification, the way the speakers are reporting themselves to the norm, the linguistic homogeneity, etc.), the situation of the Romanian language spoken in Rotunda and Săbăoani is a continuous process. Since the change seems to be oriented in the direction of diminishing regional “roughness”, with significant consequences concerning the very profile of the local variety of the Romanian language, it appears as legitimate to verify, based on certain features (typical: absolute or relative, in terms of Ion Gheție), to what extent it falls within the dialectal unit of higher rank. The observation that the set of Moldavian distinctive elements (diagnostic features) is partially respected, especially by the more conservative generation, cannot, however, generate definitive conclusions regarding the position of the Rotunda and Săbăoani idioms in the area of Moldavian speeches. Beyond the assumption that, considering its conditions, the investigation could have at least partially distorted the results (through self-control practiced by speakers while communicating with outsiders), there is a possibility that this modernization process may have affected other Moldavian idiomatic varieties to a similar extent. However, as long as our reference for the Moldavian dialectal ensemble is given by a 50 years old geolinguistic research, only the issue of a new Romanian linguistic atlas, by regions, could compensate this shortcoming.

Une application à la théorie des champs toponymiques: Bistriţa

Author(s): Daniela-Ştefania Butnaru / Language(s): French Issue: 2 (32)/2020

This paper contains a description of the Bistriţa toponymic field: a set of names formed from the Bistriţa hydronym through structural processes called by Dragoş Moldovanu polarization and differentiation. In order to identify the core - the main element of the field from which the other toponyms have been formed-, it was necessary to clarify the etymology of the word Bistrita. At the origin of this place name is the Ukrainian bystrica, a derivative of the adjective bystr- “fast; crystal clear”. The meaning of this adjective must therefore be associated with a watercourse, so the geographical object that it initially designated is the river. This river, attested since the beginning of the fifteenth century, is the largest Romanian river, crossing areas, villages and towns of historical, social and economic importance. That is why an important toponymic field has been developed around its name. This field, characterized by the diversity of place-names, contains toponyms which designate different geographical objects (springs, watercourses and parts thereof, mountains, a gorge, a depression, abridge, a meadow, communication ways, and large administrative units) or localities in the vicinity of this river. Only one name (Bistricioara) is obtained from the Bistriţa name by derivation with the diminutive suffix -ioara; the rest of the toponymic field is represented by syntagms formed of the term Bistriţa and various constituents (nouns, adjectives or prepositions). We can see a presence of homonymy cases and a variety of forms attested by documents. The diachronic depiction of the toponymic fields is an important step for the lexicographical approach of place names because it reflects the dynamic reality discovered on the field.