THE DICHOTOMY IMPLICIT / EXPLICIT LEARNING AND KNOWLEDGE IN THE CONTEXT OF SECOND LANGUAGE LEARNING

Author(s): Mariana Gotseva / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

The article looks into the dichotomy implicit/explicit learning and knowledge in the context of learning English as a second or foreign language, strongly influenced by the findings of experimental and cognitive psychology studies. The dichotomy originated in cognitive psychology, which differentiates between implicit and explicit learning and treats them as distinct processes, related to separate memory systems. Human beings do certain things, such as walking or making simple utterances in their mother tongue, with little insight into the nature of the processes involved, i.e. they are learned implicitly, just like birds learn to fly. Other abilities, such as calculating, playing chess or using a computer, depend on knowing how to do them, i.e. they are learned explicitly. Both cognitive psychology and language learning studies have been trying to work out what aspects of L2 can be learned implicitly and what mechanisms of explicit learning are available to learners. Second Language Acquisition (SLA) researchers, in their turn, have focused on the identification of the processes involved in the two types of learning, the ways in which they could be manipulated through instruction, and the type of knowledge resulting from these processes. The article also reviews how the dichotomy has been treated and interpreted by various fields of study, in an attempt to clarify its meaning and application to research in second language acquisition.

Виждам, значи съществува (употреба на неспецифични глаголи с екзистенциална функция в чешкия и българския език)

Author(s): Margarita Mladenova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2016

The paper considers cases of non-specific existential verbs expressing existence in Bulgarian and Czech on material from concrete fiction texts. There are a lot of examples in which the existential meaning is conditioned by the context. A scheme of the structure of the existential semantic field is proposed. The analysis is focused on the verbs of perception and the motional verbs meaning perception which manifest an existential meaning influenced by the context.

Anaphores argumentatives. Entre l’axe sémantico-pragmatique et l’axe rhétorico-discursif

Author(s): Françoise Collinet / Language(s): French Issue: 28/2016

This paper focuses on two questions. Firstly, how the use of argumentative anaphora to express an opinion / truth dissociation (Perelman) should be described in terms of grammatical / lexical resources. The other question has a methodological dimension: in which aspects could this approach distinguish itself from linguistic or discursive studies?

Функционалните семантико-стилистични категории аксиологичност и оценъчност

Author(s): Andreana Eftimova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2017

The article examines the concept of the functional semantic-stylistic category (FSSC) the introduction of which is the result of the development of functional direction in linguistics, particularly functional grammar and Bondarko’s theory of functional-semantic categories and fields. The interest through FSSC axiology and evaluation was prompted by the awareness of language as a space in which the structures of knowledge, opinions, beliefs and imagination are associated with evaluation. The place and role of lexical-stylistic means are outlined in the field of evaluation and axiology.

Вицовете в часовете по български език и литература

Author(s): Valentin Stoyanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2017

Комуникативното поведение на събеседника в експанзията на диалогичната единица

Author(s): Donka Mangatcheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2018

The expansion of the basic dialogic unit, i.e. the arrangement/chaining of adjacency pairs with a similar first turn (in this case a directive speech act) in a larger discourse fragment constitutes an interesting phenomenon in the light of conversation sequencing. The attention is drawn to the second-pair part, in particular to the type of verbal reaction to the cue act in each segment. Тhe variation of the addressee’s approach outlines the essential, significant steps in a particular disposition/arrangement contouring his manifold communicative attitude in two main perspectives: sustaining or modulating the initial choice. The article traces and systematizes some general considerations of the complex interactive composition under the said conditions and suggests some indicative parameters for their interpretation.

За визуалната и вербалната комуникация в политическата карикатура

Author(s): Dafina Genova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2018

The article studies the visual and verbal communication and their interaction in political cartoons. It analyses the indispensable means of expression the cartoonist uses to convey his/her message such as visual metaphors and metonymies. Visual metaphors and metonymies are analysed from the point of view of Conceptual Metaphor and Metonymy Theory. The author studies the implications arising from the interaction between image, title and text (for the cases when there is title and/or text), as well as the metaphors and implications beyond image, title and text. The main theoretical construct used is the notion of incongruity from the Incongruity Theory of Humour that is extended to verbal and visual metaphor. The notion Logical Mechanism from the General Theory of Verbal Humour is applied in the analysis to (partially) resolve the incongruity/ies. Political cartoons are compared to a joke, a fundamental unit of humour in psychology, cultural anthropology, linguistics, philosophy and sociology. Pictorial representations and text function as contextualization cues to get to the probable cartoonist’s message. The interpretation of political cartoons is open-ended and indeterminate and is dependent on the viewer’s/reader’s general knowledge and his/her familiarity with the genre.

Projekt badawczy (ETNO)EUROJOS a program etnolingwistyki kognitywnej

Author(s): Stanisława Niebrzegowska-Bartmińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 25/2013

An observation is made that the linguistic worldview is grounded in values, which play a decisive role in the shaping of a given community’s (collective) identity. Therefore, it is postulated that the folk Slavic axiological system (the world of values cherished in folk Slavic traditions) be investigated. The project called (ETHNO)EUROJOS – parallel to EUROJOS, an international research programme headed by Jerzy Bartmiński and based on standard language varieties and “national” traditions – would thus be concerned with the values common to Slavic folk cultures. It has been shown that Slavic nations are much closer to one another at the level of folk cultures than at the level of national, elite-shaped cultures. A survey among distinguished researchers in various Slavic traditions reveals that the values important for Slavs are: health and life, family and kinship, home, land, work and diligence, love, beauty, happiness, wisdom, frankness, integrity, faithfulness, justice, freedom, honour, faith (religion) and God. A description of these values could follow the methodological assumptions of the Lublin Dictionary of Folk Stereotypes and Symbols.

English Mnemonic Lexicon: Constituent Structure and Verbalization Potential

Author(s): Irina Tivyaeva,Olga Syomina / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

This paper presents a study of the system of lexical devices used by English speakers to verbalize theirpersonal memory experiences. The approach presented in the paper presupposes inclusion of nonnarrativestructures into the spectrum of language forms conveying mnemonic meanings and extends thelatter so as to encompass the meanings of encoding, storage, retrieval and loss. The research is based onthe hypothesis that lexical units expressing memory-related meanings in English constitute a specificallyorganized system. A variety of communicative contexts representing mnemonic situations are analyzed asto d evelop a t ypology o f m emory v erbalizers i n E nglish, estimate t heir f unctional p otential a nd role i nobjectifying personal memory experiences on the lexical level. The results confirm the original hypothesisand suggest that mnemonic lexicon as a linguistic reflection of the mnemonic faculty is an important andlargely understudied element of the language – memory system.

POUR L’ANALYSE DE L’AUDIOVISUEL: CONTRAINTES LINGUISTIQUES ET SÉMIOTIQUES

Author(s): Lamiae Slaoui,Bouchra Berrada / Language(s): French Issue: XVI/2024

Our article mainly deals with the constraints relating to the specificities of audiovisual discourse. Admittedly, this one presents itself under a double aspect: the text and the image which lead to a plural interpretation of the whole making the reading more difficult. Our example of audiovisual discourse submitted for analysis is the fable « Le lion et le rat ». Among the studied linguistic elements, we can mention the lexicon and the prosody at the level of the text, and the space and the iconographic codes at the level of the image, aiming to finally arrive at the point of view adopted by the analysis, that of the complementarity of the two signs.

Рецензия на монографиs: Петкова-Калева Стефка. Концептът „празнота‟ в езиковото съзнание (върху материал от българския и руския език)

Author(s): Tatyana Chalakova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2020

Приближаването в пространството в руската и българската езикова картина на света

Author(s): Stefka Petkova-Kaleva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2020

The article is part of author‘s large study, dedicated to the linguistic presentation of the concept of ‗emptiness‘ in the Bulgarian and Russian linguoculture. The semantic components of the situation `approach` are considered as a dynamic conceptual model of distance, as well as the specifics of the verbal forms in the Bulgarian and Russian languages, presenting the situation of approach in its semantic structure. Particular emphasis is placed on the interlingual asymmetry between the elements of the two language systems and their internal semantic distribution.

К вопросу о национально-культурном аспекте русской языковой личности

Author(s): Olga Senatorova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2017

This article is devoted to the national and cultural aspects of the Russian linguistic personality phenomenon. The article is based on the material of the scientific research. The purpose is to identify the specific perception of the world by Russian linguistic personality and to analise phenomena, forming the lingvo-cultural field of Russian language (on the material of Vladimir region linguistic culture).

Универсальное и специфическое в анималистической метафоре

Author(s): Elena Stoyanova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2017

Eagle is one of the oldest symbols. The significance of the eagle as the social and cultural unity is born in the depths of the world culture. Studied language material shows that the semantics of sustainable combinations in different languages determined by the action of such mythologemes as eagle ~ deity and eagle ~ people.

Understanding as basic precondition of cross-cultural communication: psycholinguistic and socio-cultural aspects

Author(s): Ekaterina L. Kabakhidze,Dana Bartosh / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

The author of the article analyzes cross-cultural communication from the viewpoint of social philosophy defining invariant features of cross-cultural communication based on dialogue (Mikhail Bakhtin) and dialect nature of human communication. Theoretical description of the nature of cross-cultural communication is illustrated by live examples of the cultural conflicts borrowed from the history of the Russian diplomacy. Since the consciousness has the communicative nature, whereas cross-cultural understanding is rooted in neuropsychological aspects of cognition, antinomy of “sign-symbol”, the article depicts the mechanisms of speech production and speech perception divided between the strata of consciousness and cognition.

A genre-based approach in esp classes to teaching clinical communication focusing on breaking bad news to patients

Author(s): Veronika Dvořáčková / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

Healthcare professionals have the responsibility to regularly convey difficult information such as unfavourable diagnoses, as well as adverse treatment outcomes. While this task can be uncomfortable, successfully carrying it out plays a crucial role in determining patient outcomes (Sweeney et al. 2011: 230). This necessity has led to the creation of evidence-based protocols such as SPIKES developed by Baile et al. (2000). The goal of the paper is to explore the suitability of the genre-based approach for the study and teaching of medical English, focusing on the integration of the selected clinical communication tool into the ESP classroom. As this study stems from the ESP practitioner’s experience and its outcomes will directly influence her future ESP classroom teaching, action research has been conducted. The feasibility of using an authentic clinical tool in an ESP lesson was assessed through a two-step methodology: i) devising an ESP task based on the SPIKES protocol, emphasizing linguistic elements, and ii) obtaining student feedback focusing on the perceived usefulness of the tool. Overall, the collected data indicate that students acknowledged the significance of effective clinical communication for successful therapeutic practice. However, given the fact that medical English is inconveniently scheduled in a pre-clinical phase of their curriculum, they also exhibited a certain level of hesitancy, unsurprisingly, when it came to readiness in handling serious communication scenarios.

Преодоляване чрез завръщане. Опит върху неслучилото се майчинство в книгата „Писма до Ния, която не родих“

Author(s): Irena Dimova-Gencheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2023

The proposed article examines the process of overcoming the experience, focusing on the topic of motherhood that has not happened. We trace the return to memory in the specific case of Dimana Yordanova's poetry book - „Letters to Nia, to whom I did not give birth”. We allow ourselves to look at the book through Yulia Krasteva and her analysis of the topics of melancholy and depression. Our interest is focused on self-closure and fear of the inner world.

Aktivierung des mentalen Lexikons während des Sprachgebrauchs der deutschen Sprache bei Germanistikstudierenden – Alter als Einflussfaktor

Author(s): Joanna Franek-Zaborowska / Language(s): German Issue: 33/2024

The article asks the question about the influence of age on language behaviour of German studies students in the context of activation of the mental lexicon. The aim of the study conducted is to examine whether the age of the test persons has an effect on linguistic functioning with relation to German language. The changes that occur with age within mental processes are multidimensional and highly individualized. The lexical units of all languages that man has acquired, referred to as the mental lexicon, are distinguished by varying degrees of anchoring, which translates into the quality and quantity of language production.

INTERCULTURAL HUMOR: A BRIDGE OR A GAP BETWEEN CIVILIZATIONS?

Author(s): Andrei-Lucian Marian / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 38/2024

This paper explores the complexity of intercultural humor, highlighting the challenges and opportunities it presents in an increasingly globalized world. Although humor is often considered a universal language, its ability to transcend cultural boundaries is limited by linguistic, social, and cultural differences. The study examines barriers that sometimes impede the understanding and appreciation of humor across different cultures, such as wordplay, cultural references, stereotypes, and the interpretation of various life situations. Additionally, concrete examples of intercultural humor are presented, including international adaptations of comedy series, slapstick humor, and the use of ethnic stereotypes, which demonstrate both commonalities and fundamental differences between cultures. Despite some barriers, intercultural humor can serve as a bridge between people, offering new perspectives and a deeper understanding of cultural diversity. The ability to navigate the complexities of intercultural humor is essential for effective communication and for building harmonious relationships between the world's diverse cultures.

A GENERAL CONVERSATION ON CONLANGS

Author(s): Ștefan Ghiran / Language(s): English Issue: 38/2024

Constructed languages seem to be what J.R.R. Tolkien names “A Secret Vice” of humanity and have been with us in one form of another for a long time. At the hight of the 19th century the fascination was with finding a universal language, but today they seem to be more prominent due to the media promoting them and at the same time they go unnoticed. Many language creators applied their craft to enrich fictional worlds, their own or otherwise, and in doing so managed to transform this “vice” into an artform where the prefix “art” in “artlang” stands for artistic, no longer for artificial. This article aims to present the history of artificial languages, some of the characteristics that might make such a language successful and attempts to follow the shift from understanding and using language creation as a tool in its previous stages to the artform it is today by combining elements of general linguistics with examples from various crafted languages.