Le rôle des subordonnées temporelles dans la cohérence temporelle au niveau d’une séquence textuelle

Author(s): Diana Costea / Language(s): French Issue: 1-2/2015

The hereby analysis aims at establishing the role of temporal subordinates in a temporal coherence at the level of textual sequences. We shall use narrative texts for this purpose, since temporality is the decisive dimension of narrative development. It would be impossible for narrativity not to have a temporal outline, since it implies multiple transformations from one state to another, necessarily involving chronology. We shall try to theorize on how verbal tenses and, implicitly, temporal subordinates condition the integration of sentence sequences into a cohesive and consistent complex, that is, a TEXT.

The Semantic Legacy of the Medieval World: Words Denoting Social Ranks in English and French

Author(s): Iulia Drimala / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2015

Social ranks terms are categories which exhibit a distinct lexical structure than other categories (natural, artifacts), due to the specificity of the classes of objects they denote. They can be identified and described according to a set of criterial features proposed by Dahlgren (1985): physical appearance, social function, social relations, internal attributes and cultural stereotypes. These features prove the constitutive character of social terms, which accounts for the emergence and functioning of a social category within an institution with its specific rules (Dahlgren 1985). In the case of the studied words, the institution is the medieval society with its rigid social stratification. The constitutive nature of English and French social rank terms will be revealed in this paper by a socio-historical account of the main events which brought about changes in both vocabularies and by a detailed etymological analysis of the structure of the studied words.

Parità linguistica nei testi amministrativi italiani – norme e pratiche

Author(s): Diana Sopon / Language(s): Italian Issue: 1-2/2015

This paper presents some of the latest aspects related to the issue of linguistic gender neutrality or linguistic gender equity in Italian administrative texts. It also deals with some of the most important strategies that are used in order to implement the principle of linguistic gender equity in Italian administrative texts.

Linguistic Characteristics of Commercial and Social Advertising Slogans

Author(s): Pavel Skorupa,Tatjana Dubovičienė / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2015

The current paper presents the analysis of linguistic characteristics of commercial and social advertising slogans. There is no uniform definition of the advertising slogan in the scientific literature, therefore, an attempt to provide the definition of a slogan in the context of marketing communication was made. One of the main functions of both social and commercial advertising is to provide information to the target audience and make it act in a way desired by the advertisers. As language, either spoken or written, has a powerful influence over people and their behaviour, the article analysis the language of advertising from the linguistic point of view and focuses on the phonological and semantic characteristics of slogans for commercial and social advertising campaigns. The analysis of 110 English slogans (55 commercial and 55 social advertising campaigns) showed the frequent use of both sound techniques and figurative language in commercial advertising slogans, which make the slogans more memorable, attractive and highlighting the advertised brand in a positive way. In contrast, the sound techniques and figurative language are scarce in slogans for social advertising campaigns.

Pogledi u procese standardizacije u crnogorskome jeziku

Author(s): Dubravko Jakić / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian Issue: 12/2015

U ovome radu razmotrit će se ključna dešavanja u procesima standardizacije crnogorskoga jezika do njegovog službenog priznanja s uporednim osvrtom na iste ili bliske faze standardološkoga uobličavanja u bosanskome jeziku, odnosno povijesne faze kodifikacije suvremenoga i dosuvremenog perioda jezičnoga razvitka dvaju južnoslavenskih prostora bivše srpskohrvatske jezične zajednice, danas standardnih pojavnih oblika srednjojužnoslavenskoga dijasistema. Povijest književne upotrebe i standardologija suvremene kodifikacije u jeziku bivših državnih jedinica naglo su raskinute devedesetih godina dvadesetoga stoljeća i jezici su krenuli svojim povijesnim putem. Cilj je službeno jezično osamostaljenje u vlastitoj državnoj zajednicii kulturološko narodno priznanje u sastavu međunarodnoga lingvističkog atašea. Identitetom u ovom radu se bavimo iz povijesnih razloga u svrhu jezičnoga obrazloženja, te iz lingvističkih poriva prema državotvornom osamostaljenju upotrebe jezika u svim sferama društva i društva nekadašnje jugoslovenske zajednice.

Jednostki apelatywne. W poszukiwaniu wyróżnika

Author(s): Joanna Zaucha / Language(s): Polish Issue: 21/2016

The goal of the paper is to characterize four units with a dominating appellative function: Uwaga! (‘Warning!’ / ‘Attention!’), Start! (‘Start!’), Stop! (‘Stop!’), and Dalej! (‘Carry on!’). Their nature is performative; they are excluded from the reach of negation; they cannot be presented in reported speech. The author indicates the syntactic independence of these units and their deep rooting in the situational context. She believes that the essential property of appellatives is the marked position of the addressee, contextually identified by the action he or she is to perform or performs. This is reflected in the description of the function of these units, one that reveals their specific character which, according to K. Bühler’s (2004: 32) advice, is particular behaviour of the addressee of the utterance, a reaction to the uttering of those units.

Socio-lingual Phenomenon of the Anti-language of Polish and American Prison Inmates

Author(s): Łukasz Zarzycki / Language(s): English Issue: 01 (8)/2015

The aim of this paper is to compare Polish and American prison slang terms as well as their inmate codes. This paper is devoted to the phenomenon of prison subculture from the perspective of the Polish prison slang so called the secret grypserka language (from gryps – a slang word meaning a letter smuggled into or out of a jail). Grypserka is the anti-language of Polish prison inmates. Prisoners are people, too, like doctors, policemen and undertakers, but when being in prison they lose their friends or often family and then there is nothing le for them but to learn words (grypserka slang) in order to communicate secretly with one another. Perhaps, nobody wants to be sentenced to prison apart from those who are broken-down. Many people regard imprisonment as the end of the world. In spite of their dislike or even fear of prisons, they do not close the way to experience power, wealth, sex and addiction. In order to gain so many conveniences, prisoners have to develop their language skills and learn grypserka which allow many desires to be met in their “second world” relieving the pains and inconveniences of incarceration. All in all, it was agreed that “the distinctive argot of inmates gives an insight into the institutions, preoccupations, and style of prison life” (Michaels and Ricks, 1980: 525). Unfortunately, the prison slang has a negative effect on the rehabilitation process because it carries subculture “essence” – rules and norms. It is due to unique expressions, words and phrases that the way of thinking and outlooks of the group members are shaped. When penetrating such a composite phenomenon as the prison slang one should take into consideration its specific attribute – secrecy – and, moreover, the fact that its chief goal is to fight against law

English-Only Movement in the USA – Is there hope for language tolerance?

Author(s): Romana Workman / Language(s): English Issue: 09/2015

The aim of this paper is to analyze the circumstances and grounds of the development of an English-Only movement in the United States of America (USA), which strives to establish English as the official language on a federal level, to evaluate its role in the contemporary language policy in the United States where less than half of all states do not have now English enacted as the official language, and to confirm or reverse the thesis as to whether or not the English-Only movement is a right-wing conservative initiative and an influential interest group practicing a so-called language imperialism. The paper is intended to introduce the existence and activities of a movement to Czech professionals dealing with language issues and to outline a picture of the American identity, values and culture which are important vehicles for understanding the impact of the movement on the American society. The article also briefly describes the situation in five selected Southwestern states with a large Hispanic minority population and confirms or reverses the initial proposition. The paper uses two research methods: the historical method describing the genesis of the movement and a comparative method focused on other similar movements and opposition groups.

FELUL ÎN CARE VORBESC MIGRANŢII DESPRE ŢARA DE ORIGINE

Author(s): Ivana D. Pajić / Language(s): German Issue: 03/2016

The following novels “How the Soldier Repairs the Gramophone”(1999) and “Why the Child is Cooking in the Polenta”(2006) are written by two authors (Aglaja Veteranyi and Saša Stanišić), who have left their country of origin as children. In this paper by using these two novels will be examined what role the country of origin plays for the self-image of the individuals who are moving between different cultures.

ROLUL LIMBII GERMANE, CA MIJLOC IMPORTANT DE COMUNICARE

Author(s): Rodica Teodora Biriş,Angela Jireghie / Language(s): German Issue: 03/2016

In this article we will refer to the importance of the language as a means of communication and will take as an example the languages english and german. As noted, in everyday life it exists more and more voices, that try to minimize the role of language in interpersonal communication, increasingly reinforce the role and the necesity of non-verbal communication. Without neglecting the aspect of nonverbal communication, we wish to demonstrate through theory and examples from the two languages of how important the communication through language is. We also analize the lending role of the words in German and in Romanian from English, wich are more numerous in the last years.

Kes vastutab?

Author(s): Katrin Aava / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 11/2015

Reports on traffic accidents carry societal meanings and judgements about the value of human life, role and responsibility of all parties and who is to be blamed. Critical discourse analysis used in this research is a method that allows to detect such hidden meanings of societal agreements and interpretations encoded in texts. To exemplify how the roles of different parties are construed in traffic news, were analysed 26 police reports about traffic accidents that happened on crossroads in October and November 2013. To find out how such framing influences readers in interpreting the text, were questioned 104 respondents. The text analysis showed that traffic news stories are being framed through the driver’s viewpoint and attention is drawn to the pedestrian’s mistakes (lack of a reflector, dark clothing). Traffic reports are phrased in such a way that accidents happen, their active participants are cars which hit pedestrians and pedestrians who are hit by cars. The questionnaire revealed that the more emphasis is put on the factors that distracted the driver, the more readers perceive pedestrians as responsible for the accident.

Le franfulfulde au nord Cameroun : une praxéogénie

Author(s): David Abaikaye / Language(s): French Issue: 09/2016

The present paper sets out to examine the exploitation of a hybrid talk which is gaining ground in school and university settings in Northern Cameroon: Franfulfulde. The manifestation of this individual and daily activity Valin refers to as praxeogeny is hence seen as a conducive vehicle for language contacts and cultural diversity in southern Francophonie. The focus is on this hybrid speech or double composite speech: like a talk, it presupposes a system of signs and codes; just like a speech, it falls within an individual logic. This investigation focuses on lexical creation, syntagmatic and transformational operations, but also on what might be the real speech intentions of Franfulfulde users.

Sociolingvistinė Latvijos bendrojo lavinimo įstaigose vartojamų kreipimosi formų analizė

Author(s): Anda Blūmane / Language(s): English Issue: 82/2009

Daugiskaitinių ir vienaskaitinių kreipimosi formų konkurencija viešojoje sakytinėje vartosenoje

Author(s): Jurgita Girčienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 82/2009

A quantitative analysis of television talk shows representing public usage and broadcasted between 26 January 2009 and 11 March 2009 has identified a marked preference for the polite form of address, which is usual in this area of usage: different addressors referred to 248 different addressees by the polite plural form jūs and only to 43 different addressees by the less polite singular tu. A qualitative analysis has identified differences between programmes dealing with public issues (PPI) and programmes focusing on entertainment and/or personal issues (PEI).PPIs are related to public official usage and therefore consistently use plural forms of address which help maintain social distance. PEI, in their turn, are mostly related to freer public usage, hence singular forms of address which help maintain friendly relationships compete with plural forms of address. Both of them are equally popular (jūs found in 57 instances; tu—in 42 instances). A different character of PPIs and PEIs determines differences in the choice of their participants and in addition to the previously discussed aspects of official and free usage might also influence the choice of the forms of address.The main socio-linguistic factors determining the choice of the forms of address in PPIs include the age of the addressor and the addressee, closeness between them, social roles which might be influenced by education and social status. The plural form in PPIs is mostly used when addressing older, more respectable participants, often performing the roles of decision takers or experts. The singular form is preferred by moderators, used in reference to peers, younger interlocutors or acquaintances. It should be noted that PPI moderators attempting to combine public and private sometimes have to cope with rather tough situations, for example,by linguistic means, including polite forms of address, they have to create a friendly environment and show respect to their guests and the audience.

Kalbos taisymai ir kalbinis pasitikėjimas: sociolingvistiniai nuostatų tyrimai

Author(s): Loreta Vaicekauskienė,Vaida Švežaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 82/2009

The paper introduces the results of research conducted in 2009 and based on questionnaires collected from 200 respondents of lower than higher education (secondary and specialised) in the age group of 18-60 years. The respondents were from three major cities of Lithuania and their neighbourhood: Vilnius, Kaunas and Šiauliai. The investigation was aimed at identifying how the concept of well-formed language and how correcting language errors influenced the respondents’ linguistic self-confidence. Differently from traditional studies focusing on the norm, the present investigation presupposes that for ordinary language users, well-formedlanguage is not confined to grammatically correct language and that linguistic selfconfidenceshould be determined by other factors not limited to the knowledge of language rules.The results of the investigation have shown that the representatives of the above social group give a fairly high evaluation to their own language skills, especially speaking, and a well-formed language for them is fluent, free language which might be grammatically acceptable but could also be ungrammatical. At the same time, it can be seen that linguistic self-confidence might be reduced by language errors which are corrected: the respondents whose language was corrected in situations with an asymmetric distribution of power (e.g. the corrections were made by teachers), expressed less positive attitudes towards their own skills. The conclusion is supported by preliminary data obtained from television and radio journalists of Lithuania.

I. Rákóczi Ferenc esküvője. Zboró, 1666

Author(s): László Fülöp / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 4/2017

Name instead of being the second. The names of Ferenc, György, Péter, and Miklós are listed on all the three popularity scales, with different places only. The name of László needs to be highlighted in particular, as there are as many as 11 László is indicated on the list, although it was a very rare name in other sectors of the population at that time. As a matter of fact, this still very common and popular male name only became fashionable in Hungary in the 18th century.

ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЕ КОДОВ В ЖАРГОНЕ СУБКУЛЬТУРЫ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ СОЦИОЛЕКТА БОЛЕЛЬЩИКОВ «ФОРМУЛЫ-1»)

Author(s): Elena Erofeeva / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2017

At the present day, the cultural diversity is realized not only through ethnic features, but also through subcultural ones. Subcultures are particular units within the dominant culture. Subcultures are based on three components: the social stratum, social stereotypes and values, the language (jargon or sociolect). The article discusses the sociolect of Formula One fans. It is shown that this sociolect is a complex, “mixed” language that not only generates the required lexical units, but also uses several terminological systems, jargons, and colloquial speech elements as sources. The complexity of the sociolect is determined by the type of activity that is characterized the subculture. It is obvious that not only this sociolect, but other subcultures sociolects are characterized as complex, “mixed” languages.

Социолингвистички поглед на савремени језик Италијана у Истри и Ријеци

Author(s): Aleksandra R. Blatešić,Christian Eccher / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 4/2017

In this article we will deal with the analysis of the language spoken by the Italians in Istria, and since it is not just the standard Italian language, the subject of our research included more Croatian and Istrian dialect (called istro-veneto). We will observe the development of Italian language in the period from the second half of the 20th century to modern times, because it was the time of the biggest change. After the Second World War when the Italians in Istria reported to a complex minority, because they thought that their language had no social role, and bilingualism was viewed in purely negative terms by the 60s of last century, which further affected the manner of use Italian as a mother tongue in non-core countries, in this case in Croatia and Slovenia. In addition to the general sociolinguistic display position of Italians in Istria and Rijeka in this paper we consider the language and the mentality of the people in novels of Nelida Milani, who was able to describe very accurately and thoroughly their social position and psychological state in different roles and sociological contexts.

Analýza komunikačnej interakcie medzi rozhodcom a hráčmi vo futbale

Author(s): Peter Kačúr,Lukáš Tóth / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 35/2018

The subject of the paper is focused on the analysis of the level of communication interaction between the judges and the players of different age categories. Verbal communication interaction was analysed defining five the most frequently used verbal patterns. We also found out that the most frequent verbal expressions communicated by players and judges were instructions. Moreover, the analysis was conducted on three different age levels of football players regarding young players, adolescents and adults.

„Ägrisch“ in deutschen siebenbürgischen urkundlichen Quellen und im Siebenbürgisch-Sächsischen. Etymologische Deutung des Lexems aufgrund entsprechender Fachliteratur

Author(s): Sigrid Haldenwang / Language(s): German Issue: 61/2018

“Ägrisch” ['ᴂgriʃ], m. (w/o plural), as the name of a saxifragaceous plant, has been documented in German Saxon documentary sources starting with the latter half of the 15th century. Documentary and vernacular evidence cite the meaning of “gooseberry” (lat. Ribes grossularia) as well as the meaning of “wild/unripe grape”. Furthermore the term “Ägrisch”, alongside more specific determiners, identifies other saxifragaceous plants as well. From the vernacular, the lexeme has infiltrated the colloquial Transylvanian German. Recent philological research attributes it with the meaning “gooseberry” to Standard German in Romania. The latter part addresses the etymology of the term. The vernacular case examples are taken from the Transylvanian-Saxon Dictionary and the Northern Transylvanian Dictionary.