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Jana Marková: Religiöse Konzepte im tschechischen nationalen Diskurs (1860–1885). Hildesheim – Zürich – New York: Georg Olms Verlag, 2016. 371 pp. Westostpassagen: Slawistische Forschungen und Texte, 23.
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The aim of the paper is to identify similarities and differences in terms of the metaphors used to present the COVID-19 crisis in Romanian and US articles. The paper is structured in two parts – a theoretical and a practical one. The theoretical framework presents metaphors from the cognitive linguistic perspective as a way to understand and explain reality, metaphors playing a major part in human thinking. They are approached in the paper as a subjective way of presenting reality, being indicative of cultural differences. The practical part analyses thirteen Romanian and US articles taken from broadsheet newspapers, focusing on three areas – the presentation of the virus, people’s reaction to it, and the vaccine – in order to see the types of metaphors and the source domains used.
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The paper explores English animal zero plurals using data culled from the BNC and argues that the rarely discussed pattern is motivated by a cognitive factor. Specifically, it is argued that the use of the zero plural mirrors the inability to individuate referents in their natural habitat, i.e. the inability to distinguish between particular individuals. In nouns designating aquatic creatures the inability is rooted in the fact that human eyesight is able to penetrate the water surface only to a very limited extent, which makes animals that live underwater and do not surface practically invisible (e.g. They caught lots of herring vs. They observed a pod of whales). In the case of land animals and birds the inability is due to the fact that some animals live in large groups, which thwarts distinguishing particular specimens (e.g. They watched a herd of wildebeest / a covey of quail vs. They spooked a couple of grizzly bears). It is further shown that the zero plural pattern is the most widespread in generic contexts (e.g. There are about 2,700 species of snake), which accords well with the explanation argued for in the paper as species are mental constructs that can be readily talked about but are invisible to the naked eye.
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The paper presents interdisciplinary research using the framework of cognitive linguistics based metaphor theory and nationalism studies of political science. Frames of movement are placed under scrutiny during the discourse analysis of the 2016 and 2021 election manifestos of the Scottish National Party and social media posts. In relation to metaphors of movement, images describing the future of an independent Scotland are also detected. The authors attempt to analyse and interpret findings both from the perspective of cognitive linguistics and ethno-symbolism. Apart from the texts of the manifestos, the timeframe of the research involved social media posts two months preceding and two months following the elections in both cases. Methodology was issue-driven and computer assisted but supervised: key words linked to movement were extracted from the manifestos and clustered. Their occurrence and frequency in the social media posts was checked. In the qualitative analysis phase, messages of the manifestos and of the posts were contrasted in order to answer our research question what kind of persuasive political discourse was used when options for the citizens were outlined.
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The article aims to reconstruct the conceptualization of KÆRLIGHED (LOVE) in Old Danish (1100–1515). In the first part of the study, the structure of the concept in Old Danish is analyzed, and parallels are drawn to the modern-day concept of KÆRLIGHED, the most significant differences being registered in the subcategories of PATRIOTISM and ROMANTIC LOVE, as well as in connection with the sense ‘love to do’. In the following parts of the study, the most important aspects and conceptual metaphors of Old Danish KÆRLIGHED are revealed, demonstrating a great influence of Christian values. Lastly, the nouns ælskhugh and kærlikhet are analyzed, and the difference between them is described as a different profiling of the various aspects of KÆRLIGHED, such as JOY and PLEASURE.
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This study aims to illustrate how visual and auditory perception are conceptualized in Swedish and what differences there are between them. Previous studies often discuss perception in relation to the oppositely directed motions between the perceiver and the object perceived. In the Perceiver-as-Source type, perception occurs when our eyes/gaze reach the object perceived. In the Perceived-as-Source type, perception takes place when sense stimuli reach the perceiver. The data show two differences between visual and auditory perception. First, we find more metaphorical expressions for visual perception than for auditory perception. Second, we also find that, while visual perception has a stronger connection to the Perceiver-as-Source type, auditory perception is more strongly connected to the Perceived-as-Source type. These two differences are explained by the function of the perceptual organs.
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The live broadcast of different, socially important events is nowadays no longer reserved only for radio and television. The live-ticker, a result of various media convergence processes, is a multimodal and interactive set of institutional reports, journalists’ and politicians’ opinions, pictures, short films and social media posts, that 24/7 provides the most up-to-date information on a specific topic. The article is an investigation into the media genre live-ticker with a focus on its multimodal structure, the language-image relations, as well as aspects of hypertextuality. Finally, I want to show what the live ticker differs from similar forms of online broadcasting. The corpus are three Danish live-tickers that provided the most detailed report on the trial of the Danish entrepreneur and designer Peter Madsen: bt.dk, ekstrabladet.dk and jyllands-posten.dk. Madsen murdered in 2017 a Swedish journalist Kim Wall, for which he was sentenced in April 2018 to life imprisonment.
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Two fundamental aspects of conceptual and linguistic structure are examined in relation to one another: organization into strata, each a baseline giving rise to the next by elaboration; and the conceptions of reality implicated at successive levels of English clause structure. A clause profiles an occurrence (event or state) and grounds it by assessing its epistemic status (location vis-à-vis reality). Three levels are distinguished in which different notions of reality correlate with particular structural features. In baseline clauses, grounded by “tense”, the profiled occurrence belongs to baseline reality (the established history of occurrences). Basic clauses incorporate perspective (passive, progressive, and perfect), and since grounding includes the grammaticized modals as well as negation, basic reality is more elaborate. A basic clause expresses a proposition, comprising the grounded structure and the epistemic status specified by basic grounding. At higher strata, propositions are themselves subject to epistemic assessment, in which conceptualizers negotiate their validity; propositions accepted as valid constitute propositional reality. Propositions are assessed through interactive grounding, in the form of questioning and polarity focusing, and by complementation, in which the matrix clause indicates the status of the complement.
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Based on Langacker’s conception of grouping, the paper reformulates the basic assumptions of Ingarden’s theory of the literary work of art in terms of the Cognitive Grammar approach. The claim is made that, given a gestalt-based approach to the multi-stratal nature of the literary work as envisioned by Ingarden, the idea of grouping is a perfect methodological tool to apply in a holistic analysis as developed within cognitive poetics (sensu Stockwell). An incremental cognitive process, grouping “transcends” – in a gestalt-like fashion – all “levels” of conceptual organization. For illustrative purposes, the paper recasts Ingarden’s analysis of Mickiewicz’s “The Ackerman Steppe” in terms of Cognitive Grammar.
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On the “standard” view of conceptual metaphors (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980; Kövecses, 2002), metaphorical creativity arises from the cognitive processes of extending, elaboration, questioning, and combining conceptual content in the source domain (Lakoff and Turner, 1989). I will propose that such cases constitute only a part of metaphorical creativity. An equally important and common set of cases is comprised by what I call “context-induced” metaphors. I will discuss five types of these: metaphors induced by 1) the immediate linguistic context itself, 2) what we know about the major entities participating in the discourse, 3) the physical setting, 4) the social setting, and 5) the immediate cultural context. Such metaphors have not been systematically investigated so far, though they seem to form a large part of our metaphorical creativity.
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The components of movement (space, weight, time, flow) in Laban’s Analysis of Movement are connected and dependent of each other. A contemporary dancer as a teacher realizes instructions related to the all qualitative properties of movement. This is the verbalization of knowledge about the qualities of movement, strongly individualized, dependent on the skills, education and experience of the dancer.The aim of the article is to define the repertoire of the knowledge exponents, which are using during a contemporary dance workshops. The case study will focus on determining which components of movement are indicated by metaphors used by dance teachers.
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The aim of this paper is to account for the semantics of selected terms of Germanic, Romance and Arabic origin with surprising origins, referred to by the editors of the Merriam-Webster Dictionary as the “top ten words with remarkable origins”, which initially referred to objects, animals, places and later started to be employed figuratively in various human- and nonhuman-related contexts. The theoretical framework adopted in the research embraces such tools offered by Cognitive Linguistics as conceptual metaphor and metonymy. The paper attempts to explain the conceptual motivation behind the semantics of the targeted terms and the results of the research conducted may be said to corroborate not only the conceptual nature of metaphors/metonymies as such but also their impact on social cognition.
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Usage-based models that underlie cognitive approach to language and grammar imply investigation of language as a dynamic tool used in interpersonal communication rather than as an abstract system of signs. Hence the linguists’ interest in the language of social and mass media, with its focus upon real current situations and events. One of such events, reported by journalists and widely commented upon, was an incident that occurred in Ukraine shortly after the Russian invasion of 24 February 2022. In one of the villages in the battle zone a group of Ukrainian civilians seized a tank from the Russian army. In the internet, the news soon became a hit and was translated into several languages. Focusing upon Polish, the analysis presented in the paper will show the relation between the form of those messages and their epistemological value. In the case study I will use the concept of the linguistic worldview combined with that of conceptual integration, thus substantiating the claim that theoretical framework offered by Cognitive Linguistics can be profitably used to describe, to optimize and to operationalize acts of linguistic communication.
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The article examines the multimodal metaphors which actualise the concept of CHORNOBYL in the five episodes of the miniseries Chernobyl. The procedure of the analysis includes identifyingand selecting the multimodal metaphors following the Filmic Metaphor Identification Procedure, construing and describing the structure of key and sub-metaphors with the target domain CHORNOBYL, distinguishing the modes of the domains, interpreting the meanings and attitudes that are mapped onto the target domain. The source domains DETECTIVE STORY, ESPIONAGE,DISEASE, HOSPITAL are cued via the combination of visual, auditory (sonic and musical), and verbal (written and spoken) modes.
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In relation to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, memes and Internet jokes haveaspecial status. They work as stress-relievers, information vessels, or Russian propa-ganda resistance. The effectiveness of ameme relies on mingling verbal and visualelements in such away that seemingly unrelated scenarios become relatable and canbe interpreted in agiven context. The text aims at discussing the cognitive mechanismsemployed in chosen pro-Ukrainian memes against the 2022 Russian invasion in termsof their bimodal construal. An analysis of agroup of memes was conducted within thecognitive linguistics framework, with reference to the Conceptual Metaphor Theory,conceptual integration theory (Fauconnier & Turner, 2002), and construal (Langacker,2008, 2019). The creation of memes triggers frameshifting and convergence of dif-ferent mental spaces, which results in online meaning construction, where humorousincongruity derives directly from blending and shows how jokes (about tragedies) maybecome humorous, due to frame substitution.
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The objective of the proposed paper is twofold. Firstly, by adopting the claim that theultimate me aning of each multimodal message is more than the sum of modes used in the process of its creation, the author strives to offer a thorough analysis of the TV commercial for Momester®Nasal, using the tools as proposed in the Fauconnier and Turner Conceptual Blending Theory (2002). Secondly, assuming that a successful multimodal message “is achieved through all modes interacting both separately and simultaneously” (Pinar Sanz, 2015, p. 1), as well as pointing to the fact that multimodal approach to communication does not favour any of the modes applied in a message, but may, sometimes, highlight one of them (Winiarska & Załazińska, 2017, p. 7), the author poses a daring question to what extent the integration of distinct modes which occur in a multimodal message can be interpreted as the result of two cognitive operations, i.e. the effect of highlighting and hiding in the sense of Lakoff and Johnson (1980). The object in question is a TV commercial for Momester®Nasal where three modes: visual, linguistic and aural, are put under scrutiny. The analysis is to prove that alternate highlighting and hiding of elements belonging to three disparate modes also contributes to greater cross-resonance among the modes, which in turn strengthens the creative potential of the message (El Refaie, 2015).
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Objective: The aim of the work is to compare the results of research on the oral language of people with neurodegenerative diseases. On the basis of literature, research results and available information, research methodologies in the subject and test results are presented. Speech variables that have been considered in the studies were presented, including linguistic, phonetic and phonological features, prosodic, acoustic, lexical, semantic, syntactic and morpho-syntactic features. Material and methods: A comprehensive review and analysis of literature, articles in peer-reviewed journals, in the field of language disorders resulting from brain damage resulting from neurodegenerative diseases. Conclusions: Studies show that the speech analysis is a crucial diagnosis tool, which can be used for early neurodegenerative changes recognition. No such studies have been carried out in the Polish language so far.
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This paper discusses the Japanese ‘X wa Y o shiteiru’ form, which represents the simple state or property of an object. After illustrating the basic features of the linguistic pattern, the paper examines how the pattern is formed by focusing on the conceptualizer’s cognition regarding objects. To conclude, the paper argues that the simple stative interpretation of the pattern derives from the process of subjectification proposed in the field of cognitive grammar.
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Cognitive performance declines with age following different trajectories. The cognitive trade-off, however, between age and cognitive reserve is still not clear. In addition, bilingualism has been thought to play a role in delaying cognitive decline by affecting cognitive control outside the scope of language. However, the effect has been unreliably reproduced and without exploring sufficiently the differences between cognitive functions that govern language control. In the current study 112 adults varying in age, level of bilingualism and cognitive reserve, completed a modified version of the Simon task, which engaged the mechanisms of interference suppression and shifting. Using ex-Gaussian analysis, the Simon effect was replicated in the normal component and the shifting effect was found in the exponential. Additional linear mixed-effects model analysis showed a significant “negative” effect of bilingualism on inhibition and a “positive” effect of cognitive reserve on shifting, both independent of age. Age affected similarly the speed of engagement of both executive functions irrespectively of language or cognitive background. Implications of a bilingual disadvantage and a beneficial effect of cognitive reserve during ageing are discussed.
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The purpose of this paper is to reconstruct the understanding of the concept of democracy (Demokratie) in German by means of a cognitive definition developed and operationalized on the grounds of the analyses of the “Lublin School of Ethnolinguistics”. This type of definition is aimed at recreating the “cognitive structure” of the concept by giving all its linguistically and culturally relevant, stabilized and fixed features. Three types of sources were used as the material basis: dictionary, survey and text (including corpus), which were treated “separatively”. The synthetic cognitive definition of the Demokratie concept included features that could be focused around the following facets: [hyperonyms], [opposites], [collections], [social attributes], [political attributes], [ethical attributes], [economic attributes].
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