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Usvajanje govora kod dvodijalektalnoga djeteta

Author(s): Nada Županović Filipin / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2-3/2015

The paper describes the speech and language development of a bidialectal child over the course of the first three years of his life. The idiom spoken in the child's surroundings is kajkavian-based Zagreb city speech, while the child’s mother speaks a Neoštokavian Ikavian idiom spoken in the city of Split. The paper discusses the stages in the child’s language development and focuses on the origin of the acquired phenomena. The data, collected by diary and via recordings of the child's interactions with his environment, are compared to recent research in language acquisition. Examples of code mixing and code switching are analyzed to establish the manner and order of acquiring the varieties the child is surrounded with, and pinpoint influences that impact acquisition. The paper tries to underline the differences in how bidialectal children acquire language and point to the need to study this phenomenon further. In the end, a prognosis of the child’s further language acquisition is offered.

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Einfluss verbaler und nonverbaler Reize ausgewählter deutschsprachiger Fernsehwerbespots auf das Hervorrufen positiver und negativer Emotionen

Author(s): Emira Premrov / Language(s): German Issue: 2-3/2015

Der Beitrag befasst sich mit der Ermittlung des emotionalen Einflusses verbaler und nonverbaler Elemente ausgewählter deutschsprachiger Fernsehwerbespots. Dazu wurden zehn deutschsprachige Fernsehwerbespots 36 deutschen Probanden vorgeführt. Die Daten wurden mittels vorgelegter Fragebögen, die während der Ausstrahlung jedes Fernsehwerbespots von den Probanden ausgefüllt wurden, erhoben. Unter Einsatz statistischer Verfahren wurden Unterschiede in den durchschnittlichen Werten nonverbaler und verbaler Bestandteile ausgewählter deutschsprachiger Fernsehwerbespots, die als emotionale Auslöser fungiert haben, untersucht. Einerseits bestätigten die Ergebnisse die Dominanz nonverbaler Reize beim Hervorrufen von Emotionen, andererseits zeigen sie beim Auslösen negativer Emotionen keinen statistisch signifikanten Unterschied zwischen dem Paar verbale Reize vs. nonverbale Reize.

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Semantic Models of Sentences with Verbs of Motion in Standard Language and in Scientific Language Used in Biology

Author(s): Vita Banionytė / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

The semantic models of sentences with verbs of motion in German standard language and in scientific language used in biology are analyzed in the article. In its theoretic part it is affirmed that the article is based on the semantic theory of the sentence. This theory, in its turn, is grounded on the correlation of semantic predicative classes and semantic roles. The combination of semantic predicative classes and semantic roles is expressed by the main semantic formula – proposition. In its practical part the differences between the semantic models of standard and scientific language used in biology are explained. While modelling sentences with verbs of motion, two groups of semantic models of sentences are singled out: that of action (Handlung) and process (Vorgang). The analysis shows that the semantic models of sentences with semantic action predicatives dominate in the text of standard language while the semantic models of sentences with semantic process predicatives dominate in the texts of scientific language used in biology. The differences how the doer and direction are expressed in standard and in scientific language are clearly seen and the semantic cases (Agens, Patiens, Direktiv1) help to determine that. It is observed that in scientific texts of high level of specialization (biology science) in contrast to popular scientific literature models of sentences with moving verbs are usually seldom found. They are substituted by denominative constructions. In conclusions it is shown that this analysis can be important in methodics, especially planning material for teaching professional-scientific language.

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Vigilance mechanisms in interpretation: hermeneutical vigilance

Author(s): Manuel Padilla Cruz / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

The mind has developed vigilance mechanisms that protect individuals from deception and misinformation (Sperber et al. 2010). They make up a module that checks the reliability and believability of informers and information. Vigilance mechanisms may also comprise a sub-set of specialised mechanisms safeguarding hearers from interpretative mistakes conducive to misunderstanding by triggering an attitude of hermeneutical vigilance (Padilla Cruz 2014). This causes individuals to check the plausibility and acceptability of interpretative hypotheses appearing optimally relevant. Relying on empirical evidence, this paper characterizes this sub-set of mechanisms and suggests some avenues for future research.

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Обращение и теория барьеров

Author(s): Mikhail Yakovlevich Dymarskiy / Language(s): Russian Issue: 6/2016

The paper proves inadequacy of incorporating elements of the so called communicative escort, i.e. vocatives, parenthesis and interjections, into the scope of Barriers within the Barriers Theory introduced by A. Zaliznyak. It is shown that in this theory the notion of clause is used in its broadest sense. The clause is defined as a grammatical structure (“a group, including non-predicative groups, headed by verb”), but at the same time it is treated as a result of lineariza-tion of this structure. The borders of this linearized structure are identified not only grammati-cally (according to the definition) but also taking semantics into account. This forces the inves-tigator to regard elements of the communicative escort as components of the linearized struc-ture. But it means, in turn, that this linearized structure is no more a clause but an utterance which contradicts the clause definition. At the same time, the linear structure of an utterance may not be interpreted simply as equal to the clause linearized structure, since it arises as a re-sult of imposing two structures: the linearized basic grammatical (clause) structure + the com-municative structure, the latter including linear-accent transformations as well as positions for the elements of the communicative escort. These positions may occur at any place of the linear utterance structure but they do not impact the positioning of the components of the grammatical structure. Therefore, interpreting elements of the communicative escort as one of the objects of the Barriers Theory is pleonastic. It is shown by means of reanalysis of some examples from the Old Russian language which have already been analysed by A. Zaliznyak and A. Zimmerling.

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Definicja kognitywna jako narzędzie opisu emocji negatywnych w językach rosyjskim i ukraińskim (na przykładzie emocji strachu)

Author(s): Łukasz Małecki / Language(s): Polish Issue: XXI/2016

Emotions in human consciousness take form of emotional concepts, described by means of such features as traditions, customs, special stereotypes of thinking, behavior models, etc. The present article attempts to analyse the linguistic realization of the concept of „fear” in Russian and Ukrainian languages. The language analyze is based on the purposes of the cognitive definition.

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A COGNITIVE APPROACH TO THE COMPILATION OF TEST MATERIALS FOR THE EVALUATION OF TRANSLATOR’S SKILLS

Author(s): Elena Berg,Mark Kit / Language(s): English Issue: 16/2016

This paper discusses the importance of a cognitive approach to the evaluation of translator’s skills. The authors set forth their recommendations for the compilation of test materials for the evaluation of translators’ cognitive ability.

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BETWEEN GALILEO AND DARWIN, OR TOWARDS A UNIFIED MODE OF IDEALIZATION IN COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS

Author(s): Ariadna Strugielska / Language(s): English Issue: 16/2016

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that Cognitive Linguistics is in need of a coherent model through which the meaning of symbolic units can be represented. Departing from the premise that scientific theorizing requires taking a stance on the nature of idealization, the current discussion concentrates on cognitive linguists’ perspectives on the process, and reveals a lack of uniformity in the models proposed. On the whole, generalizations in Cognitive Linguistics are conducted in a manner reflecting the basic commitments of the approach, and hence the idealized models discussed strive to capture the embodied nature of cognition reflected in the semantic poles of symbolic units. However, a detailed analysis shows that a number of significant choices underlying the process of abstraction are random. Consequently, the modes of idealization revealed through semantic frames and cognitive domains lead to the emergence of barely compatible semantic categories which are assumed to represent the meaning of the same symbolic unit. It is thus postulated that if Cognitive Linguistics aspires to become a mature scientific theory, whose constructs and hypotheses can be operationalized and falsified, it needs to develop a more unified framework in which the situated and distributed natures of meaning are accounted for in a motivated manner.

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Dichotomy of Personal and Empirical Experiencing of Environment and Language

Author(s): Dalibor M. Kesić / Language(s): English Issue: 15/2016

Acquisition of knowledge can be greatly facilitated if it coincides with one’s personal experience. Fortunately, in the majority of cases it does. The postulated truths are attested in everyday, common circumstances. But as we go from concrete towards abstract knowledge, that is from the sphere of empiric towards the sphere of experiential abstract-theoretical knowledge, the empirical side begins to lose its predominance, and the experiential side gains momentum. If we consider, further on, that different individuals do not experience identical but similar elements, it would lead to the conclusion that the reality presented to one individual is never the same as that presented to another. In other words, every living being has its own world impervious to the worlds of others. In a situation like that, no communication would seem possible. If a few ingenious individuals ever managed to create a language under such conditions, all their language signs would have totally subjective, personal meanings, based on their specific experiences, different and totally isolated from the experiences of others. Nobody would be able to learn a single word from others; translation from one language into another would be out of question, and, generally, people would not be able to understand each other. And yet, people do communicate, with varying degrees of success though, and children do manage to learn copious amounts of words from their parents and other people in their surroundings, and it is possible to translate meanings from one language into another, which means that there is intersubjective language and there are intersubjective symbolic forms in general. This paper aims to explore the ways these facts can be reconciled, with a particular view to the facility of language as a means of forging both veracious and illusionary realities.

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Brennende Gefühle: Die Strukturmetapher Emotion ist Feuer in Deutschen, Serbischen und ungarischen Phraseologismen1

Author(s): Zsolt Pápista / Language(s): German Issue: 6/2016

The metaphorical correlation in our conceptual system between emotions and fire can first and foremost be traced back to our experiences regarding our own bodies ‒ certain emotions induce specific somatic reactions that result in a rise of body temperature. This rise in temperature can be conceptualized as a fire in one's own body, which is also reflected in the language. The goal of this paper is the conceptual analysis of German, Serbian and Hungarian idioms based on the structural metaphor EMOTION IS FIRE to uncover the various aspects of this metaphor that are relevant from a cognitive linguistic point of view, as well as the similarities and differences in the manner in which these languages conceptualize emotions. It was determined that the analyzed languages conceptualize different emotions as fire, while this metaphor may structure these different emotions in similar ways. Relevant differences in the conceptualization could be determined regarding how ontological and orientational metaphors are utilized, how dynamic transitions between emotions (or the intensification of an emotion) are conceptualized, and what may represent the antagonist from a force-dynamic perspective.

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Семантико-когнитивный подход к исследованию метафоры: методологические основания и перспективы развития

Author(s): Yulia Kravtsova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 12/2016

The basic theses of a semantic and cognitive approach to study of metaphors, developed by the author, are set forth in the article. This approach implies interpretation of metaphor as a mental and verbal construct. The principles, methods and technique of the corpus semantic and cognitive analysis of metaphors research are described, the prospects of its development are outlined.

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Miasto w przestrzeni językowo-kulturowej polskiej muzyki metalowej z lat osiemdziesiątych XX wieku

Author(s): Anna Antas / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2014

The purpose of this article is to draw attention to the linguistic and cultural manner of conceptualizing the city in the lyrics of the Polish metal songs from the 1980s. After the analysis of the lyrics of nearly 300 songs, it could be argued that the city is evaluated mostly in a negative way, which is manifested by the linguistic means that are used to describe it. The gathered lyrics depict it as the “city of evil” and the “city of dread”. Inhabitants of the city are described by means of metonymy and personification hence cities “die” or “fall asleep”. There are also lots of expressionistic accounts that concern destruction of the city as the result of a nuclear disaster. The research material also contains citations that present the city as a loud, untidy and noisy place which overwhelms and besets the human.

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„OPISAĆ NIENAMACALNE” – LINGWISTYCZNY OBRAZ ZMYSŁU WĘCHU

Author(s): Elżbieta Pawlikowska-Asendrych / Language(s): Polish Issue: 14/2018

Staniewski, Przemysław: Das Unantastbare beschreiben. Gerüche und ihre Versprachlichung im Deutschen und Polnischen. Warschauer Studien zur Germanistik und zur Angewandten Linguistik. Frankfurt am Main, Berlin, Bern, Bruxelles, New York, Oxford, Wien, 2016. 355 S.

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Znaczenie intuicji językowej w procesie antycypacji – na przykładzie komunikacji obcojęzycznej

Author(s): Wioletta A. Piegzik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2021

This paper presents the phenomenon of anticipation which is one of the manifestations of linguistic maturity and language user rationality. Anticipation, taking place essentially in implicit structures and based on evolutionary old intuition, improves speech comprehension and increases the efficiency of cognitive processes. The phenomenon in question is presented on the example of foreign language communication, because it is there that the mechanisms governing the formulation of accurate hypotheses about form and content are particularly evident. The first part of the article discusses speech perception, and with it the categorization and selection of an appropriate cognitive schema conditioning accurate anticipation. The second part presents factors that facilitate and hinder the right hypothesis. Finally, conclusions and directions for future research on anticipation are formulated.

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Metonymy-Guided Discourse Inferencing. A Qualitative Study

Author(s): Antonio Barcelona Sánchez / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

Cognitive-linguistic research on metonymy has argued cogently that metonymy is a crucial factor guaranteeing discourse coherence. Barcelona (forthcoming) includes a detailed study of the metonymies guiding the pragmatic inferences claimed to be invited by the reading of a brief text. The analysis of the fragment, though internally consistent, is based on my own close reading of the text. In the paper I report on a qualitative study investigating whether native speakers of English derive the same inferences and whether they are guided by metonymy in this derivation. The results seem to confirm my claims in the earlier study.

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Cognitive “warning signs” in human trafficking media texts

Author(s): ELINA PALIICHUK / Language(s): English Issue: 03 (38)/2022

This paper focuses on image schema manifestations in media texts on human trafficking, which may perform the role of “warning” signals in anti-trafficking media campaigns. For this, a conceptual analysis was done to establish profiled image schemas, and a survey was conducted to measure the reader’s response to two types of texts on human trafficking (HT), different in genre and schemata organisation. The texts were selected as experimental material representing typical human trafficking media discourse. The participants were divided into control (G1) and experimental (G2) groups according to the type of text they were exposed to. G1 read an expository text (T1) and G2 read a media narrative (T2). The respondents of G2 showed a significant tendency for a higher degree of involvement in the problem of human trafficking when reading T2 as contrasted to the responses of G1 to T1. G2 identified their reaction as a feeling being in danger. Looking back to T2, it was clear that respondents reacted to verbal manifestations of prevailing CONTAINMENT and SCALE/ PROCESS/UP schemata clusters. G1 gave the weaker emotional response to T1 with verbal manifestations of UP, BLOCKAGE, and COUNTERFORCE schemata. It can be assumed that CONTAINMENT is the image schema organising spatial representation of human trafficking from the victim’s perspective, conveying the feeling of being contained, being in a difficult situation, being in an enclosed space, supported with other schemata manifestations through the lens of the concept of bigness, large scale, growing process, etc. The results may be used in anti-trafficking content as a new methodology for raising awareness in a target audience vulnerable to HT.

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Cultural Models of the Body Parts Hand and Hair in Hungarian Archaic Prayers

Author(s): Judit Baranyiné Kóczy / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

Body part names are productive sources of metaphoric and metonymic expressions, which constitute coherent constructions in the languages. These cognitive cultural models are subconsciously known to all cultural community members (D’Andrade 1992). In the paper, I explore how culture influences the conceptualizations of body parts. The theoretical framework is Cultural Linguistics (Sharifian 2017), which investigates cultural conceptualizations in language. The data and analysis presented here consider the uses of ‘hand’ and ‘hair’ metaphors and metonymies in Hungarian archaic prayers, which represent a specific subculture mingling elements of the Christian religion with other (pagan or shamanistic) belief systems. The corpus of the study is Erdélyi’s collection of 321 archaic prayers (2013 [1976]), from which all representations of ‘hand’ and ‘hair’ are selected and conceptually analysed. The results show that 1) the figurative functions of the two body parts partly correspond to metaphors which are also found in secular Hungarian (e.g. hand for help, hand for care, hand for action); however, in the archaic prayers, they often take form in specific meanings (hand for help to get into heaven, hand for providence, hand for control); 2) their figurative uses strongly rely on cultural schemas which are attached to people and events. It is concluded that the body parts under consideration have fundamentally different cultural models in prayers than in secular usage.

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Narzędzie do wyjaśniania: identyfikacja i zastosowanie metafory językowo-wizualnej

Author(s): Anastazja Szuła / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

The verbo-visual metaphor is widely used in messages of a persuasive nature. It is also used in educational materials, where it serves to better explain and fix the presented material in the memory of the recipient. Metaphor is based on an incongruity that the recipient must notice and then read the mapping - read what the presence of the incongruity is supposed to convey. Researchers involved in identifying verbo-visual metaphors describe two types of incongruity that can occur in this type of message: topic incongruity and property incongruity. Mastering the methods of identifying and analyzing metaphors is particularly useful for learning how to make the best use of this tool, i.e., how to produce memorable metaphors that explain the problem under consideration well.

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A contrastive analysis of aspect in English and Moroccan Arabic

Author(s): Abdelhakim Boubekri,Ahmed Ech-Charfi / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

This study endeavors to undertake a comparative analysis of aspect in English and Moroccan Arabic, hereafter referred to as MA, adopting a cognitive linguistic approach, with special attention to the categorization of different situation types as proposed by Radden and Dirven (2007). It also aims to highlight the aspect areas that may challenge Moroccan EFL learners when acquiring this English grammatical construction. The study reveals that aspect is treated differently in English and MA. English aspect hinges on the viewing frame adopted. Therefore, the shift from one viewing frame to another results in the change from one situation type to another. By contrast, in MA, the perfective use calls for the adoption of a maximal viewing frame. However, the imperfective use calls for two interpretations: the event can be seen with either a maximal or a restricted viewing frame. In the absence of elements that co-determine the aspect in MA, general context is the only indication of the appropriate interpretation. The differences in the aspectual systems of English and MA may lead to difficulties in language acquisition. MA learners attempting to learn English, and vice versa, may face challenges in learning both the grammatical structure and its associated meanings.

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Understanding and evaluation: A cross-linguistic study of the evaluative collocates of English and Armenian verbs of understanding

Author(s): YELENA YERZNKYAN,DIANA MOVSISYAN / Language(s): English Issue: 04 (43)/2023

The paper studies the correlation between understanding and evaluation in the light of social interactions, and aims at exploring the metaphorical mapping of the process of understanding in the English and Armenian languages. The purpose of the paper is to analyze the two cognitive processes, based on the contrastive study of verbs of understanding in terms of the evaluative meaning of their collocates, thus explaining the dynamics of understanding-evaluation relations, fully manifested in the metaphorical patterns underlying the sense of the verb. It is shown that the evaluative meaning of the collocates plays a pivotal role in shaping how understanding is emotionally and rationally assessed. A corpus driven analysis of the English and Armenian factual material reveals the collocations that metaphorically confer different dimensions to the process of understanding and points out a clear tendency to mark understanding as positive when evaluated rationally and negative when evaluated emotionally. The research detects and determines three types of evaluation in the axiological system under study and classifies them as emotional, rational or orientational. Their relative positioning on the axiological scale correlates with the accepted norm viewed as the deictic centre (reference point) of the whole process. The main findings of the research make a novel contribution to the study of understanding-evaluation correlation, offering insights into the metaphorical nature of how understanding is perceived and evaluated in both English and Armenian.

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