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Metafory synestezyjne w utworach Vladimira Nabokova

Author(s): Anna Ginter / Language(s): Polish Issue: 12/2016

The present paper is devoted to synaesthetic metaphors in Nabokov’s oeuvre. The main attention is paid to the metaphors in which both the source and the target domains are perceptual. Numerous constructions of the analysed material show that although in some cases a perceptual mode is initially specified, the imagery is linguistically related in terms belonging to one or more differing perceptual modes. Nabokov’s metaphoric expressions has been discussed in two groups: cross-modal sensory metaphors with the source domain of color as well as the source domain of tactile perception. These constructions resemble synaesthesias (e.g., deep crimson softness, orange heat) even though, contrary to the neuro-developmental synaesthesia, meanings of synaesthetic metaphors are generated through semantic processes. Interpretation of cross-modal sensory metaphors is determined by the context.

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Лексикографическая фиксация изменений значения слова (на примере слова милосердие)

Author(s): Gigla Dzhyndzholiia / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2017

Based on the materials of Russian dictionaries, one can track changes in the meaning of the word "mercy". Old semantic qualities "die away", new ones appear, fixing the changes in the linguistic picture of the world. As the analysis showed, the attributes "invisible, spiritual, moral connection", "spiritual union of people" suggested by V. I. Dal are disappearing from modern dictionaries. The linguistic meanings of this word become concretised or revised in the speech of modern Russian speakers. In speech formulae of request, "mercy" becomes semantically closer to the word "please".

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L’expérience de la «surconscience linguistique» chez Julien Green et Emil Cioran

Author(s): Eva-Ildiko Palyi Delce / Language(s): French Issue: 1/2014

Settling in France, Julien Green and Emil Cioran adopted French as literary expression language. The subject of this paper is to see how Julien Green and Emil Cioran, as bilingual writers, succeeded to distance themselves from the language, which will determine them taste the linguistic supra-conscience.

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NEKOLIKO NAPOMENA O ODNOSU GLAVE I MODIFIKATORA U NEKIM TIPOVIMA HRVATSKE APOZICIJSKE SINTAGME

Author(s): Branimir Belaj / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2014

In this paper we have used methods of Cognitive Grammar to discuss the relationship between the profile determinant (the head) and modifiers in certain types of appositive nominal phrases in Croatian. Croatian grammar is mainly unanimous in declaring that the position of appositive items depends on whether such items are appended to either proper nouns, or common nouns or pronouns. In the case of the former, the appositive item is claimed to precede, and in the latter, to follow the noun. An exception is offered by Silić and Pranjković (2005), who claim that apposition, being the dependent constituent, always precedes the noun (the main constituent) which it determines. In this paper we have sided with Marković (2008), who offered a compelling critique of such claims, proving that the position of apposition is not dependent on its addition to either a proper or common noun. According to Marković (ibid.) apposition is always the right-hand constituent in an appositive nominal phrase; in other words, the right-hand member always functions as the modifier of the member sitting to its left. However, even this analysis turns out somewhat flawed if the question is approached from the perspective of Cognitive Grammar. This would mean some adjustment to the rule that the right-hand member of the appositive sequence should always act as the modifier of the one on its left. In this paper we have subjected to special scrutiny cases with a syntagmatic arrangement opposite to the one predicted by the aforementioned rule.

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KOGNITIVNA GRAMATIKA I VRSTE RIJEČI

Author(s): Branimir Belaj / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2012

In line with its conceptual-semantic approach to language categories, Cognitive Grammar (Langacker 1987, 1991) identifies the following word classes: nominal profiles, which primarily include nouns, defied schematically as [THINGS], i.e. bounded regions in some domain, atemporal relational predications, which on the basis of the cognitive operation of summary scanning bring together a number of traditional word classes such as adjectives, prepositions, adverbs and conjunctions, and processes (verbs), as sequentally scanned relational predications with a temporal profile. The first part of the paper briefly discusses the mentioned basic categories. The second part looks in more detail into some marginal, i.e. hybrid parts of speech, which share with the other categories some of their basic features. Here we mean foremost relational nouns of the type friend or daughter, ordouble relational deverbal nouns of the type forgiveness, certain uses of the infinitive, stative existential verbs and possessive verbs, the past participle etc.

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The Hungarian Colour Terms Piros and Vörös - A Corpus and Cognitive Linguistic Account

Author(s): Réka Benczes,Erzsébet Tóth-Czifra / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2014

A number of studies have been written on the Hungarian colour terms piros and vörös, both denoting ‘red’, focusing on either one of the following questions: (1) disambiguating the meanings of the two terms; or (2) their status in Hungarian as basic colour terms. The present paper attempts to resolve these issues in one go by adopting a combined approach of corpus and cognitive linguistics. The paper makes the following three hypotheses: (1) as vörös had more time to undergo idiomatization, there will be significant differences and systematic trends between the type/token ratios of the two terms; (2) piros is a more generic term used for a larger and looser range of concepts, while vörös is associated with a more limited range of concepts; and (3) piros is mostly used in its primary, literal sense, while vörös is more inclined to be used in a figurative sense. After a thorough corpus and cognitive linguistic analysis of data extracted from the updated Hungarian National Corpus, the paper comes to the general conclusion that vörös is not a basic colour term of Hungarian.

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Metaphor processing and the acquisition of idioms: A mentalistic model

Author(s): Zsuzsanna Schnell / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2007

In this paper I review some of the theoretical issues surrounding metaphor, investigating the understanding of metaphor-based constructions from a developmental psycholinguistic view. Reviewing the classification of metaphorical expressions, I elaborate on the morphological aspect of idioms; thus on the typology of metaphors, distinguishing them on the basis of their decomposability and conventionality (Gibbs 1994). I hypothesize a new, mentalistic model of interpretation, in which our mentalizing, intention-reading skills play a key role in deciphering intended (figurative) meaning. Furthermore, I point out the importance of decomposability and conventionality determining our interpretative processes; both factors playing a facilitating role in interpretation.

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Metaphor- and metonymy-based compounds in English: a cognitive linguistic approach

Author(s): Réka Benczes / Language(s): English Issue: 2-3/2005

The paper makes the following novel claims: (1) the semantics of noun--noun compounds which is activated by metaphor and/or metonymy (often termed as "exocentric" compounds in linguistics and generally regarded as semantically opaque) can be accounted for with the help of conceptual metaphor and metonymy theory; (2) there are regular patterns of metaphor- and metonymy-based compounds, depending on which constituent is affected by conceptual metaphor and/or metonymy. In the second part of the paper I look at a subtype of metaphor- and metonymy-based noun--noun compounds, where the simultaneous activation of both metaphor and metonymy affects the meaning, and give an account of the productive patterns that underlie this type.

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Whole-part and part-whole inferences in generative and cognitive linguistics

Author(s): András Kertész,Csilla Rákosi / Language(s): English Issue: 2-3/2005

The paper focuses on the relation between the analytical philosophy of science and modular and holistic approaches to cognitive linguistics, respectively. The authors show that Chomsky's as well as Bierwisch & Lang's and Lakoff & Johnson's approaches make substantial use of non-demonstrative inferences which the standard view of the analytical philosophy of science evaluates as fallacies. By outlining a metatheoretical framework focusing on plausible inferences, the authors argue that the inferences the theories mentioned make use of are plausible rather than fallacious. This finding illuminates basic aspects of theory formation in linguistics and motivates the revaluation of the methodological foundations of linguistic theories.

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Lexical representation: levels and structures

Author(s): Piotr Stalmaszczyk / Language(s): English Issue: 31/1994

Celem artykułu jest zaproponowanie dwupoziomowych haseł słownikowych w obrąbie semantyki leksykalnej uprawianej w ramach gramatyki generatywnej Chomskiego. Przedmiotem zainteresowania są hasła słownikowe dla czasowników - proponuje się dwa poziomy struktury leksykalnej: strukturę predykatowo-argumentową (PAS), oraz strukturę leksykalno-pojęciową (Lexical Conceptual Structure - LCS). PAS stanowi modelową projekcję składniowych właściwości czasownika, natomiast LÇS określa semantykę czasownika poprzez definicje tzw. rozkład predykatów. Dodatkowym celem artykułu jest zarysowanie modelu semantyki zaproponowanego przez R. Jackendoffa w pracach z lat siedemdziesiątych i osiemdziesiątych.

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Space grammar - preliminaries

Author(s): Kamila Turewicz / Language(s): English Issue: 31/1994

Artykuł otwiera krótkie streszczenie badań z zakresu psychologii przeprowadzonych przez Eleonor Rosch, w wyniku których określone zostały pojęcia: kategorii naturalnej, prototypu, poziomu podstawowego, etc. Zdefiniowanie tych pojąć stworzyło podstawy dla szeregu koncepcji językoznawczych, wśród nich teorii IDEALNEGO MODELU KOGNITYWNEGO (ang. ICM) Georga Lakoffa i GRAMATYKI PRZESTRZENNEJ (space grammar) Ronalda Langackera. Gramatyka przestrzenna odrzuca koncepcją autonomiczności składni, semantyki i fonologii, przyjmując, że znaczenie jest właściwością wszystkich aspektów jązyka. W założeniach tej teorii odchodzi sią również od pojęcia struktur głębokiej i powierzchniowej, co prowadzi do odrzucenia podstaw gramatyki transformacyjno- generatywnej. Zgodnie z powyższymi założeniami Langacker uważa, że struktura semantyczna jest cechą specyficzną dla danego języka. Pojęcie podstawowe aparatu opisowego tego modelu to jednostka symboliczna (symbolic unit), której wartość wynika z połączenia bieguna semantycznego i bieguna fonologicznegо (semantic pole i phonological pole). Status jednostki osiąga takie wyrażenie, którego utycie nie wymaga wysiłku twórczego (creative effort). Przykładem jednostki symbolicznej jest morfem, jest nim także typ połączenia syntagmatycznego. Takie konwencjonalne wzorce połączeń syntagmatycznych nazywane schematycznym i jednostkami symbolicznymi (schematic symbolic units), funkcjonują jako wzorce gramatyczne - sankcjonują nowe struktury tworzone przez mówcą w trakcie posługiwania się językiem. Znaczenie danego wyrażenia jest odzwierciedleniem sposobu konceptualizacji elementów świata zewnętrznego. Wartość bieguna semantycznego wyznaczona jest relacją profil-podstawa. "Podstawa" to część wiedzy ogólnej (cognitive domain), która jest istotna dla charakterystyki danego pojęcia. "Profil" to dokładne miejsce (location) lub konfiguracja (configuration) w podstawie (base), którą dana jednostka wywołuje - czyni najbardziej wyrazistą. Langacker posługuje się dwoma kategoriami: rzeczу (thing) i relacji (relation). W kategorii relacji mieszczą się przymiotniki, przysłówki, przyimki i czasowniki, które różnią się od pozostałych relacji tym, że przypisana jest im w artość czasu (temporal profile). Koncepcja relacji wprowadza pojęcia trajektora (trajector) i punktów odniesienia (landmarks). Analiza zdania The boy on that horse near the runners was eating a very big apple ilustruje zastosowanie aparatu gramatyki przestrzennej do opisu języka

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Cognitive linguistics: a selected bibliography

Author(s): Wiesław Oleksy / Language(s): English Issue: 31/1994

Cognitive linguistics: a selected bibliography

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Jurij Lotman's System and Ronald Langacker's Cognitive Grammar: Points in Common

Author(s): Krzysztof Kosecki / Language(s): English Issue: 26/1992

Artykuł przedstawia związki, które istnieją pomiędzy gramatyką kognitywną Ronalda Langackera a systemem semiotycznym Jurija Łotmana w odniesieniu do literatury (poezji). Pomimo faktu, że Łotman i Langacker przeprowadzają swoje analizy na odmiennym materiale (język poetycki i język naturalny) istnieje pomiędzy nimi wiele punktów stycznych i podobieństw. Zarówno Łotman jak i Langacker wskazują na organiczną strukturę analizowanych przez nich rodzajów języka. Przejawia się ona w traktowaniu leksyki, morfologii oraz składni jako ciągłości ("continuum"), która w ten sposób tworzy znaczenia. Ponadto założenia Łotmana i Langackera przedstawione są w odniesieniu do teorii komunikacji zaproponowanej przez Romana Jakobsona. W tym przypadku założenia te przedstawione są jako uzupełnienie i rozwinięcie tej teorii, co zobrazowane jest na odpowiednich wykresach. Ogólnie więc artykuł prezentuje podobieństwa pomiędzy językiem poetyckim a językiem naturalnym oraz sposobami ich analizy, które w systemie Łotmana i w teorii Langackera mają wiele cech wspólnych i które łączy szereg zasadniczych teoretycznych i metodologicznych zbieżności.

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Cognitive Linguistics - Towards a Theory of Integrated Grammar

Author(s): Krzysztof Rymarek / Language(s): English Issue: 19/1988

Artykuł porównuje tradycyjne podejście generatywno-transformacyjne z postulowanym przez leksykografię językoznawstwem kognitywnym na przykładzie zjawisk językowych, których w tradycyjnym ujęciu nie można zadowalająco wyjaśnić (np. synonimia między różnymi typami nominalizacji , a także między stronę bierną i czynną).

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RECENZJA KSIĄŻKI MARKA JOHNSONA „ZNACZENIE CIAŁA. ESTETYKA ROZUMIENIA LUDZKIEGO” (MARK JOHNSON „ZNACZENIE CIAŁA. ESTETYKA ROZUMIENIA LUDZKIEGO”, PRZEŁ. JAROSŁAW PŁUCIENNIK. – ŁÓDŹ: WYDAWNICTWO UNIWERSYTETU ŁÓDZKIEGO, 2015. – 348 S.)

Author(s): Beata Rycielska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 14/2017

The review article refers to the book by Mark Johnson of 2007 which has been translated by Jarosław Płuciennik. The book is worth noting as it analyses the basic notion of the theory of cognitive linguistics – i.e. embodied meaning.

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DEZVOLTAREA ENGLEZEI MODERNE

Author(s): Mirela Copca / Language(s): English Issue: 20/2014

The aim of this paper is to present the morphological productivity of the Anglo-Saxon linguistics. In order to attain this objective, we intend to present first, a series of theoretical concepts about the lexical creativity in the sense of defining the phenomenon and identifying its forms of manifestation, all oriented towards the description of its effects on the general vocabulary of the language, and, therefore, towards the theoretical studies concerning the modernization of the languages, or, further more, to the formation, development and enrichment of some terminology and stylistic means of expression.

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KALBOS REIKŠMĖ SOCIALINĖS TIKROVĖS PAŽINIMUI: MICHAILO BACHTINO IDĖJOS KOKYBINIO TYRIMO ARCHITEKTONIKAI

Author(s): Ingrida Baranauskienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 98/2019

The paper investigates the significance of language for the cognition of reality by presenting Bakhtin’s ideas dedicated to the impact of our cognition on the understanding of the architectonics of qualitative research. The research indicates that in order to become familiar with reality one must deeply investigate and analyse language. The analysis of the language is related to action, context, circumstances and intonations. The investigator’s intuition is of no lesser importance, too. Bakhtin suggests searching for the value orientation in the form. He focuses on notional purposes occurring in a word, the problem superimposed on an alien statement and the living of a word in general. Several sub-topics are emphasised while investigating the dialogue-based nature: valorisation of findings; contrasting as a technique; teaching on linguistic centres, meta-linguistic nature of stylistics; and dialogue as a technique. Bakhtin’s ideas on discourse research as a method of cognition of reality not only prove the sense of qualitative research in contemporary society, but also deepen the architectonics of the paradigm.

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English Mouth Idioms and Their Romanian Equivalents. A Cognitive Perspective

Author(s): Ana-Maria Trantescu / Language(s): English Issue: XIX/2018

cognitive point of view a series of English and Romanian mouth idioms. While traditional linguists study mainly the formal and functional aspects of idioms, cognitive linguists have a completely different approach. Without totally denying the traditional perspective according to which the meaning of an idiom cannot be completely inferred from the meaning of its components, these linguists consider that there is a systematic conceptual motivation for a large number of idioms. Idioms are produced by our conceptual system and not simply a matter of language. The cognitive hypothesis attempts to provide an adequate motivation for most of these idiomatic expressions. Our work is based on the cognitive theory according to which idioms are motivated by conceptual structures: conventional knowledge, conceptual metonymies and metaphors. The notion of embodiment can be easily applied especially to human body idioms.We also try to demonstrate that there is a considerable degree of correspondence regarding English and Romanian mouth idioms in both languages, i.e., they share the same figurative meaning, as well as the same underlying conceptual strategies.

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A cross-language perspective on the MAIDAN-concept

Author(s): Olesia YEHOROVA,Antonia Prokopenko / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2017

As the constituents of thoughts, concepts play a key role in human’s categorisation and interpretation of the surrounding world, in fixing our cognitive experience and forming individual judgements. The paper considers the representation of the nationally biased (ethno-specific) concept MAIDAN as one of those functioning not only in Ukrainian but also in pan-European and global socio-political discourses of the recent years. Specifically, leaning on lexicographic data the study focuses on reconstructing the notional layer (informative core) of the concept and on identifying the differences of its content as featured in kin Slavic (Ukrainian and Russian) and distant Germanic (English and German) languages and linguocultures.The paper suggests a consecutive methodology based on lexicographic methods of analysis. Such methodology helps to define the sets of notional conceptual features subjected to further comparative interpretation. The procedures described in this paper give way to subsequent stages of conceptual analysis and discourse representations. The paper also provides preliminaries to the state of inconsistency between the systemic and utterance meanings of the language expressions of MAIDAN-concept that pose a limitation for comprehending the concept when transmitted to a different linguoculture.

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Sözvarlığı Öğretiminde Bilişsel Yaklaşımlar

Author(s): Elif Arıca Akkök / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 3/2015

This study discusses how principles and theories of cognitive linguistics can contribute to the foreign language teaching process. The topic of the study is to present sample activities to improve vocabulary learning based on the conceptual metaphor theory. The aim of the study is to present a sample teaching process by sample activities which is formed by making use of data from cognitive linguistics and by bringing forward the conceptual metaphor theory to improve the vocabulary skills of C1 level students learning Turkish as a foreign language. In the preparation of the activities presented in the study, basic mappings of the conceptual metaphor TIME IS MOVEMENT and the cognitive models that form this metaphor are taken into account and how to reflect these conceptual properties into the domain of language teaching is discussed.

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