Netspeak: Linguistic Properties and Aspects of Online Communication in Postponed Time

Author(s): Sanel Hadžiahmetović Jurida,Alma Jahić,Jasmina Hanić,Mirza Džanić,Tanja Pavlović / Language(s): English Issue: 12/2015

Considering that synchronicity is one of the dimensions upon which electronic communication can be categorised, the present paper examines the linguistic properties and distinctive features of online communication in postponed time, in the context of English as a global language, and Netspeak as a new electronic medium of communication. The paper looks at the ways in which the nature of the electronic medium and the global use of the Internet are having an impact on the English language. This corpus-based study, for which data were collected from several Internet sites, places particular focus on the characteristics of English used in asynchronous settings such as various discussion forums. The analysis, based on Crystal’s model (2001), portrays a number of highly distinctive features of Netspeak, proving that the language of communication in postponed time is heavily affected in terms of graphology (emoticons, punctuation) and the lexicon (blending, compounding), with areas where it is relatively easy to introduce both innovation (nonce formation and other ludic Netspeak extensions) and deviation (abbreviations, acronyms).

The Language of Information Technology: Figurative Use of Computer Terms

Author(s): Sanel Hadžiahmetović Jurida / Language(s): English Issue: 11/2014

The rapidly emerging terminology associated with the Internet and its use result in highly figurative use of the terminology in this domain (the Internet), and its supporting technology (the computers). The present paper takes a look at the figurative use of computer terms from a cognitive linguistics point of view, arguing the vocabulary of the language of information technology is created in a number of ways, including neologisation, derivation, blending, conversion, analogy to general language vocabulary, compression, etc., with metaphor being highly used in the language of information technology. The paper introduces the language of information technology and its accompanying features in thecontext of Netspeak as a new online medium of communication.

Metapher und Metonymie

Author(s): Ivica Tokić,Azra Bešić,Maida Mujčić / Language(s): German Issue: 9/2012

Metafora i metonimija kao jezičke pojave još od antičkog doba očaravale su mnogobrojne istraživače, a pod dojmom tih čari i danas su mnogi lingvisti i književnici. U posljednjih nekoliko decenija osobito metafora je dobila na značaju i ugledu čemu u prilog govore brojni radovi na tu temu kako iz oblasti lingvistike tako i iz drugih naučnih disciplina poput psihologije. Istraživanju ovih jezičkih pojava prvenstveno je doprinijela kognitivna lingvistika, no nisu beznačajni ni doprinosi iz drugih naučnih oblasti koje ne bismo smjeli zanemariti. Ovaj rad bavi se metaforom i metonimijom kao jezičkim pojavama koje nastoji pojmovno odrediti i pojasniti, nadalje istaći njihove sličnosti i razlike, iste potkrijepiti primjerima iz njemačkog časopisa DER SPIEGEL, te utvrditi učestalost i važnost ovih jezičkih pojava sa lingvističkog aspekta.

On Understanding and Processing Idiomatic Expressions: Some Epistemological Hypotheses and Theories

Author(s): Jasmina Stuhli / Language(s): English Issue: 9/2012

Idiomi kao metaforički jezički izrazi

Author(s): Mersina Šehić,Feđa Imamović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 13/2015

Within the theoretical framework of cognitive linguistics and the theory of conceptual metaphor, this work analyses a certain number of idioms based on the same metaphor, suggesting that certain processes of world conceptualization and experience are still common for most speakers of one language, or that those processes are common for most members of a certain culture, regardless of their education level, geographical stratification, economic or social status.

PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS WITH THE CONJUNCTION OR IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

Author(s): Maria Kiseleva / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2014

This paper presents the results of research devoted to the phraseological units with the conjunction or, analyzed from the viewpoint of their semantic integrity, structure and means, providing their stability and cohesion.

INTERACTION OF ALTERNATIVENESS AND ANTONYMY AND ITS REALIZATION IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

Author(s): Natalia Sklyarova / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2014

This paper presents the results of research devoted to one of the significant aspects of language categories, namely, their interaction. Alternativeness and antonymy are described in their interaction, the realization of which in the English language is shown through the distributional and contextual analysis. The form and variety of this interaction also reveal the diversity of alternative situations existing in reality.

INTERCONNECTION AND INTERACTION OF INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

Author(s): Natalia Sklyarova / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2013

This paper presents the results of research devoted to one of significant aspects of interrogative sentences. The precise definitions of interconnection and interaction and the application of these terms to the language units helped to distinguish between interconnection and interaction of interrogative sentences in English. The existence of two different kinds of relations in the language, namely paradigmatic and syntagmatic, provided the basis for singling out two corresponding forms of interaction of English interrogative sentences. Contextual and distributional analyses of the material from authentic sources enabled to characterize the range and degree of their paradigmatic and syntagmatic interaction.

PARAMETRICAL WORDS IN THE SENTIMENT LEXICON

Author(s): Elena G. Brunova / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2013

In this paper, the main features of parametrical words within a sentiment lexicon are determined. The data for the research are client reviews in the Russian language taken from the bank client rating; the domain under study is bank service quality. The sentiment lexicon structure is presented; it includes two primary classes (positive and negative words) and three secondary classes (increments, polarity modifiers, and polarity anti-modifiers). This lexicon is used as the main tool for the sentiment analysis carried out by two methods: the Naïve Bayes classifier and the REGEX algorithm. Parametrical words are referred to as the words denoting the value of some domain-specific parameter, e.g. the client’s time consuming. To distinguish the main features of parametrical words, the parameters relevant for the bank service quality domain are determined. The revised lexicon structure is proposed, with a new class (decrements) added. The results of the research demonstrate that parametrical words express implicit opinions, since parameters are not usually named directly in reviews. Only a small number of parametrical words can be ranged into the primary classes (positive or negative), but this ranging is domain-specific. It is the parameter that determines the domain specificity of such words. Most parametrical words are ranged into the secondary classes, and this ranging can be considered universal. The parametrical words denoting the increase of a parameter should be ranged into the increment class, as they intensify positive or negative emotions. The parametrical words denoting the decrease of a parameter should be ranged into the decrement class, as they reduce positive or negative emotions. The evident progress on the way to the sentiment lexicon universalization can be achieved by classifying parametrical words within the sentiment lexicon.

Perspective și probleme ale teoriei prototipului

Author(s): Dirk Geeraerts / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 4/2016

În paralel cu cercetările întreprinse asupra aplicării teoriei prototipului la chestiuni privind schimbarea semantică (concretizate, în cele din urmă, în apariția monografiei mele din 1997, Diachronic Prototype Semantics [Semantica diacronică a prototipului]), mi-am îndreptat în cîteva rînduri atenția asupra clarificării teoretice a noțiunii de prototipicitate ca atare (și a noțiunii înrudite de polisemie). În acest articol încerc să introduc o oarecare sistematicitate în multiplele utilizări ale noțiunii de „prototipicitate”, trasând o distincție între două axe de clasificare încrucișată. În primul rînd, disting între două fenomene structurale cruciale ce stau la baza efectelor prototipicității: flexibilitatea (adică absența unor granițe și demarcații precise) și saliența (adică diferențele de dominanță structurală). În al doilea rînd, sugerez că ambele fenomene de prototipicitate pot fi identificate la un nivel intensional (nivelul definițiilor) și la un nivel extensional (nivelul referenților). Clasificarea încrucișată realizată în acord cu cele două axe evidențiază patru tipuri principale de efecte ale prototipicității.

Prospects and problems of prototype theory

Author(s): Dirk Geeraerts / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2016

Parallel to the research that I did on the application of prototype theory to questions of semantic change (which eventually resulted in my Diachronic Prototype Semantics monograph of 1997), I paid attention on a number of occasions to the theoretical clarification of the notion of prototypicality as such (and of the related notion of polysemy: see the second section of this collection). In the paper reprinted here, I try to bring some systematicity into the many uses of the concept ‘prototypicality’ by distinguishing between two cross-classifying dimensions. First, I make a distinction between two crucial structural phenomena underlying prototypicality effects: flexibility (i.e. the absence of clear boundaries and demarcations) and salience (i.e. differences of structural weight). Second, I suggest that both prototypicality phenomena may be found on an intensional level (the level of definitions) and on an extensional level (the level of referents). The cross-classification of the two dimensions defines four basic types of prototypicality effects.

Modele culturale de standardizare lingvistică

Author(s): Dirk Geeraerts / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 3/2016

În acord cu tendințele din teoria culturală (vezi Burke et al., 2000), lingvistica cognitivă evidențiază faptul că noi înțelegem realitatea socială prin prisma unor modele, „modele culturale” sau „teorii naive (populare)”, și, de la Holland & Quinn (1987) la Lakoff (1996) și Palmer (1998) pînă la Dirven et al. (2001a, 2001b), specialiștii în lingvistică cognitivă au demonstrat că instrumentarul tehnic al lingvisticii cognitive poate fi utilizat pentru a arăta că perspectivele noastre asupra realității sociale sînt modelate pe baza unor de tipare de gîndire. Însă, dacă limba este o realitate socială și culturală, ce modele ne formează concepția despre limbă? Mai exact, care sînt modelele care formează modul nostru de a gîndi despre limbă ca fenomen social? Care sînt paradigmele pe care le folosim pentru a gîndi despre limbă, nu neapărat ca structură lingvistică (așa cum se observă în Reddy 1979), ci ca variație lingvistică, adică modelele despre felul în care varietățile lingvistice sînt răspîndite într-o comunitate lingvistică și maniera prin care această distribuție ar trebui evaluată?Scopul lucrării de față este de a discuta existența a două modele de bază: cel raționalist și cel romantic. Voi cartografia modalitățile prin care aceste două modele interacționează, voi descrie evoluția lor în curgerea timpului și voi explora modul în care ele pot fi întrebuințate pentru a analiza variația lingvistică actuală.

Cultural models of linguistic standardization

Author(s): Dirk Geeraerts / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2016

In line with well-known trends in cultural theory (see Burke et al., 2000), Cognitive Linguistics has stressed the idea that we think about social reality in terms of models – ‘cultural models’ or ‘folk theories’: from Holland & Quinn (1987) over Lakoff (1996) and Palmer (1996) to Dirven et al. (2001a, 2001b), Cognitive linguists have demonstrated how the technical apparatus of Cognitive Linguistics can be used to analyze how our conception of social reality is shaped by underlying patterns of thought. But if language is a social and cultural reality, what are the models that shape our conception of language? Specifically, what are the models that shape our thinking about language as a social phenomenon? What are the paradigms that we use to think about language, not primarily in terms of linguistic structure (as in Reddy 1979), but in terms of linguistic variation: models about the way in which language varieties are distributed over a language community and about the way in which such distribution should be evaluated?In this paper, I will argue that two basic models may be identified: a rationalist and a romantic one. I will chart the ways in which they interact, describe how they are transformed in the course of time, and explore how the models can be used in the analysis of actual linguistic variation.

Диалог как способ организации коммуникативно-когнитивной деятельности вторичной языковой личности

Author(s): Gulnara Utebalyeva,Raushan Esbulatova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 13/2016

The article proposes a typology of dialogue and principles of lingual communication modeling in the training purposes. The authors describe the process of assimilation of non-native language from the position of the parties involved in this process. Speech activity of the talking character is considered in the context of academic dialogue. Dialogic form of communication as a teaching method or assimilation strategy promotes an optimal understanding of the incoming information. The cooperative dialogue is the most effective way of lingual communication modeling. Neutral dialogue and dialogue-obstacle demonstrate communication failures, occurring during the process of lingual communication. Both types of dialogue can be transformed into a cooperative one in order to achieve educational goals.

A Cognitive-Linguistic Investigation of English Phrasal Verbs Related to Plants

Author(s): Ivan Milošević,Tijana Vesić Pavlović / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2017

The focus of the paper is on the semantics of English phrasal verbs whose constituent verb is related to the concept of PLANTS. The investigated set of verbs includes twenty-two phrasal verbs featuring the particles OUT, OFF, UP, THROUGH, IN and AWAY. The analysis is conducted in the framework of cognitive semantics, which states that the meaning of phrasal verbs can be analysed in view of their constituent particles and the interplay between the verb meaning and the particle senses. It is concluded that the general meaning of the examined phrasal verbs is a result of different spatial configurations underlying the conceptual-semantic structure of the constituent particles, while their specific meanings are motivated by different conceptual metonymies stemming from the constituent verb. Numerous abstract meanings are additionally derived via various submetaphors of the basic metaphor COMPLEX ABSTRACT SYSTEMS ARE PLANTS embedded in the conceptual framework of the constituent verbs.

Cognitive labels in persuasive language

Author(s): Krzysztof Rymarek / Language(s): English Issue: 31/1994

Elementy systemu leksykalnego wykazują znacznie większy ładunek aksjologiczny kiedy używane są metaforycznie. Użytkownicy języka dokonują konceptualizacji swojego doświadczenia w postaci tematów metaforycznych (metaphorical themes), czy też kompleksów metaforycznych, raczej niż przy pomocy pojedynczych metafor. Językoznawstwo kognitywne uznaje, że projekcja metaforyczna jest podstawowym instrumentem kodowania struktur konceptualnych na poziomie semantycznym. Należy więc założyć, że znaczniki leksykalne czerpią swój ładunek aksjologiczny z siatek metaforycznych, poprzez które zostały zakodowane.

TRANSPOZICIJA PROSTORA U KVALITET RADNJE/POJMA PROSTORNIM PREDLOZIMA U SRPSKOM I ENGLESKOM JEZIKU

Author(s): Jelena Redli / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2016

The subject of the research are Serbian prepositions such as na, u, preko and their English equivalents in, on, over, etc. which constitute prepositional phrases whose primary spatial sense develops into the abstract sense of quality. The aim was to determine whether the usage of different prepositions influences the conceptualisation of space and whether different conceptualisation affects the interpretation of the sense of quality. The results have confirmed that similarities as well as differences in spatial prepositions influence the way the space is conceptualised in the examined languages. In many cases, the conceptualisation is the same, which is proved by the usage of the primary English equivalents of the Serbian prepositions, e.g. vladati iz senke – rule from the shadows, smejati se do suza – to laugh to tears, ići u grupama – to go in groups. On the other hand, the corpus has shown various different equivalents each of which has a specific meaning but does not necessarily imply different conceptualisation (e.g. naručiti klavir preko firme – book a travel through the company, utvrditi do detalja – examine in detail) as well as those which influence completely different conceptualization of space, such as that of bearing and containment (e.g. ubiti iz potaje – kill in secret, nositi na rukama – carry in one’s arms). These findings can also be useful in teaching Serbian as a foreign language because they can give the insight into the most frequent errors in the use of prepositions, which would provide a more useful framework for building a systematic approach to teaching Serbian prepositions and prepositional phrases.

A beszélt nyelvi élettörténetek forgatókönyve

Author(s): Boglárka Laki / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2018

One of the main research topics in cognitive linguistics is the relationship between language and mind, that is, mental processes. Cognitivists have pointed out that our knowledge is stored in knowledge patterns and schemes. This paper uses the script theory to point out that oral life stories are also organized on the basis of cognitive schemes. This means that they have their life story scripts. In life stories one can distinguish both dominant elements, which are the frame of almost all life stories, and optional items.

CHILD NOMINAL DERIVATION AND PARENTAL INPUT: EVIDENCE FROM MORPHOLOGY-RICH RUSSIAN

Author(s): Victoria V. Kazakovskaya / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

The purpose of current article is to describe the early phases of first language acquisition of nominal derivatives in morphology-rich Russian approaching an ideal inflecting-fusional language type. The results are based on the naturalistic longitudinal observations of two typically developing monolingual children (1;5–3;0) growing up in middle socio-economic status families (33 hours of recorded spontaneous speech). It has been revealed that derivation morphology, viz. affixation, starts to develop early and precedes compounding. Within nouns, suffixation is the main method of word-formation. Prefixation and mixed methods are rare. Although nouns can be formed from almost any grammatical classes, they are mainly formed from nouns in child speech. Early compounds can be described as right-headed endocentric ones where their main component is a noun or a verb. The preference for certain patterns and models rarely differs in child speech corpora. Both children have similar development of semantic categories and only a few innovations. The morpheme and semantic (cognitive) complexity of nominal derivatives in child speech increase by the end of the observation period. The influence of parental input is significant for the mechanisms of derivation morphology acquisition. This is confirmed by the presence of a positive correlation for both lemmas and tokens of nominal derivatives. The most frequent patterns in parental input are acquired by a child earlier.

Stereotyp warszawiaka we współczesnym języku polskim

Author(s): Laura Polkowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 31/2019

The article aims to reconstruct the stereotype of warszawiak ‘resident of Warsaw’ in contemporary Polish. The analysis is based on three kinds of data: systemic, from questionnaires, and textual. Definitions of the lexeme warszawiak are surveyed, beginning with Samuel Linde’s Słownik języka polskiego; this is supplemented with a consideration of the lexeme’s selected derivatives. The main basis of experimental research is the questionnaire conducted in three sections of Warsaw’s student populace. Four questions were asked in the questionnaire: about the features of a typical warszawiak, a true warszawiak, about objects (artifacts) characteristic of the person, and collocations of the adjective warszawski ‘of, relating to Warsaw’. Two textual sources were also used: the National Corpus of Polish (NKJP) and comments to online publications about Warsaw.The stereotype that has been reconstructed appears to be coherent and relatively stable. Especially two features attributed to warszawiacy ‘residents of Warsaw’ are rather resistant to change: conceit (whose basis is one’s location or origin) and artfulness. However, the stereotype also contains new components, mainly neutral ones, such as a rushed lifestyle, modernity, and focus on individual development. The most negative picture of warszawiak is the one that emerges from online comments; the most positive one emerges from responses to the question about the true warszawiak. Within the stereotype there is also internal classification of warszawiacy ‘residents of Warsaw’ with regard to the birthplace and family background.