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The category of aspect is more abstract than actio verbi. They both form functional-semantic category of aspectuality as its central part. The primary stimulus of aspect formation is connected with the basic function of verbal aspect – to multiply the temporal-modal forms in aspect pairs. It is conjugation type of primary forms that is relevant for distribution of imperfectivization processes and forms. Primary forms are more frequent than secondary forms within aspect correlations. Aspect pairs represent 87 % of aspect correlations (1:1), nevertheless, there are also asymmetrical relations (1:2, 1:3, 1:4). Secondary imperfectives variants are influenced by grammatical, morphonological, diachronic and extralingual factors. Slovak National Corpus (SNK) serves as basis for the evidence of co-variants, co-existence of forms and ending of form which lost its function. This dynamics is reflected in the tension between codification, represented by lexicons, and language practice, represented by SNK. The important indicator of variants existence is represented by participles.
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The article deals with one type of subordinate clauses expressing causality, namely pronominal-particle clauses in the present Czech. The incorporation of these clauses into the head clause lies in the fact that they express broadly understood causal meanings of adverbial subordinate clauses using primary and secondary prepositions and multiple-word units together with the pronoun to, which anticipates the subordinate clause introduced by the connecting particles že, aby. Data from the Czech National Corpus concerning subordinate clauses of cause (reason), purpose, condition and concession are analysed from the point of view of the Czech language (grammar) system.
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The semantic aspectuality of the German present participle (participle I) is not mentioned in Grammars of German, and in specialized studies it is taken for granted that the aspect of this sort of verbal derivative (e. g. besuchende ‘visiting’) is only imperfective. In Štícha (2009) it is shown that the German attributive participle I can also be used and interpreted in the meaning of the Slavic perfective aspect. In this article, a special attention is paid to the aspectual meaning of the modal usage of the present participle with the free syntactic morpheme zu (zu besuchende ‘to be visited’). Examples of sentences containing this sort of modal attribute are selected from the corpus material (Corpus W - all free accessible corpora - of the Institute for the German Language in Mannheim, Germany) to show that the modal participle must be interpreted as perfective in most of its sentence usages. Some elementary statistics are added to strengthen the arguments.
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Among the results of Russian influence on Czech in the 19th century was the emergence of an active past participle in -(v)ší in Czech. Although not welcomed by all grammarians, this participle continued its existence in Czech until today, becoming mainly a device of archaic and bookish style. In the actual work, the occurence oft the active past participle in -(v)ší in the largest partial corpus of the Czech National Corpus containing journalistic texts is studied. A main result of the study is that apart from a large number of examples from different verbs which show the active past participle on -(v)ší in the studied corpus once or twice and where it is indeed a device of archaic and bookish style, sometimes even of irony and humor, there is a small group of (mainly intransitive) verbs, where this participle functions with considerable frequency in stylistically more neutral contexts of written Standard Czech as the only participle (sometimes as a – stylistically more marked – variant of a more numerous active past participle in -l). In theses cases, it remains overwhelmingly a syntactically unextended direct attribute of a noun. Such active past participle in -(v)ší is to be found most often in sports coverage where it is built from a set of verbs with terminological function.
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Some grammatical phenomena that only seldom appear in the corpora of written language often coincide with speakers’ uncertainty about a given form’s grammatical status. Such display of uncertainty is often subject to prescriptive criticism, which pays little attention to actual usage. However, thorough and discriminating corpus analyses can help in a proper description of various low-frequency phenomena and in situating them more adequately in the grammatical system, against the background of different contexts, communicative situations, and language varieties. To exemplify this potential, this study examines three linguistic phenomena in German, using a corpus--based approach: the dative singular ending -e, the construction aus aller Herren Länder, which lacks the dative plural ending -n, and the non-standard preterite form frug. The results can be seen as a contribution to a more precise grammatical description on the one hand and, on the other, as a basis for an improved, more usage-oriented approach in providing practical advice to language users.
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The article provides a classification of the static spatial relations expressed by the prepositions v(e) and na (in most contexts translated as in and on) in contemporary Czech, based on the data of The Czech National Corpus and the internet. Both prepositions, used with a nominal phrase in the locative, may refer to several distinct relations between the determined and the determining spatial object (usually, but not necessarily, various types of localization). For each of the prepositions, these relations are classified with special attention to possible variation between the two (and some other) prepositions in describing the same situation. Such detailed analysis of prepositional meanings and variation seems useful e. g. in advanced learning of Czech as a foreign language. The description of the static spatial meanings of the prepositions is a proper basis for describing their other spatial (dynamic) as well as non-spatial (ab-stract) meanings.
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The possibility to search electronically very large corpora of texts has opened up ways in which we can truly evaluate the rules through which grammarians have tried and continue to try to simulate natural languages. However, the possibility to handle incredibly large amounts of texts might lead to problems with the assessment of certain phenomena that are hardly ever represented in those corpora and yet, have always been regarded as grammatically correct elements of a given language. In German, typical phenomena of this kind are forms like betrögest or erwögest, i.e. second person singular of the so-called strong verbs in the subjunctive mood. Should we see them merely as grammarians’ inventions? Before doing so, we should reconsider the nature of these phenomena. They may appear to be isolated word forms but, in fact, are compact realizations of syntactic constructions, and it is the frequency of these constructions that should be evaluated, not the frequency of their specific realizations.
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From a case study, a kind of manifesto grows in this article – or a challenge to discuss the principles of axiology in a corpus-based grammar. Part 1 (introduction) presents some facts about a group of Czech village names. One of them has been used frequently in the media last year, not always in accordance with language handbooks; Part 2 records this phenomena. Part 3 sketches how this phenomena would be treated in the spirit of laissez-faire linguistics. Part 4 starts with a reminder that there are not only language phenomena in corpora, but errors as well. Then, the axiology is presented as observation of values (a) in the national language, (b) in texts, (c) in language description. A description within a badly needed axiologic frame is claimed and demonstrated, where language phenomena would be evaluated not only after mere frequencies, but also depending on qualities of source texts. Part 5 adumbrates a broader frame and some parallels of other disciplines where the description of human practice differs from theoretical postulates. Part 6 specifies the role this journal hopes to play in further discussions: about the use of corpora in a grammar research, about criteria of marking language phenomena, about distinguishing innovations from errors, about values of single language phenomena.
More...Ulrich Engel: Syntax der deutschen Ge-genwartssprache. Berlin: Erich Schmidt Verlag, 2009. 4., völlig neu bearbeitete Auflage, 309 s.
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The article deals with a Czech lexeme zvíci, which is quite frequently used in a contemporary Czech language. This type of words was created in the 14th century; it is composite word consisting of a noun viecě and a preposition vz- form the origin. The article refers about formal and semantic changes and using of the lexeme zvíci (and simi-lar words) from the Middle-ages to today. Many quotations from synchronic and also diachronic corpus of Czech language are included.
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The present paper focuses on the form of the first person present conditional as a component of explicit performative formulae (EPF), which are considered to be a means directly expressing the communicative function of an utterance. We try to demonstrate that the performative usage of verbs is not limited to indicative forms of imperfective verbs in Czech, as usually stated, but that also the form of the first person present conditional of imperfective as well as perfective verbs is used as an ordinary component of EPF. In Section 2, basic characteristics of EPF are briefly described. Two groups of verbs (verbs of assertion and verbs of appeal) are examined on the basis of language data from two corpora: from the Prague Dependency Treebank 2.0 and SYN2005 corpus (Sect. 3). In Section 4, the performative function of the conditional forms of these verbs is attested by means of Austin’s test and by some other criteria de-scribed in theoretical works. We further examine how the propositional content is ex-pressed in analyzed utterances as well as what the difference between the examined EPF with the conditional verb form and the EPF with the indicative form is.
More...František Čermák, Václav Cvrček (eds.): Slovník Bohumila Hrabala. Praha: Nakladatelství Lidové noviny, 2009, 605 s.
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The topic of the names of residents has already been dealt with on various levels - from the linguistic, lexical and historical perspective, ethnonyms were discussed in literary works and dictionaries, but few publications have developed ways of creating demonyms by children and adolescents - hence the topic was taken up. The aim of the article is to present and discuss the lexical material concerning the names of inhabitants of countries. The material was collected on the basis of a survey conducted among fifth-grade students of a primary school in the Turek district in the Wielkopolska voivodship. The task of the respondents was to create 34 demonyms. The presented analysis concerns the methods of creating demonyms, taking into account word-formation techniques.
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The article addresses the topic of street names in 10 Polish small cities, examined from the perspective of critical geography, and geography of social justice in particular – two disciplines that have so far been underrepresented in Polish geography. The studied hodonyms were analysed in the context of gender disproportions in streets named after individuals. In all towns, the toponymic landscape is dominated by male names, whose advantage over female names is significant, which confirms the thesis about naming patriarchy in Polish cities. Arguments for the urgent need to introduce changes in the current toponymic landscape were also presented in the text, along with the proposal of two new terms referring to the geographical names commemorating women – feminonyms and men – masculinonyms.
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The COVID-19 pandemic is a global public health crisis that has radically changed us and the world and has a profound impact on every area of life. Its impact goes far beyond the health sector, affecting all aspects of society and our lives, including our vocabulary. Since its outbreak, it has led to the explosion of hundreds and hundreds of newly coined words, terminologies, and phrases in the world’s different languages and these neologisms play a significant role throughout the course of the pandemic. The objective of this paper is to analyze the Hungarian neologisms emerging during the COVID-19 pandemic, to identify the main tendencies in their formation, and to investigate – among Italian university students in the Hungarian language – the understanding processes of the Hungarian coroneologisms coined during the COVID-19 pandemic in order to describe the relating difficulties (if any) as well as to illustrate the possible strategies adopted in the translation from Hungarian into Italian. The coroneologisms included in the experiment are retrieved from the trilingual domain-specific Hungarian/Italian/English dictionary of the COVID-19 pandemic created with Lexonomy, and they are also analyzed from the word-formation point of view.
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The study is carried out in the framework of Conceptual Metaphor Theory, but since it considers political cartoons that, apart from linguistic, involve also other modes, the findings of theoreticians researching visual and multimodal metaphors are applied. The purpose of the present study is to identify and analyse the visual and multimodal metaphors encountered in cartoons focusing on the European Union matters and to find out if political events are presented in cartoons in English and Latvian on the basis of the same conceptual metaphors.
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