„Skolos bijosi – turtų nepadarysi“. Leksikos skolinimosi poreikiai ir polinkiai 1991–2013 m. rašytiniuose tekstuose

Author(s): Loreta Vaicekauskienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 3/2014

The paper introduces available databases of new borrowings into Lithuanian and research into their main features and usage in public written texts, including the Internet, in 1991–2013. The research has shown that new borrowings of the Lithuanian language and the process of borrowing follow the same universal and general patterns noticed in other speech communities. Overall, about 1 500 different new borrowings and borrowed derivatives that have entered the Lithuanian language since early 90ies have been included into the databases. Due to the normative tradition of standard written Lithuanian, in more formal domains there is a tendency to graphically highlight borrowings either by inserting the quotation marks or by writing the borrowings in italics. However, in informal Internet texts (chats, commentaries, etc.) the borrowings are usually not highlighted. The morphological adaptation of most borrowings and orthographical adaptation of a large part of them give a clue to the integration potential of the Lithuanian structural paradigms. The distribution of the new borrowings across the word classes follows the patterns identified in other research: most borrowings are nouns, a much lower number of them are adjectives and verbs and a rather insignificant number are adverbs. Most new borrowings in the studied period include borrowings from English (approx. 70 per cent). Borrowings from other languages are much less numerous: depending on atext type, neo-Latinisms make up 5–8 per cent, words of French origin—3–7 per cent, words of Italian origin—4–5 per cent and Greek borrowings—2–3 per cent. The domains that include most new borrowings are technology and engineering, food, economics and bussiness, also music. As already mentioned, borrowings from English clearly dominate in most domains. However, the semantic field of food seems to be the most diverse in terms of the origin of borrowings: most borrowings are of Italian origin, others come from of English, French, Spanish, Japanese and other languages. French and neoclassical borrowings make up more than 70 per cent of all borrowed legal terms and almost 40 per cent of the terms of economics and business. The research of new borrowings into Lithuanian reveals fundamental changes in the sociocultural development of the society and highlights the potential of the Lithuanian language to adapt to the needs of the speakers and to preserve the marks of ongoing cultural changes.

Daugiakalbė reklama lietuviškuose žurnaluose 1993–2013 metais

Author(s): Laima Nevinskaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 3/2014

The article presents a quantitative analysis of multilingual advertising in Lithuanian magazines 1993–2013. The analysis includes those advertisements where alongside Lithuanian separate elements in a foreign language are used, and monolingual non-Lithuanian advertising. The sample included advertisements from four magazines of different profiles (a news magazine, a TV magazine, a women’s magazine, and a business lifestyle magazine) from years 1993/1994, 1998, 2003 and 2013, in total 1995 unique advertisements.A general conclusion is made that the number of multilingual advertising in Lithuanian magazines has increased. Although as early as 1993/1994 the magazines contained a fair amount of non-Lithuanian advertisements, those years were atypical, since non-Lithuanian advertisements were by Lithuanian advertisers mostly and the models of bilingual advertisements were different than the models that prevailed in the later periods. In 1998 there were less non-Lithuanian advertisements than in 1993/1994 and since then their amount was continuously increasing. The trend of increase of multilingual advertising is best confirmed not by the dynamics of its amounts in single magazines, which was different from magazine to magazine, but by its increase within separate product categories and within the flow of advertisements by Lithuanian companies.In 2013, the proportion of non-Lithuanian advertisements in different magazines, without including into this number the names of companies and products, was 11–42 percent. The use of other languages in advertisements was related to product category (the biggest amount of non-Lithuanian advertisements were in categories associated with prestige, modernity, technological progress, and certain lifestyles); country of origin (advertisements by foreign producers were more likely to contain foreign text elements); size (full-page advertisements were more likely to be bi- or multilingual); structure (monolingual non-Lithuanian advertisements predominantly contained company/product name only or company/product name plus slogan/product type). English is the most often used foreign language in Lithuanian advertisements; French, German, Italian are also used; some other languages are used in single cases only. English is used by advertisers from all countries of origin and it is used mostly to create a modern identity of the brand. Other languages, judging by the product categories they are used in, are associated with ethnocultural stereotypes of those countries.

Naujųjų skolinių duomenų bazės veiksmažodžių morfologija

Author(s): Jurgis Pakerys / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 3/2014

The Database of New Borrowings into Lithuanian lists 129 verbs which were either directly borrowed or derived from the borrowed nominal and adjectival stems. In terms of morpho-syntactic adaptation, two suffixes, viz. uo ti and in ti, are used as indirect insertion strategy devices (Wohlgemuth 2009: 94 ff.).The suffix uo ti is the most productive verbalizer in modern Lithuanian and is predominantly used to integrate the so called internationalisms in the standard language, while in ti is the main factitive/causative affix and is employed in the non standard language domain to accommodate the verbal borrowings coming mostly from English. In very many cases, verbs, nouns and some adjectives sharing the same root/stem were borrowed and I argue that a synchronic derivational link between them can be recognized in Lithuanian, no matter what the derivational history of these words in the donor language was. If a borrowed verb has a suffix, but no corresponding noun or adjective is found in the current usage, the suffix can be interpreted as a device of morpho-syntactic adaptation only. Compared to uo ti and in ti, other suffixes are only rarely attested in the database, but they clearly reflect productive types of verb formation, namely, the denominal similatives in au ti and the deadjectival inchoatives in ė ti. The data on prefixal and reflexive derivatives is too scarce to note any definite trends. As far as inflectional productivity is concerned, in ti and uo ti definitely play a major role in enriching the classes characterized by the present stem affixes of the a-type and the past stems affixes of the o-type. The inflexion of verbs in uo ti is also affected by morpho-phonological alternation of the suffix to resolve hiatus, viz. the infinitive stem has /uo/ (no hiatus), the present stem is augmented by the palatal glide /j/ ( uoj ), while in the past stem, /uo/ is replaced by /av/ (i.e. uo ti, uoj a, av o).

Semantizmų vartosena teisės mokslo darbų rankraščiuose

Author(s): Dalia Gedzevičienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 5/2014

The use of semantic calques in academic legal written language is the focus of the present article. Semantic calques are words in new irregular meanings. The following two groups of semantic calques in academic legal written language are distinguished: old calques, which are produced in the Lithuanian language due to the impact of the Russian language, and new calques, which have been produced in the Lithuanian language due the impact of the English language. The most frequently used calques of the first group are the verbs (pa)talpinti, atstatyti, sutikti, naudoti and their derivatives, the adjectives pilnas, a, vieningas, a and their derivatives, the noun saugiklis. The most frequently used calques of the second group are the adjectives pilotinis, harmoningas, -a, the verb harmonizuoti and the noun harmonizavimas. The present paper aims to identify the key reasons why some semantic calques spread in the academic language of the law. According to the contact between the user of the calque and the foreign language of its origin, the article distinguishes two types of reasons: primary and secondary. Primary reasons (concerned with the direct contact between the user of the calque and the language of origin) can be divided into three general reasons: (1) life among bilingual population; (2) the author of the text is a non-native speaker of Lithuanian; (3) the author relies on secondary written sources (research papers, documents, legal acts) in foreign languages, especially on its non-professional translation. Secondary reasons are concerned with an indirect contact between the user of the calque and the language of origin. In many cases the user of the calque does not know the foreign language from which the calque has been adopted. Semantic calques are copied from administrative language (legal acts, codes), public spoken language and are the result of imitation. Due to secondary reasons the calque appearing in a narrow peripheral field of standard language is further transferred into general usage. The analysis of the texts has demonstrated that in most cases semantic calques spread in academic legal written language due to extralinguistic factors. For example, Soviet occupation is one of them, when Russian in fact had the status of a state language. Now we are in a different situation, when the EU membership requires that all legal acts be translated into national languages of all member states.

Vilnietiško balsių ilginimo socialinė reikšmė. Moksleivių pasąmoningųjų nuostatų tyrimas

Author(s): Ramunė Čičirkaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 6/2014

It is not enough just to describe the distribution of linguistic variants in a speech community in order to explain language variation and change in apparent time. It is important to examine language users’ attitudes towards them as well as social meanings attributed to them. The social meaning of vowel lengthening as a relevant feature of Vilnius speech has, however, not been studied. Speaker evaluation experiment was conducted (2014, February–March) in two socially and ethnically unmarked schools with Lithuanian as the language of instruction. The schools were ranked in the middle position in the rating of city schools; all of them were located in two socially unmarked Vilnius neighbourhoods. The experiment aimed at determining the social meanings that vowel lengthening acquires among Vilnius pupils. The total of 231 senior (9–10) class pupils took part in the study. The experiment has confirmed the hypothesis that vowel lengthening in Vilnius speech is not evaluated ambiguously and has more than one social meaning. The articulatory context, i.e. the duration of stressed short vowels in the stem and inflectional ending as well as the cluster of other pronunciation features, that is decisive in which of the meanings is actualized. It has also shown a clear hierarchization of Vilnius speaking styles: 1) Kam+GalLT, 2) Neu, 3) Kam and 4) Kam+GalSL. The study has revealed that if vowel lengthening in the stem of the word and in the inflectional ending occurs in the articulatory context of Lithuanian speakers by origin, it is perceived as a marker of high social status, power, high professional competence of the speaker as well as representing businessman profession, a speaker who could work as a newsreader, hold leadership positions. Personal traits like educated, wealthy, successful, managing, youthful, urban and having a good job have mostly been assigned to the latter types of speakers with statistically significant difference. If vowel lengthening occurs in the articulatory context of the speakers of Slavic origin, it is recognized as Slavic and associated with low social status, linked to services and working-class occupations. In addition, all the above mentioned personal traits of this speaking style have been assigned most rarely by the pupils. Kam speaking style has been linked to provinciality and speakers representing this style have been mostly considered suitable for service occupations.

O powstającym leksykonie dziedzictwa kulinarnego Śląska

Author(s): Lidia Przymuszała,Dorota Świtała-Trybek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 81/2017

Metafora luptei în dreptul procedural civil român

Author(s): Alina Gioroceanu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1-2/2018

Within the framework of the Conceptual Metaphor Theory, this paper examines FIGHT metaphors used in Romanian civil procedure. In identifying the metaphors that emerge in the conceptual model LITIGATION IS A FIGHT/BATTLE/WAR, I have analysed the terminology and the historical roots of contemporary metaphors and I have extracted the texts that illustrate the semantic field of two opposite armies. The spreading of FIGHT metaphors in scientific commentaries and judiciary judgments reveal that the concept of procedural FIGHT is deeply mapped in our culture.

A Jesuit Perspective on Metaphors for COVID-19 in the Online Journal “Thinking Faith”

Author(s): Truly Almendo Pasaribu,Novita Dewi,Barli Bram / Language(s): English Issue: 39(44)/2021

This article investigated how metaphors for COVID-19 were framed in a Catholic-based journal Thinking Faith. Data, consisting of 107 metaphors, were collected from the online journal and were analyzed within the Jesuit perspectives. Results showed that out of the 107 occurrences of metaphoric expressions for the pandemic, the source domains tend to have reflective and empowering aspects. The 12 main source domains of COVID-19 were war, drama, tools, natural forces, journey, manageable item, teacher, other living beings, darkness, pain, threat, and signs of the times. The coverage of Thinking Faith aimed to show the life-changing wisdom of the Gospel, Catholic Social Teaching, and Papal messages. Positive or neutral word choices of metaphors like teacher, drama, journey, manageable items, natural forces, and signs of the times managed to spark hopefulness for the journal readership. Meanwhile, the violence-related metaphors war, pain, and threat may appear to be discouraging. Overall, the metaphors used in the Jesuit online journal were contextually heartening.

Tłuste koty na złotych spadochronach – o pewnym frazeologizmie wywodzącym się z języka polityki i o jego modyfikacjach

Author(s): Dorota Połowniak-Wawrzonek,Agnieszka Rosińska-Mamej / Language(s): Polish Issue: 38(43)/2020

Due to the influence of the language of politics, the noun phrase, tłuste koty, has become established in modern Polish language. As the research material proves, the idiom fat cats has a negative connotation in the Polish language. Most often, it refers to rich people associated with business, as well as politicians and people in power, such as legislative, executive and judicial. The analysed texts provide many modifications of the expression under analysis, e.g., wypasione pisowskie tłuste koty, tłuste koty w sutannach , tłuste koty nadziane ośmiorniczkami, tłuste koty na złotych spadochronach, lejące krokodyle łzy podczas ucieczki z pogromu kociego na Wall Street, najtłustszy i wredny kot, okrąglutki, milutki, taki kotek tłuściutki. The most important function of modification is to express a critical opinion about people in the category of fatty cats. Through modifications, it is emphasized that the earnings of fatty cats are indecently high, often unreasonable and undeserved. Sharp social opposition causes financiers and politicians to avoid being responsible for their mistakes, for dishonesty. Fat cats are also accused of greed.

Językowy obraz świata na przykładzie niemieckich i polskich wyzwisk osobowych z komponentem animalistycznym

Author(s): Joanna Szczęk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 38(43)/2020

The constant presence of animals in human life influences language. It is not only a rich animal and zoonotic lexis but also a way of perceiving animals, the attributes assigned to them and the behaviour observed. Through the prism of language, one can show the linguistic image of the world of a selected fragment of reality. The subject matter of this study is the linguistic image of the world based on personal insults with an animalistic component in German and Polish. The work is confrontational. The research corpus is constructed of personal zoonotic names collected from the dictionaries of both languages. The aim is to present the linguistic picture of the world based on the collected units and indicate, on this basis, the similarities and differences in the mentioned scope. Based on the analysis of the corpus, the appropriate conclusions are drawn about the perception of animals in both language cultures. Due to similar experiences in contact with animals, one can expect mainly similarities in this regard.

THE DYNAMICS OF THE JOURNEY METAPHOR IN THE DISCOURSE OF THE CONSERVATIVES IN LITHUANIA

Author(s): Jurga Cibulskienė / Language(s): English Issue: 14 (19)/2008

The conceptual metaphor of JOURNEY is comprehended as one of the most conventional metaphors underlying our experience. We understand LIFE, LOVE, CAREER, SUCCESS in terms of a JOURNEY. The article focuses on the target domain of POLITICS and analyzes the conceptual metaphor POLITICS IS A JOURNEY which structures the public discourse of the Conservatives in Lithuania. It is hypothesized that linguistic metaphorical expressions underlying the conceptual metaphor POLITICS IS A JOURNEY are likely to have a temporal character. It means that we can follow how metaphorical expressions alter within one political discourse but at different periods of time – before joining the European Union and NATO and after it. Thus, different content is supposed to show new ideas emerging in the political discourse of Lithuania.

Teoria zbiorów rozmytych – od nauk formalnych po nauki prawne. Wprowadzenie do problematyki w świetle osiągnięć polskiej lingwistyki prawa

Author(s): Anna Falana-Jafra / Language(s): Polish Issue: 17/2021

An example of the correlation of thought between the formal sciences, which are a foundation of the natural sciences, and the humanities is the fuzzy set theory. It is the source of a new research paradigm in relation to the surrounding reality, as well as in relation to man himself and his perception of the world. Nowadays, the fuzzy set theory is very widespread in cognitive linguistics. The aim of the article is to show the historical and substantive relations between the formal sciences and linguistics existing thanks to the theory of fuzzy sets, as well as to pose the question about the usefulness of this theory for Polish social sciences, which include legal sciences. The justification of the research question stems from the recognition of the fact that the constituted law manifests itself through language, which is its exclusive carrier.

Symposion canonic. Dezbaterea canonică occidentală şi ofertele ei teoretice. Raport bibliografic

Author(s): Luigi Bambulea / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2021

The selection of the essential elements for the circumscription of the cultural canon has been the subject of heated debate over the years. The following article provides a critical summary of the most important moments and works that have contributed to the identification of arguments capable of supporting various canonical models, highlighting their limitations, but also their hermeneutic or emulative value. The author’s conclusion is that, rather than a political (liberal-conservative) perspective, an essentially culturalist perspective is needed in understanding the canon. Canonical conflict has the pattern of a typological adversity (classicism - mannerism) and must be integrated into a recurring phenomenon (the old - new opposition), most likely at the foundations of any culture. In this polemical foundation resides the agonistic character of cultural systems.

PEREGRINATIONS OUEST-AFRICAINES A TRAVERS LES MODALITES ASSERTIVES ET EVALUATIVES DANS ALLAH N’EST PAS OBLIGE  D’AHMADOU KOUROUMA

Author(s): Saibou Diarra / Language(s): French Issue: 1/2021

The paper examines two enunciative modalities: assertion and the evaluative adjectives. These modalities allow the speaker to modify his/her speech by describing objects and phenomena according to his/her own perception. In this sense, linguists integrate these modalities among the indices of subjectivity in language. In Allah n’est pas oblig , the story focuses on the main character's peregrinations through several countries and cities in West Africa. Implicitly, Kourouma offers the reader a tourist panorama of his course. More precisely, the modalities that we have chosen allow this descriptive function of the language. The enunciation will be used to highlight the speaker's eye perceptions through modal markers. From a pragmatic perspective, we will infer the tourist directions as resulting from their use in the novel.

MODALIT S DE CONSTRUCTION DE L’ETHOS DANS LE DISCOURS DES GUIDES DE MUSÉE

Author(s): Alice Ionescu / Language(s): French Issue: 1/2021

Our paper aims to analyze the means and methods of construction of the speaker’s ethos in the discourse of guides during guided museum tours. The general perspective of our research is that of discourse analysis, centered on the specialized discourse, more precisely on the oral discourse of museum guides, whose generic characteristics can be considered as markers of identity of the cultural institution to which they belong. The questions our study will attempt to answer are: What type of ethos do museum guides build? What are the speech strategies used by the guide to reflect a rewarding image of oneself / the institution s/he represents and to build his/her professional ethos? Our goal is to identify linguistic tools and discursive markers that allow us to reconstruct the process of building ethos in the speaking exercise. The oral corpus on which our analysis is based was collected in Dijon and Beaune between 2015 and 2016.

L’HYPERBOLE DANS LES COMMENTAIRES EN ESPAGNOL SUR TRIP ADVISOR : LE MUSÉE DU LOUVRE A LA LOUPE

Author(s): Stephane Patin / Language(s): French Issue: 1/2021

The Louvre, the most visited French museum in the world, is the subject of online evaluative comments on booking platforms such as TripAdvisor. According to the principle of tourism 2.0, visitors write their reviews, adressing reader, thus constituting a specific discursive type where the enunciation, in an epidictic register, praises the place visited. Using textometric approaches, the present paper analyses this authentic discursive material by understanding how the use of hyperbole constitutes a rhetorical strategy of seduction and persuasion.

LES MECANISMES SOCIODISCURSIFS DE L’ENCHANTEMENT DANS LES BLOGS VOYAGE

Author(s): Eugenie Pereira Couttolenc / Language(s): French Issue: 1/2021

Within the theoretical framework of discourse analysis, we analyze how the enchantment concept (R au / Poupeau 2007; Winkin 2002) finds its way on travel blog productions. To do so, we work on a corpus of 114 posts, 115 photos and 345 comments. We shed light on the discursive, enunciative and semiotic strategies implemented by authors to immerse readers in an imaginary world where reality gives way to the marvellous. How, in travel blog situations, do bloggers seduce web users? And in what way their audience seems to respond to these attempts? How does denial of market and social realities work in online travel stories? After having placed this scientific work within the current research trends which question discourses and travels, we describe the methodology we use to identify, in the bloggers’ productions and their readers’ comments, the mechanisms the authors deploy to create the illusion of a perfect destination before revealing some of our linguistic and semiotic findings. Eventually, we demonstrate that readers are far from being the naive interlocutors one might assume.

LA POETIQUE DE LA TOPOGRAPHIE DANS VESTIAIRE DE L’ENFANCE DE PATRICK MODIANO

Author(s): Romaissa Djouadi / Language(s): French Issue: 1/2021

The purpose of this paper is to focus on the poetic function of the topographical landscape based on recollection of memories. In exile, the character-narrator Jimmy Sarano tries, through a specific narrative technique, to reveal feelings and sensations deep in his memory. Spatiality, characterised by a more or less specific imprint, keeps the reader in a warp of thoughts and memories difficult to understand. Therefore, our study represents an in-depth analysis of the spatial representation of topography linked to the existential representation the characters.

Legitimation Strategies to Enchant the New American “War On Terror”: Implications in Ben Affleck’s Testimony

Author(s): Hana Riani / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

This article accounts for the process of legitimization as a mere instrument of control in society where symbolic power is manifested. By conducting a critical discourse analysis in combination with frameworks for analyzing legitimating devices in discourse as developed by Theo van Leeuwen (2007) and Antonio Reyes (2011), this study scrutinizes the legitimation strategies used in Ben Affleck’s speech before the American House Foreign Affairs Committee on Congo crisis (2011). The paper also investigates the linguistic devices leaned on by this social actor to advance particular political ends. The results from the qualitative analysis have shown that this activist establishes links with his audience outlining common values firmly grounded on US history, cultural tradition and political ideologies. His reasoning constructs specific understandings of US involvement in the new “war on terror” legitimized through (1) hypothetical future, (2) rationality, (3) voices of expertise and (4) altruism.

MEĐIMURJE, MEĐIMORJE, MEĐUMURJE - PRILOG POZNAVANJU HORONIMA HRVATSKE TRADICIJSKE REGIJE

Author(s): Danijel Jukopila / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 32/2021

The name Međimurje with its symbolic function for most respondents during the interview was clearly defined by the location of the region along the Mura River, and the only doubt was to use it in the official version of Međimurje or in the archaic and, according to many, dialectal expression Međimorje. The problem of this name is much more complex, although there are not many papers on this topic. The most comprehensive and complex is the work of Z. Bartolić (1998), which is based on an interdisciplinary approach combining knowledge of linguistics, history, literary history and geography, but is not monitored and based on field research, which was conducted during the preparation of this paper. The basic thesis of his work is that the correct name of the region would be Međimorje, where the name itself is interpreted with the appellation „otok“ in dialectal speech. This interpretation is proven by examples from older literature where it is used in the meaning of island (otok), alluding to the hydrographic boundaries of Međimurje, which throughout history have been a significant communication barrier to neighboring areas, and thus enhanced the sense of isolation characteristic of an island. The term island is also found in the Latin version of Insula, which in various variations is found in older literature, especially on old maps, but never independently but in variations with the names of the rivers Mura and Drava. At the same time, foreign sources, especially in the languages used in Međimurje in certain periods, such as the German Murinsel meaning Mura Island or the Hungarian Muraköz meaning the area along the Mura, contain the name of the river as the basic determinant of the name. It is interesting that none of the interlocutors in the interview knew the translation of the word Međimorje (island), but they all interpreted it in the Međimurje way of pronunciation, ie “in the local language”. The survey showed that the majority of residents in Međimurje (49%) and beyond (54%) believe that the name Međimurje is associated with the name of the Mura River, almost a third believe that the name comes from the Latin Insula inter Muram et Dravam.