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Daugiakalbė reklama lietuviškuose žurnaluose 1993–2013 metais

Author(s): Laima Nevinskaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 3/2014

The article presents a quantitative analysis of multilingual advertising in Lithuanian magazines 1993–2013. The analysis includes those advertisements where alongside Lithuanian separate elements in a foreign language are used, and monolingual non-Lithuanian advertising. The sample included advertisements from four magazines of different profiles (a news magazine, a TV magazine, a women’s magazine, and a business lifestyle magazine) from years 1993/1994, 1998, 2003 and 2013, in total 1995 unique advertisements.A general conclusion is made that the number of multilingual advertising in Lithuanian magazines has increased. Although as early as 1993/1994 the magazines contained a fair amount of non-Lithuanian advertisements, those years were atypical, since non-Lithuanian advertisements were by Lithuanian advertisers mostly and the models of bilingual advertisements were different than the models that prevailed in the later periods. In 1998 there were less non-Lithuanian advertisements than in 1993/1994 and since then their amount was continuously increasing. The trend of increase of multilingual advertising is best confirmed not by the dynamics of its amounts in single magazines, which was different from magazine to magazine, but by its increase within separate product categories and within the flow of advertisements by Lithuanian companies.In 2013, the proportion of non-Lithuanian advertisements in different magazines, without including into this number the names of companies and products, was 11–42 percent. The use of other languages in advertisements was related to product category (the biggest amount of non-Lithuanian advertisements were in categories associated with prestige, modernity, technological progress, and certain lifestyles); country of origin (advertisements by foreign producers were more likely to contain foreign text elements); size (full-page advertisements were more likely to be bi- or multilingual); structure (monolingual non-Lithuanian advertisements predominantly contained company/product name only or company/product name plus slogan/product type). English is the most often used foreign language in Lithuanian advertisements; French, German, Italian are also used; some other languages are used in single cases only. English is used by advertisers from all countries of origin and it is used mostly to create a modern identity of the brand. Other languages, judging by the product categories they are used in, are associated with ethnocultural stereotypes of those countries.

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Naujųjų skolinių duomenų bazės veiksmažodžių morfologija

Author(s): Jurgis Pakerys / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 3/2014

The Database of New Borrowings into Lithuanian lists 129 verbs which were either directly borrowed or derived from the borrowed nominal and adjectival stems. In terms of morpho-syntactic adaptation, two suffixes, viz. uo ti and in ti, are used as indirect insertion strategy devices (Wohlgemuth 2009: 94 ff.).The suffix uo ti is the most productive verbalizer in modern Lithuanian and is predominantly used to integrate the so called internationalisms in the standard language, while in ti is the main factitive/causative affix and is employed in the non standard language domain to accommodate the verbal borrowings coming mostly from English. In very many cases, verbs, nouns and some adjectives sharing the same root/stem were borrowed and I argue that a synchronic derivational link between them can be recognized in Lithuanian, no matter what the derivational history of these words in the donor language was. If a borrowed verb has a suffix, but no corresponding noun or adjective is found in the current usage, the suffix can be interpreted as a device of morpho-syntactic adaptation only. Compared to uo ti and in ti, other suffixes are only rarely attested in the database, but they clearly reflect productive types of verb formation, namely, the denominal similatives in au ti and the deadjectival inchoatives in ė ti. The data on prefixal and reflexive derivatives is too scarce to note any definite trends. As far as inflectional productivity is concerned, in ti and uo ti definitely play a major role in enriching the classes characterized by the present stem affixes of the a-type and the past stems affixes of the o-type. The inflexion of verbs in uo ti is also affected by morpho-phonological alternation of the suffix to resolve hiatus, viz. the infinitive stem has /uo/ (no hiatus), the present stem is augmented by the palatal glide /j/ ( uoj ), while in the past stem, /uo/ is replaced by /av/ (i.e. uo ti, uoj a, av o).

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Skolinių vartosena ir pateikimas Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne: barbekiu atvejis

Author(s): Daiva Murmulaitytė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 3/2014

The new borrowing barbekiu has not been included into dictionaries of the Lithuanian language so far, except for the Dictionary of Internationalisms (2001, 2008) and its internet version Interleksis. Due to the frequent use of the word, barbekiu is going to be included into the Dictionary of Standard Lithuanian.The present paper analyses the semantic structure of the borrowing, its use and normative recommendations, investigates dictionary entries of barbecue and its synonym grill as given in a number of English, Latvian, Russian, and Polish dictionaries.The use of the borrowing barbekiu in the Lithuanian language shows a slightly different semantic structure of the word than that offered in the dictionaries of the donor (English) language. On the whole, the findings of this research show that the semantic structure of the borrowing barbecue in the recipient languages differs from its semantic structure in the English language.Finally, the paper offers several tentative dictionary entries for the word barbekiu and its Lithuanian equivalents, which could be included into the Dictionary of Standard Lithuanian. In addition to the two meanings of the word that have already been discussed by language planners (i.e. barbecue as a ‘baking device’ and as a ‘certain steak’), the proposed dictionary entries would contain additional, more frequent meanings: ‘a way of preparing a certain kind of food’ and ‘a party in which food is prepared in this way’.

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Naujos tarptautinių žodžių reikšmės administracinėje lietuvių kalboje

Author(s): Rasuolė Vladarskienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 3/2014

The article refers to the data of The Database of New Borrowings, collected in the period of 1998–2010. An attempt is made to analyse the evolvement of new meanings of some international words and to identify the main tendencies. The Lithuanian administrative language is well maintained and innovations occur very seldom; however, if they occur, they tend to rapidly spread to other areas of standard language.After joining the European Union, with an influx of the EU documents translated into the Lithuanian language, the influence of the English language on the Lithuanian administrative language became unquestionable. This is particularly obvious in the international words used in administrative language. First of all, new meanings of international words conveying the original language meaning appear in the translated documents, afterwards the meanings can be found in Lithuanian documents and later may also be found in other language usage areas.The article discusses the new meanings of international adjectives and their suitability for administrative language. The paper also analyses some cases of polysemous nouns, which have preserved in their new international meanings an obvious link to the original meaning of the word. Some new meanings of international words find their place in standard Lithuanian; others are replaced by their Lithuanian equivalents or more traditional international words.

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The pragmatics of morphological negation: pejorative and euphemistic uses of the prefix non- in French

Author(s): Edwige Dugas / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2014

In this paper I examine a particular type of morphological negation in French, namely non- prefixation on nominal bases (e.g. non-violence ‘nonviolence’). Drawing on a wide range of authentic examples from the Trésor de la Langue Française informatisé (TLFi), the French literary database Frantext and the internet, I show that although the basic meaning of non- prefixation is negation, the nouns prefixed by non- (abbreviated as [non-N]N) may carry an additional nuance, which can be pejorative or euphemistic; hence the hypothesis defended in this paper that the prefix non- can also serve pragmatic purposes. After having briefly described the morphological and semantic variety of nominal lexemes which can be the input of non- prefixation, I show that [non-N]N can have three different readings, namely what I call the “complementary” interpretation (e.g. les Italiens et les non-Italiens aiment la cuisine italienne ‘Italians and non-Italians like Italian cuisine’), the “ontological” interpretation (e.g. Toute sa vie durant, Gandhi est demeuré convaincu du bien-fondé de la non-violence ‘For all his life, Gandhi was convinced of the legitimacy of nonviolence’), and the “contrary interpretation” (e.g. Les fleurs, je m’en fiche. Serais-je une non-femme? ‘Flowers, I don’t care! Could I be a nonwoman?). In the second section, I describe the pejorative and euphemistic uses of [non-N]N. The pejorative uses have been noticed by several authors (a.o. Gaatone 1971, 1987, Di Sciullo and Tremblay 1993, 1996 for French, Zimmer 1964, Algeo 1971, Bauer 1983, Horn 1989 for English); I show that these uses arise when the [non-N]N have a contrary interpretation and that they are quite frequent. I also emphasize the importance of the discourse context compared to the semantics of the base noun. Then I address the euphemistic uses of [non-N]N, which are linked to the ontological interpretation, and which are more constrained and thus less frequent; I note that these uses function almost as a politeness device. The fourth section provides an attempt to draw a parallel between certain uses of [non-N]N and the polemic and metalinguistic uses of sentential negation, as they have been described by Ducrot (1980, 1984) and Horn (1985, 1989).

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Swahili lexicography in Poland: Its history and immediate future

Author(s): Beata Wójtowicz / Language(s): English Issue: 46/2012

The interest in Swahili lexicography at the University of Warsaw has a long tradition and was initiated by the first lecturer of Swahili – prof. Rajmund Ohly. He was not only an observer but his name has been indelibly written into the history of Swahili lexicography. His passion inspired the next generation and some projects aiming at creating Swahili dictionaries have been undertaken in the Department. That resulted in a state-financed grant on Swahili-Polish dictionary that is to be delivered at the end of 2012.

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Epithets in the Poetry of Vasyl Symonenko: Semantic Aspects

Author(s): Tetiana Maslovska / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2020

The article is devoted to the semantic value of epithets as a personal idiostyle of the famous Ukrainian poet Vasyl Symonenko. These artistic means of expression generate the emotional colouring of the text. An epithet is used for emphasizing ideas, naming the attributes, and it is usually connected with a specific text and the individual author`s style. The epithets in the poet's poems carry out figurative, abstract and stylistic functions.

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Методи и модели за съпоставителен текстолингвивстичен анализ

Author(s): Silviya Vasileva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2021

The study discusses the existing German language models for contrastive textlinguistic analysis and their application. Its goal and objectives are to cover the pragmatic, textual, syntactic, and lexical linguistic levels in Bulgarian and German. Attention is paid to the concept of comparability: the textual base must be described and analysed so as the reliability and representativeness of the data, obtained through analysis is ensured. The main uniting part of the topic is emphasised considering the ways of its development, the types of topics and their specifics. According to one of the models there are descriptive, explicative, and argumentative structures; the indicators of the text function are also analysed. The problem of denotates and their linguistic expression is discussed as well. An original contrastive model for Bulgarian and German has been created. Exactly this model is the main one in the achieved results and serves as a basis for the creation of specialized didactic texts for the purposes of German language teaching. The main conclusion, taken from the foreign language didactics is the enhancement of linguistic knowledge in its complexity – context and text – in order to perform more efficient linguistic actions.

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A Repertoire of Dongba Pictographs: Challenges and Solutions

Author(s): Xu Duoduo / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2020

Dongba script is a pictographic script still in use in South-West China. The digitization of this writing system became a significant issue in Naxi Studies since Dongba script was enlisted in the World Memory Heritage by the UNESCO in 2003. At the current stage, a critical issue for further technical development is to reach a shared repertoire of Dongba glyphs with the agreement of all the scientific parties. The Dongba dictionaries provide valuable resources and should be used in complete synergy to build up such a character list. The variants of Dongba glyphs, as well as other writings used by branches of Moso People, should be included in order to present a comprehensive documentation of this cultural heritage. A semantic index with the pictographic radicals is necessary for an ideographic writing system as Dongba script, while the studies on Dongba radicals are at a preliminary status. Multiple indexes should be implemented in the repertoire, in order to facilitate the searching of glyphs. For the transcription of character names, an expanded Latin alphabet for Naxi pinyin is suggested.

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A Corpus-Based Analysis Of The Complementation Patterns Of The Adjective “Ashamed”

Author(s): Temenuzhka Seizova-Nankova,Sylvia Dimitrova / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

The paper presents a corpus-based analysis of the predicative use of the adjective “ashamed” giving a full description of its complementation patterns with the help of the Valency Theory (VT – Herbst et al., 2004). The findings are based on a reference corpus extracted from the British National Corpus (BNC) by using the SkE software. The analysis reveals the advantages of the approach used for learners at levels B1 and B2 while, on the other hand, it shows the insufficiency of information found in the main English dictionaries (OALD, LDCE, etc.). It also demonstrates how both language learning and teaching, and materials production could be optimized using the corpus-based analysis.

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Методологија организације лингводидактичког материјала у уџбенику руског језика Ни пуха ни пера!

Author(s): Jelena Ginić,Nataša D. Ajdžanović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 23/2021

In this paper, the authors presented a new Russian Language textbook Nipuha ni pera! for initial learning (level A1). The macrostructure of the textbook,the structure of the textbook lesson, is presented in order to point out several possible ways of organising the linguodidactic material. In the sectionon standards for A1 level textbook development , the authors concluded that the written text is the basis for three of the four language skills: reading,speaking and writing; oral text in the form of dialogue and monologue is the basis for the linguistic competence of listening. Therefore, the authors concluded that a textbook written in the spirit of the communicative method must have a sufficient number of texts, followed by a sufficient number and quality of exercises. The authors pointed out that care should be taken that in a textbook written in the spirit of the communicative method,exercises can prevail in relation to texts, concluding that the relationship between texts and exercises in the textbook must be balanced. The text is the basic unit of the textbook, while without exercises there is no adoption of communicative functions or grammatical structures. Ni puha ni pera!,as the authors conclude, has an excellent balance of text and exercises. In10 lessons of the textbook, all types of texts are sufficiently represented,whether it is a text for written expression, or for reading comprehension or speech. Approximately 35 dialogic written texts were composed, approximately20 monologue written texts; about 20 dialogic oral texts, about 20monologue oral texts. Communicative functions and language structures are practiced through various written and oral exercises: there are about265 exercises in all 10 lessons that practice and activate language habits. The introductory phonetic course precedes the lessons. The test for checking the achievement after the course is standard in terms of scope and quality148 ФИЛОЛОГ XII 2021 23of A1 level tests at St. Petersburg University. The chapter on textbook lesson structure presents a uniform, modular lesson structure. Each lessonhas 6 parts: in the first part of the lesson, three dialogues with 10‒12 oral exercises are presented. The second part follows, in which the vocabulary and communicative functions that are the topic of dialogue with accompanying oral exercises are usually presented in a table; in the third part,linguistic and cultural elements with exercises are presented. In the fourth part, grammar and phonetics are presented, with exercises for adoption.The fifth part presents a recapitulation of vocabulary and communicative functions through a series of written exercises. The test that follows is the sixth part of the lesson: the acquisition of vocabulary and grammar of the given lesson is checked, as well as all four skills: listening, reading, speaking and writing. In the section in which the authors write about the methods of organizing linguodidactic material, the authors highlight that it is not necessary to follow the given order: the author's idea was that the student first intuitively adopts communicative functions and language structures,and only later systematically considers them. The authors suggest that each lesson begins with phonetics that is presented in fourth part of the lesson,and with the phonetic exercises from the introductory phonetics course,and that the next part can be either processing dialogues with exercises,or processing grammatical material, which would eliminate difficulties in working with dialogues. The authors believe that one should always start with phonetics and end with a test, and that everything else can go in the order that the teacher considers more appropriate for a specific group in specific circumstances. The possibility of different organisation of linguodidactic material in different lessons additionally gives dynamics to the methods of organising.

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Акценатски дублетизам четворосложних придјева на Радио-телевизији Републике Српске

Author(s): Slađana M. Cukut / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 23/2021

This paper analyses one type of accent doubletism in the speech of professional speakers on the material of an informative programme on the public television broadcast in the Republic of Srpska. A double pronunciation of four-syllable adjectives, represents a systemic phenomenon in this speech and refers to frequent adjectives of foreign origin derived by the suffix -ski: ekonomski, medicinski, and complex domestic adjectives such as: malobrojan,pravoslavni, srednjoškolski, which usually has a short falling accent on the first syllable, or a standard short rising accent on the second syllable and that is not accepted by the norm of the Serbian language.It's obvious based on the collected material, that the process of mastering the norm in the media has begun, but it needs to be completed because these forms are extremely frequent in public speech in general and not just in the speeches of announcers.

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BURKA W LUDOWEJ INTERPRETACJI. NA PRZYKŁADZIE WYPOWIEDZI MIESZKAŃCÓW WSI REGIONU LUBELSKIEGO

Author(s): Halina Pelcowa / Language(s): Polish Issue: 68/2020

The paper deals with the word burka and its synonyms: burek, burczak, burczanka i burocha. The word burka found in the Lublin dialects refers to five related designata, meaning: 1) ‘an overwear made of thick dark cloth or felt having the form of a cape worn during the travel’; 2) ‘a large checked woolen headscarf with fringes put by women over the head and shoulders’; 3) ‘warm woolen skirt’; 4) ‘woollen or linen waist apron’; 5) ‘work and farmhouse apron’. The map of the geographic boundaries of the linguistic forms discussed has been drawn on the basis of the linguistic usage collected from eight hundred 70–90 year old residents of 400 villages of the Lublin region.

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Humanization of Virtual Communication: from Digit to Image

Author(s): Inna Khmel / Language(s): English Issue: 27/2021

The study aims to identify the mechanisms of communication humanization in the virtual environment with the help of new signs as the means of communication. The factors which limit emotional connections while using written signs in digital communication as a form of alienation are provided in the article. The scientific novelty is shown through the essential role of nonverbal signs and symbols used to overcome alienation under conditions of limited communication. The widespread use and evolution of nonverbal signs and symbols in the process of digital communication is becoming a new frame that promotes communication to expand in the interactive sphere and make it more human. Understanding new signs and symbols go with socio-cultural issues of the current age and provides integrity and unique character of the individual.

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ETIMOLOŠKE NAZNAKE O SENJSKOJ ALOGLOTIJI

Author(s): Vojmir Vinja / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/1991

En cherchant a analyser la provenance et les caractk.es des mots arangers dans le parler de la ville de Senj nous sommes venu a la constatation que cette ville differe des autres agglomftations urbaines de la Dalmatie par l'absence d'aanents appartenant a la couche pr6r6nitienne. La cause en est a chercher dans son earactre foncirement croate parce que Senj n'a pas connu le stade du bilinguisme comme les villes de Rab, Trogir, Korčula... dans lesquelles les aanents dalmates sont constat& en abondance. Sous ce point de vue, la situation de Senj se rapproche le plus de celle de la ville de Šibenik. Les mots arangers y sont dans la plus grande majori.-W emprunt& au »valitien colonial« (venezian de la de mar) avec quelques turcismes et plusieurs germanismes plus r&ents chIs au fait que Senj repr&entait l'aboutissement de la principale route qui liait Karlovac et Zagreb avec la mer. Parmi les mots qui jusqu'aujourd'hui n'ont pas a.e expliqu&, nous avons propose une solution aymologique pour les lexines suivants: batita »masque, loup«, šempetarija »bourrasque, tourbillon«, tafandr »derrire; croiipe«, butac »signe flottant pour le filet ou la nasse«,pikula »brique« et tigla »fer a repasser«, barj'dmus »vacarme, Usordre«. En outre, on a examilW plusieurs formations hybrides et quelques 6Mments lexicaux a forte charge stylistique.

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GENDER-RELATED VARIABILITY IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE RELIABLE SELF IN US PRESIDENTIAL DEBATES

Author(s): Adina Botaș / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

This paper analyses selected pieces of talk-in-interaction, focusing on the gender-related variability of language used by candidates to the presidency of the USA in the debates of 2016 and 2020. The participation framework of the two successive events, namely a female-male interaction starring Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump, followed by a male-male interaction between Donald Trump and Joe Biden, enabled an insight into the functionings of different- vs. same-gender talk, within the genre of the presidential debate, in concrete speech events. Looking into ‘the gender thing’, the questions to be answered by this analysis point at the relation between gender and language, the differences, if any, between the way men and women use language and especially between the way language is used in female-male as opposed to male-male interactions. The analysis also considers the speakers’ selection of vocabulary and grammar used to refer to the opponent, as well as speech acts that contribute to ‘performing gender’, namely what it is that makes the protagonists ‘talk like a female’ or ‘talk like a male’. The genre of the presidential debate is by definition about conflict and has a highly adversarial, antagonistic nature, frequently characterised by specious reasoning. Each of the candidates is engaged in a permanent effort of disqualifying the opponent, while serving a strategic purpose of making a politically favourable impact on the audience, as the stake of the election is enormous and the outcome also depends on which narrative imposes itself and determines the general perception upon a candidate. Thus the construction of a reliable self is a main concern of candidates to presidency and the process requires them to make sophisticated use of the most powerful weapons they can own in these battles, words. The approach to gender that this analysis relies on is based on the theoretical framework of the difference model, as initiated by O’Barr& Atkins (1980), on the grounds set by Robin Lakoff (1975), and furtherly built on by Cameron (2005) and Weatherall (2002). These (rather) recent theories of gender and language use sustain that gender in itself does not account for differences in language use at an individual level but that it is the social status and the power within society that determine the way one communicates. Still, gender-related variability in language use is an interesting topic to look into at a contextual level, where gender significantly produces and reticulates one’s communication patterns.

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CHOMSKY’S UNIVERSAL GRAMMAR THEORY

Author(s): Victor-Emanuel Ciuciuc,Anda Lucia Ciltan / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

This paper will present one of the Nativist Theories in Second Language Acquisition, the Universal Grammar theory formulated by Noam Chomsky (1959), since it is one of the most known and (at that time) revolutionary acquisition theories. It is also the theory which represented the foundations of generativist grammar and the starting point for other posterior acquisition theories, as it postulates a unique claim in linguistics at that moment: the existence of a Universal Grammar. The paper will also provide information on the Language Acquisition Device and the Innateness Hypothesis and, finally, it will discuss the topic of second language acquisition within the UG approach.

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LA REMEDIATION DE L’ECRIT : EMPLOI DES PREPOSITIONS FRANÇAISES DANS LES PRODUCTIONS ECRITES DES APPRENANTS DU FLE EN ALGERIE

Author(s): Taieb Belbahi,Mohamed Fouzi Imessaoudene / Language(s): French Issue: 20/2021

La langue maternelle (Langue arabe) est la première langue (L1) que l'enfant algérienapprend auprès de ses parents et à l'école. Le sentiment de maîtrise et de facilité de cette langueentraîne une certaine sensation de sécurité linguistique et affective chez les apprenants.Parallèlement, dans les autres langues étrangères, comme la langue française, certains apprenantsalgériens ont tendance à se retrouverdans des situations stressantes face à des problèmes pluscomplexes comme par exemple l’emploi des prépositions françaises à l’écrit. Ainsi, l’enseignementde la langue arabe permet aux apprenants du FLE la maîtrise totale de l'expression écrite etorale. Cet enseignement, qui est un facteur très important participe au développement de leurspersonnalités, mais, il doit les doter d'un instrument linguistique de base pour faciliterl'apprentissage des langues étrangères.

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ВИКОРИСТАННЯ ВТОРИННИХ НАЗВ У КОМУНІКАТИВНИХ СИТУАЦІЯХ МЕДИЧНОГО ДИСКУРСУ (НА ОСНОВІ АНКЕТУВАННЯ МЕДИЧНИХ ПРАЦІВНИКІВ)

Author(s): Larysa Shutak,Halyna Navchuk / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 3/2021

The purpose of the article is to investigate the reasons and ways of creating secondary nominations in modern Ukrainian medical discourse, to find out the features of the use and purpose of such names in different communicative situations. In the article descriptive, comparative and statistical research methods are used. The frequency of use of secondary names, namely unofficial substitutes for medical terms, in the communicative situation doctor – doctor was investigated by the method of questionnaires of medical workers. In the scientific work the circle of specialists is described who use secondary definitions as a informal substitutes for medical terms in a communicative situation doctor – doctor. The most common secondary names used in the situation of doctors – patients are analyzed. Conclusions. Recent studies by both foreign and domestic linguists prove that the secondary lexical nomination is the result of the natural development of language due to the cognitive and cognitive communicative needs of human being in socio-historical practice. The emergence of new names leads to a concentration of new information in the verbal sign. Secondary names as an euphemisms for official medical terms are named and their mitigating and correct purpose is noted.

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Język w procesie kształtowania nowych regionów w Polsce

Author(s): Mirosława Sagan-Bielawa / Language(s): Polish Issue: 21/2021

The article concerns the influence of state reform on the evolution of regional identity. The aim of the article is to describe the role of language in these changes. In 1999, sixteen large regions (voivodeships) were established; it is significant that the contemporary names of these voivodeships refer to historical choronyms. The boundaries between administrative divisions and traditional ethnographic regions are indistinct due to the use of variant names like Małopolska, Podkarpacie, Pomorze Zachodnie instead of the formal names województwo małopolskie, podkarpackie, zachodniopomorskie etc., as well as the creation of new names of inhabitants (e.g. Zachodniopomorzanie, Małopolanie, Ślązacy, Lubuszanie) and nominaabstracta (e.g. “małopolskość”, “podkarpackość”). The meaning of the Polish word region (‘area’, ‘territory’, also ‘private homeland’) became synonymous with województwo (‘voivodeship’, ‘province’). Furthermore, the blurred distinction between geographical and administrative names gives rise to the misconception that dialectal differentiation in Poland is related to the boundaries of voivodeships.

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