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Balys Sruoga ir Jurgis Baltrušaitis: vienos paradigmos ieškojimas, arba Simbolistų būties rūpestis katastrofos akivaizdoje

Author(s): Rita Tūtlytė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 2/2016

The article focuses on indirect and complicated connections of Balys Sruoga’s personal attitudes and his works with the main philosophic trend of the 20th century, namely the idea of individual’s unconditioned value and issues of rebellion, anxiety, as well as temporality and purport of life, elaborated by modernist art movements (Symbolism, Impressionism and Neo-romanticism) and highlighted by Existentialism. It searches not for Sruoga’s reply to philosophical postulates or paraphrases of an important thesis, but rather for author’s authentic attitude within the context of this paradigm. Research is focused on the significance of Jurgis Baltrušaitis, a Lithuanian diplomat and poet, as well as Russian symbolist, for Sruoga. It also highlights the role of the Teacher of the younger generation, assumed by Sruoga during the Nazi occupation. In doing so, the following works are analysed: early poetry, novel, Dievų miškas (The Forest of the Gods), and drama, Pajūrio kurortas (The Resort at the Seaside). The theoretical approach to the above mentioned texts consists of the history of the 20th century ideas, the context of modern literature and trends in philosophy, Enterbter Geist (The Disinherited Mind) by Erich Heller that offered a look at the 19th century and the continuity of its thinking traditions in the 20th century, as well as the concept of the literary field proposed by Dominique Maingueneau.

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Liaudiški ir tarmiški augalų genčių vardai šiuolaikinėje lietuvių prozoje

Author(s): Aurelija Gritėnienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 72/2015

The object of research presented in the article is 203 one-word names of the genera of plants from 80 works of 49 authors of contemporary Lithuanian prose which are in some way (by their root, meaning, formation or phonetic composition) different from their scientific names. The names of plants which do not belong to the standard lexis, have clear features of regionalism and are more commonly used in one or several dialects are referred to as dialecticisms or dialectal names of plants in the article. The names of plants having a different root than that usually used in scientific terminology but belonging to general lexis, i.e. known to nearly all users of the Lithuanian language and having no clear links with any of the dialects, are referred to as folk names of plants or colloquialisms. The main research aim is to identify what folk and dialectal one-word names of the genera of plants appear in contemporary Lithuanian prose, to analyse their structure, origin and prevalence and to discuss the functions and context of their use in the texts of fiction.

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Untersuchungen zu Daukšas Postille – III . Adjektive auf -us

Author(s): Wolfgang Hock / Language(s): German Issue: 17/2015

The article provides a complete collection of u-stem adjectives in Daukša’s 1599 Postilla as well as a thorough grammatical description of their declension patterns (simple and definite forms, comparative and superlative degrees both of masculine u- and corresponding feminine io-adjectives). Special attention is given to two morphological forms that seem to differ from the standard language: the nominative plural of the simple masculine adjectives in -ųs and the nominative singular masculine of the comparative degree in -esnįs. The analysis of Daukša´s orthography shows that there is no need to assume a nasal vowel or a sequence of vowel and nasal consonant in these endings. Rather, the characters -ų and -į represent [u(ː)] and [i(ː)] in the position before a sibilant sound. Since vowel quantity is not marked in Daukša´s spelling system, the endings -ųs and -įs (in -esnįs) can be equated with -ūs and -is of the standard language. In the case of -esnįs there may be an additional (graphical) influence of the preceding nasal consonant.

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Ortografinė Simono Daukanto žemaitiško balsio [ẹ] raiška Istorijoje žemaitiškoje (1828–1834): <e, ę, i, y>

Author(s): Giedrius Subačius / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 17/2015

Simonas Daukantas’ (1793–1864) Lithuanian manuscript History of the Lowlands (ISTORYJE ƵEMAYTYSZKA; LLTIB : f. 1 – SD 2) of over a thousand pages was composed in Rīga (Latvia). Its orthography was of extreme diversity, one of the most diverse texts in the history of 19th-century Lithuanian. This article deals exclusively with the orthographic expression of Daukantas’ native dialectal sound [ẹ] (pronounced between [i] and [e]) of the Northwestern Lowlands. Daukantas marked the position of the sound [ẹ] by four main characters: <e, ę, i, y>. 2. The orthography of [ẹ] partially diverged in stems (roots) and in endings. In stems, mainly three graphemes <i, ę, y> competed (the fourth, <e>, occasionally occurred as well). In endings, the competition was among other three graphemes: <e, ę, y>. Thus, the letter <i> was mainly reserved for the stems, and the letter <e> for the endings (with rare exceptions). 3. In stems, three major orthographic turning points of the sound [ẹ] occurred: (1) <ę, y> → <i> about f. 15v–17v (partial); (2) <i> → <y> f. 32v; (3) <y> → <i> f. 419r. The turning points in endings are quite alike to those of the stems, even if they do not match exactly: (1) <ę, e> → <e> f. 13r–15r (partial); (2) <e> → <ę, y> f. 31r (partial); (3) <ę, e, y> → <ę, e> f. 421v. There are, however, significant differences in the two segments of the manuscript, where the letter <y> was used in endings instead of other graphemes in stems: (1) <y> intensification f. 31r– 43r and (2) <y> resuscitation f. 319r–421r.

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Renesansinis Jono Bretkûno Postilës (1591) árišimas: Vlado Daumanto ir LMAB egzemplioriai

Author(s): Ona Aleknavičienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 06/2004

In this article I analyze the bindings of two copies of Jonas Bretkûnas' Postilla (1591), which are kept in the Library of Lithuanian Academy of Sciences in Vilnius (LMAB) and in Kaunas Art Gallery of Mykolas Žilinskas. The provenance of both copies proves previous ownership by Königsberg libraries. Neither of the copies is rebound nor are the edges recut. The binding of the LMAB copy may have been repaired - the front paste down may have been pasted down at a later date. The bindings of both copies belong to the tradition of the German bookbinders of the end of the sixteenth and beginning of the seventeenth century. They are sewn onto thick double cords with thread. The wooden boards are covered in light brown bleached calf, and the books have metal clasps. Both covers are decorated with the same blind stamps: at the center, a small rectangular field is formed with a single plate and surrounded by two roulette borders (i.e. probably stamped from a wheel) and a single fillet. This pattern of a central rectangle surrounded by roundel borders corresponds to the decorative binding style that was most often used by the bookbinders who worked for the Castle Library in Königsberg from the fourth decade of the sixteenth century onwards.

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Konfesinis Antano Baranausko lietuviškosios kûrybos ištaku aspektas

Author(s): Ieva Šenavičienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 06/2004

Antanas Baranauskas (Antoni Baranowski, 1835-1902) was a Catholic priest, a Lithuanian poet, a specialist in Lithuanian philology, a professor of the Catholic seminary of the Samogitian (Lowland Lithuanian) diocese, and the bishop of the Seinai diocese. Generally scholars and critics have underlined two aspects of Baranauskas' personality and his creative activity in Lithuanian: national and social. This article deals with the third "confessional" aspect of his creativity and with the religious inducement to write in Lithuanian. The status of the Catholic Church in the Russian Empire and in the Samogitian diocese, and the analysis of Baranauskas' works lead us to think that his poetry and philology in Lithuanian was influenced by the process of revival of the Catholic Church, which began in Western Europe after the Napoleonic wars and the Congress of Vienna (1814-1815).

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Grafemos <f> netektis Lietuvos rankrafzčiuose

Author(s): Giedrius Subačius / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 06/2004

In the beginning and the middle of the nineteenth century many Lithuanian authors had dropped the long <µ> from their manuscripts: Simonas Stanevičius (1799-1848), Aleksandras Butkevičius (ca. 1780-1829), Dominikas Sutkevičius (ca. 1782-1849), Kazimieras Kristupas Daukša (1795-1865), Simonas Daukantas (1793-1864), Kazimieras Prialgauskis (1801-1856), Jonas Juška (1815-1886), Laurynas Ivinskis (1810-1881), Juozapas Èiulda (1796-1861), Kazimieras Skrodzkis (1798-1874). Simultaneously another large group of authors, however, happened to use the rudimentary grapheme <f> in their manuscripts.

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Maironio politinės pasaulėžiūros raiška ankstyvuoju tautinio sąjūdžio laikotarpiu

Author(s): Manfredas Žvirgždas / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 2/2017

This article discusses the role of the Lithuanian national poet, Jonas Mačiulis-Maironis (1862–1932), in the transformations of ethnolinguistic nationalism in 1883-1895. During that period, Maironis was a member of a small group of young Catholic clergymen who chose to collaborate in the illegal press dominated by the nationalist intelligentsia. He regarded the nation and the country’s nationalist community as the greatest value. Maironis’ public activities and allegiance to informal groups are taken into account, as well as his first publications in the newspapers, Auszra and Szviesa (1885-1887). During that critical period, literary works were regarded as fitting substitutes for political declarations. The future founder of the Lithuanian lyrical canon, Maironis, was concerned about the formation of the elite “high culture.” However, he was also able to appeal to semiliterate masses of peasantry. Maironis emphasized the importance of fellowship and political unity at the time when ideological differentiation took place and modern style left- and right-wing political parties were established. Romantic nationalism and allusions to European (and from Russian point of view, pan-Slavic) Symbolism of “The Spring of Nations,” moderate social criticism, conservatism, and striving for compromise characterize the worldview of early Maironis.

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Siedemnastowieczna Litwa w najnowszej prozie litewskiej. O powieści „Silva rerum” Kristiny Sabaliauskaitė

Author(s): Anna Szawerna-Dyrszka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2 (10)/2017

The novel „Silva rerum” has become a bestseller in Lithuania, although it seems that – as a work contesting the Lithuanian national myth – it did not stand a chance to gain such popularity. It was issued for the first time in 2008 and several re-editions have been released so far. The story of the noble family of Narwojsz, presented in „Silva rerum” covering the years 1659–1667, turned out to be extremely attractive not only for the Lithuanian reader. The novel has become a bestseller also in Latvia and Estonia. In Poland, it did not get such a large publicity, however – perfectly translated into Polish by Izabela Korybut-Daszkiewicz and published in 2015 – it gained great attention of readers and critics. The author of the article wonders what features decided about the reading success of „Silva rerum”. She analyzes the baroque stylization of the novel, in which, on many levels, the excess meets with asceticism. She looks at the phenomenon of micro-history, which consequently pushes the “great history” to the background (which is unprecedented in the tradition of the Lithuanian historical novel). She shows how Kristina Sabaliauskaitė transforms the authentic space of Vilnius, capturing the specific genius loci of this city and masterfully combining fiction with geographical and historical reality.

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A challenge to collective memory: Yitskhok Rudashevski’s Diary of the Vilna Ghetto

Author(s): Mindaugas Kvietkauskas / Language(s): English Issue: 42/2018

This article aims to analyse the diary of Yitskhok Rudashevski (1927–1943), the story of its writing and publication and the existing biographical material about the author. It attempts to answer the question of what is or could be the significance of this lieu de mémoire for the current developments in Holocaust memory culture in Lithuania. The adopted definitions of cultural and collective memory and sites of memory are based on the concepts proposed by Jan and Aleida Assmann and Pierre Nora. On the one hand, the diary written by a child in the Vilnius ghetto is of major documentary, moral and aesthetic significance and stimulates individual empathy. On the other hand, the text raises acute issues reflecting a conflict between different memory narratives and interpretations of history. Pro-Soviet sympathies of the author, negative imagery of Lithuanians and certain deheroisation of the ghetto community make the text a “problematic” memory site. These challenges of the diary are interpreted as indicators showing whether contemporary Holocaust narrative in Lithuania is already mature enough to accept the dialogical forms of cultural memory.

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Językowo-kulturowa wizja dworu na Litwie

Author(s): Krystyna Rutkowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 42/2018

The aim of this article is to provide a description of the linguistic-cultural vision of the manor on the Baltic-Slavic border. The object of the analysis is autobiographical narratives of the oldest residents of Polish villages in the districts of Meikštai and Smalvos in north-eastern Lithuania, on the border with Belarus. The people living there have perfectly retained the memory of old manors and estates, local nobility, and the relations between the peasants and the manor. The article aims to present their memories about the manor, the impact of the manor on the formation of their personalities and attitudes towards the surrounding world, and to characterise the places important for the formation of a multi-ethnic, multicultural borderland and its unique character. The analysis of the conceptualisation of the manor and the landlord by the residents of Smalvos district is based on the general assumptions of oral history, especially those concerning the narrator’s position, his/her worldview and his/her relation with the described reality. The reconstructed vision of the manor, based on the autobiographical narratives, is clearly positive. The described behaviour of the landlord to the peasants dispels the established stereotype of the landlord as a ruthless exploiter and the myth of relations with the peasants based on exploitation. Although cognitive definitions of the concepts under consideration describe the manor as a place distinct from the countryside, at the same time, however, it was a place where peasant children were welcome, taught prayers and the basics of reading and writing. The landlord is described as an educated, tolerant and understanding person who took care about his peasants and supported them.

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Z życia zostaje co?... Prof. dr hab. Algis Kalėda (2.10.1952 – 11.05.2017)

Author(s): Małgorzata Kasner / Language(s): Polish Issue: 42/2018

This article is devoted to Professor Algis Kalėda, a renowned Lithuanian literary scholar, specialist in Polish literature and Lithuanian comparative literary studies, and a prominent translator of Polish literature. Over the years he worked at scholarly institutions in Lithuania (including the Institute of Lithuanian Literature and Folklore, Vilnius University Centre of Polish Studies, Vilnius Pedagogical Institute) and Poland (including Warsaw University, Jagiellonian University, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań). He collaborated with leading researchers from all over the world. Professor Kalėda left us the great legacy of his scholarly works and literary translations (from such authors as Czesław Miłosz, Wisława Szymborska and Stanisław Lem). The title of the article, “What remains of life?...”, is a quote from Czesław Miłosz’s poem “Notatnik: Bon nad Lemanem”, translated into English by George (György) Gömöri and Clive Wilmer: “From a notebook: Bon on Lake Geneva”, Poetry Nation Review 9, Vol. 6 No. 1, September–October 1979, https://www.pnreview.co.uk/cgi-bin/scribe?item_id=6270

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Maironio Pavasario balsai (1895–1927): kaip kito eilėraščių kalba

Author(s): Jurgita Venckienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 20/2018

Maironis (1862–1932) prepared five editions of his poetry book Pavasario balsai. They were published in 1895 (in Tilžė), 1905 (Petersburg), 1913 (Kaunas), 1920 (Tilžė), and 1927 (Kaunas). The article analyses how Maironis changed the alphabet, spelling, phonetics, morphology, and syntax of these editions by tracking the causes of change. When the grammars by Jablonskis were published in 1901 and later, Maironis did not aim to take over the norms given there and to apply them in his poems. Only gradually, observing letters, the rules of spelling, and forms different from his own usage, recommended by authoritative persons or established in the media or in the texts of his friends Maironis himself started to use them. While preparing the edition of 1905, Maironis changed his mind about seven language features. This edition was printed with new characters, (instead of, in 1895 edition; mocziutė → močiutė, szirdies → širdies ) and (instead of in the 1895 edition; Jůksis → Juoksis). Earlier used nom., instr. pl. endings of the (i)ŏ stem nouns and adjectives ei, -eis were changed to (i)ai, -(i)ais (brolei → broliai, sveczeis → svečiais), instr. sg. endings of ()ā, ē stem nouns and adjectives ą, -ę changed to a, -e (bang → bangà, grožybę → gražybe). Maironis also edited the morphology: the ending ė of adj. super. f. nom. sg. was changed to ia, gen. sg. ės – to ios (brangiausė → brangiausia, brangiausės → brangiausios), cond. 1 sg. ending czio, used in the 1895 edition, was changed to čiau (Norėczio → Norėčiau). He stopped using conjunction ką in the attributive clauses as well. The language in the edition of 1913 was edited less. Maironis changed the nom. pl. m. ending of i stem ys, used in the 1905 edition, to įs (akys → akįs); he started to write in in the fut. forms of the verbs with inti instead of the earlier į- (pasveikįsiu → pasveikinsiu). These two changes were related with the works of Kazimieras Būga. Maironis also refused to use cond. 1, 2 pl. forms with tumi (learned from Jaunius; užmirsztumit → užmirštumėt) in the 1913 edition. Maironis slightly edited the language of the 1920 edition of Pavasario balsai as well. Acc. pl. f. of pronominal adjectives were written here with ąsias instead of earlier asias (Linksmasias → Linksmąsias). This ending was given by Jablonskis in 1901 and later in his grammars of 1918 and 1919 and recommended by Būga (1910). The language of the 1927 edition of Pavasario balsai, included in volume I of Maironis’s writings, underwent the most extensive editing. Here Maironis started using the letter much more consistently. He changed the endings of i, u stem nominals: he started to write -ys, -ūs instead of earlier įs, -ųs (akįs, sunųs → akys, sūnūs); wrote the imperative forms with -k[ ] instead of earlier kk[ ] (neverkk → neverk) (but still gk[ ]; džiaugkis → džiaugkis), conjunctive 3 forms with tų (earlier tu; atspėtu → atspėtų). The ending of adjectives in the superlative nom. sg. is was replaced with ias (Augščiausis → Augščiausias), acc. sg. į with -ią (didžiausį → didžiausią). Maironis edited the syntax of his poetry as well: he started to express the address of ė stem nouns not with the nominative, but with the vocative case (graži sesutė → graži sesute), replaced the conjunction kad with kai in the compound sentences meaning time.

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Divine Transcription of European History as Accident in Ignas Šeinius’ Satirical Novel Rejuvenation of Siegfried Immerselbe.

Author(s): Eugenijus Žmuida / Language(s): English,French Issue: 1/2019

The article based on the comparative principle seeks to introduce to a wide audience the unique novel by Lithuanian writer Ignas Šeinius Rejuvenation of Siegfried Immerselbe (1934), which mocks the ideology of the Third Reich. Its intertextuality fascinates – the story involves many popular “wandering plots” known in literature and myths. Šeinius goes into a dispute with the tradition of science fiction, argues with it and expands it by offering unexpected solutions. At the same time, the work raises global ideas, contemplates the course of human history and discusses its alternatives. The conclusion is that the novel has received too little attention and evaluation, which have resulted in its belated translation into English.

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Antanas Maceina - krikščioniškojo egzistencializmo Lietuvoje pradininkas

Author(s): Jonas Balčius / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 36/2004

Antanas Maceina (1908-1987) is considered to be one of the founders of Christian existentialism in Lithuanian philosophy. As revealed by the author of the article, Maceina might really have had such intentions. Yet a more detailed analysis of Maceina’s literary works (“Job’s Drama” and others) shows that he nevertheless did not quite succeed in the conceptualisation of this idea. As implied by the concept of Christian existentialism, the moral grounds of all existence should be sought not in the natural, but in the supernatural world. This is exactly the reason why no human being should feel alone or abandoned while in this world, and be sure instead to get a well-earned reward for a moral and rightful life. Yet “Job’s Drama” makes the reader doubt whether Maceina was really persuasive enough and reasoning about this idea. Moreover, the possibility of ambivalent interpretations of “Job’s Drama” raises doubts about the concept of Christian existentialism itself.

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Antanas Maceina - krikščioniškojo egzistencializmo Lietuvoje pradininkas

Author(s): Jonas Balčius / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 35/2003

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Daukantiškas Granausko alsavimas

Author(s): Roma Bončkutë / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 81/2019

The article considers the impact of Lithuanian national historiography initiator and literary reformer Simonas Daukantas (1793–1864) on the creative writings of Romualdas Granauskas (1939–2014); it analyzes the short story of the writer with the focus on his Jaučio aukojimas (1975). The analysis of Jaučio aukojimas shows that Granauskas was inspired by the historical works of Daukantas and used the concepts, expressions and motifs from his texts. Inspired by Daukantas, Granauskas used rhythm in a prosaic text.

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Kalba poezijoje: filologija vs. biofilija

Author(s): Giedrius Alkauskas / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 81/2019

Kaip rašantis poeziją gyventojas, kaip išgyventos poezijos užrašytojas pateikiu keletą minčių apie lyrikos kalbą. Šios mintys nėra tik mano. Jos – bendros, nuolatos sustiprinamos giminingų sielų gravitacijos.

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Katekizmo pokyčiai XVIII ‒XIX a. pradžios lietuviškoje kalvinistų raštijoje

Author(s): Birutė Kabašinskaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 21/2019

At the beginning of the 19th century (probably, also in the 18th century), in Calvinist writing greater attention started to be paid to the needs of the addressee – they dared to deviate more from the Polish tradition, and translations solely very closely related to the Polish source were no longer prepared. This is demonstrated by the results of the studies of Seanas Katechizmas (hereinafter referred to as SK). 1. The Calvinist work Seanas Katechizmas (1803), which was prepared for the press by Mykolas Cerauskas, is not homogeneous. The quotes from the Bible, hymns and prayers (except one), with minimal amendments, were taken from the catechism and primer Pradžios pamokslas (hereinafter referred to as PP) of 1680, from which the alphabet and examples of syllables as well as numbers were also taken. SK’s foreword and one prayer (“Małda Rita untra” SK 29–30) were prepared by Mykolas Cerauskas himself, which is evidenced by his other work, Kozonis padekawonies, coinciding features of spelling and language of the texts. 2. The main text, catechism (i.e. teaching the truths of faith), is of a slightly different spelling, language, and content than the texts of PP and those prepared by Cerauskas. Therefore, it was not prepared by Cerauskas. However, similarly to Cerauskas, the anonymous author was from the area of eastern Aukštaičiai (probably, Panevėžys) area (as demonstrated by part of the phonetic features, including reduced verb forms), but from a dialect that is rather farther to the west (this is reflected by some of the nasal reflexes). Unlike Cerauskas, the author managed to better overcome the peculiarities of his native dialect and to adhere to the norms of the middle variant (however, it is also true that more accurate spelling tradition, <ea> writing and other, were not taken over).

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Hektografinis Trumpas lietuviškos gramatikos konspektas – nežinota XIX a. pabaigos gramatika

Author(s): Jurgita Venckienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 21/2019

In the spring of 2019, historian Olga Mastianica-Stankevič found the previously unknown tome of Lithuanian grammar, Short Compendium of Lithuanian Grammar (Trumpas lietuviškos gramatikos konspektas), in the archive of Mečislovas Davainis-Silvestraitis in the Library of the Institute of Lithuanian Literature and Folklore. The hectographed grammar book has a small format of 185 × 115 mm, with 32 pages, and without any information concerning the author, place or date of publication. This grammar book is not included in Lithuanian Bibliography of 1862–1904. Short Compendium of Lithuanian Grammar is genetically related to Petras Avižonis’s Lithuanian grammar (1898 or 1899). These two works are similar in structure, the Lithuanian material presented, usage of Latin terms and alphabet. Short Compendium of Lithuanian Grammar is more concise than Lithuanian grammar by Avižonis, but it is not an abbreviated version. This can be seen from the paradigms of nouns, adjectives and verbs: in Short Compendium of Lithuanian Grammar there is usually one example provided, but in Lithuanian Grammar it is often not in the first but in the second position, thus understood as a variant of the norm. If the Short Compendium of Lithuanian Grammar was made by shortening Lithuanian Grammar, the order of the norm variants would probably coincide, i.e. the first variant of Lithuanian Grammar would remain in the same position in the Short Compendium of Lithuanian Grammar. This feature suggests that Short Compendium of Lithuanian Grammar reflects an earlier version of Avižonis’s grammar, not yet edited by Jonas Jablonskis. This is confirmed by an analysis of the use of nasal letters in both works.

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