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Literatūros modernėjimo procesai XX a. I puseje

Author(s): Aušra Martišiūtė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 4(37)/2004

The concept of European culture and the search for it in "Naujoji Romuva", "Židinys", "Literatūros naujienos", "Lietuvos aidas", "Literatūra" and other cultural publications are discussed.Symbolism was the most influential literary centre of gravity in the first years after Lithuania gained its independence; it followed the tradition of symbolist poetics.The concept of Lithuanian avant-garde and its salient manifestations (translations of "Keturi vėjai", "Trečias frontas", original publications, characteristics of avant-garde poetics) are analyzed.The emotional attitude and poetics of neo-romantic works (publications in "Pjūvis" and "Granitas") are presented.The crisis of modernism and the establishment of the poetics of realism in Lithuanian prose of the 1930s are elucidated.The autonomous tendencies of art, a transition in literature from the collective unconscious to conceptions of individual creations are shown ("Linija" publications as a response to the process of literary unification).Impulses of literary modernization in the works of Lithuanian playwrights are highlighted.

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Algimantas Mackus kaip kultūrinis herojus

Author(s): Dalia Satkauskytė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 69/2018

The author of this article analyzes the poetry, the cultural activities, and the personality of the Lithuanian émigré poet Algimantas Mackus (1932-1964) and comes to the conclusion that Mackus could be interpreted as a cultural hero who introduced new literary and existential values to Lithuanian society. Using the traditional resources of Lithuanian poetry, such as folklore structures and Christian images, he totally transforms them into a so-called unornamented language, gives an existential dimension to the notions of exile, and inscribes that poetry into existential and post-existential paradigms of Western literature. The author suggests that we can interpret Mackus’s poetry in unornamented language as an answer to Theodor W. Adorno’s statement that to write poetry after Auschwitz is barbaric.Mackus’s contemporaries regard his personality, his everyday behavior, and his cultural activities in the Lithuanian émigré community as expressions of commitment, responsibility, and orderliness, and interpret these features as being in radical opposition to his avant-garde poetry. The author of the article questions this opposition by arguing that both his poetry and his personality have aspects of excess and intensity that connect different aspects of Mackus’s activities, and that these aspects make him an exceptional figure of Lithuanian culture. Mackus’s rich and controversial personality, his life and literary trajectories embody the main historical tendencies of post-war Western intellectual life and deserve to be analyzed in a monograph.

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Henriko Nagio dialogai su lietuvių egzodo poetų „Nužemintųjų generacija“

Author(s): Manfredas Žvirgždas / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 69/2018

The poet of Lithuanian post-war exile in Canada, a member of the Žemininkai group Henrikas Nagys (1920-1996) was a controversial personality; until the 1960s he participated in the congresses of diaspora liberal intellectuals, introduced the aesthetics of Western Modernism and Existentialism to the younger audience. On the other hand, he emphasized the importance of linguocentric patriotism and the poet’s responsibility in the face of history. Nagys’ sister Liūnė Sutema and his friend Algimantas Mackus belonged to the later generation of Lithuanian exiles who directly experienced the crisis of identity and preferred the freedom of individual expression to declarations of collective solidarity. “The generation of outsiders” paid much attention to the mythological dimension of language, motives of folklore, a pessimist view of diaspora’s future, and catastrophist presentiments of history breaking in two. Conservative strategies of culture were essential to Nagys: he stressed the imperatives of memory-awakening, the intellectual mobilization of community, and the canonization of literary heroes.

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Liūnės Sutemos tikrumo poetika

Author(s): Indrė Žakevičienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 69/2018

The main aim of the article is to analyze two poems by Liūnė Sutema using the instrument of Cognitive Poetics. The author of the article does not intend to present a review of poetical strategies chosen by Liūnė Sutema or to oppose the attitudes of researchers interested in her creative work, but tries to reveal possible ways of interaction of Liūnė Sutema’s poems with the reader by emphasizing particular configurations of image schemas, looking for specific textual elements which can attract the reader’s attention, and heightening the relations between the figure and the ground. Having in mind the definition of poetical iconicity suggested by Margaret Freeman, it could be said that Liūnė Sutema manages to convey the experience of precategorical reality constructing dynamic poetical images and particular landscapes, which produce the effect of emotional diffusion, and creating subtle deviations from the normal emotional energetic level. Those deviations are marked by voluminous images and their visual characteristics. The instrument of Cognitive Poetics lets us define the unique quality of Liūnė Sutema’s poetry which most often is being defined metaphorically.

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Teksto adresato vaidmuo lietuvių egzodo poezijoje

Author(s): Karolina Bagdonė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 69/2018

The role of the reader as a textual model, the impact of the text on the reader, and the correlation of the two are not sufficiently studied in the Lithuanian 20th century exodus poetry. Studies often focus on the empirical role of the reader with an emphasis on the reader’s reactions, on images or themes, leaving aside the reflection of the act of reading. The study of the reader model in the context of exodus poetry is complicated due to a purified, “unornamented”, airtight, and un-communicative poetic language. This language is used to tell the fate of a literature in exile (‘a literature without a reader’). This article focuses on the conditions of literary communication, structural elements of the texts, studies of poetic language, and uses them to reconstruct the reader model, which appears in the texts of Liūnė Sutema (Zinaida Nagytė-Katiliškienė). The analysis of the interaction of a poetic text and the reader reveals the commonality of literary creation and our nature. And the attempt to evaluate questions about reading the texts is parallel to the reflexion of all human experience.

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„Pirkit mane ir skaitykit“. Pirmieji spausdinti LDK akrostichai

Author(s): Ilja Lemeškin / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 77/2017

The first printed books in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania – The Small Travel Book in 1522 and Catechism in 1547 – paved their way to the Ruthenian and Lithuanian reader though acrostics. The books of uniform format and similar purposes originated one after another in the same historical cultural domain; however, the acrostics by Francisk Skorina and Martynas Mažvydas have not until now been the object of a thorough comparative study. The article attempts to fill this gap. The Ruthenian acrostics of the period 1519–1522 from which M. Mažvydas could have potentially drawn his inspiration are first discussed. With reference to analogy, the characteristics of acrostics are analysed; the source of M. Mažvydas’ pieces of writing is discussed.

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Mariaus Katiliškio raštų palyginimai: kalbinė terpė ir nauja prasmė

Author(s): Janina Švambarytė-Valužienė,Lina KAZLAUSKAITĖ / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 77/2017

The article presents the scientific society with the analysis and comparison of two novels by Marius Katiliškis – Miškais ateina ruduo and Išėjusiems negrįžti – in terms of the literary device of simile. While discussing the similes used in the aforementioned novels by Katiliškis, the author observes that the linguistic environment of the novels creates conditions to expand the similes by complementary surrounding. Then the image loses the function of comparison and is divided among individual words of the simile. Hence, there is no space for the reader to comprehend the simile in a traditional manner, because Katiliškis creates such an image which the reader does not even expect.

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MAŽVYDAS IR AUGUSTINAS: IMK(IT) IR SKAITYK(IT)

Author(s): Jurgis Pakerys / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 19/2017

The opening line in the preface of the first Lithuanian book prepared by Martynas Mažvydas (1547) reads imkiet mani ir ſkaitikiet (lit.) ‘take me and read’ and I suggest that this phrase may reflect the famous divine words heard by Saint Augustine: tolle lege, tolle lege ‘take up—read, take up—read’ (Confessiones VIII , 12, 29). Both phrases match with respect to the verbs, their order, and the mood, but the Lithuanian phrase is not repeated. It has two additional words (mani ‘me’, and ir ‘and’) and the verbal forms appear in the second-person plural. One should note that Lithuanian here is similar to many other languages where this phrase has become popular without the repetition and with the conjunction, cf. English take up and read, German nimm und lies, French prends et lis, Italian prendi e leggi, Polish bierz i czytaj, etc. The phrase of Mažvydas is different, however, in that it is used for the personification: the voice of the preface is attributed to the book and this is the reason why the pronominal form mani ‘me’ (accusative) was added; this rhetorical device is also known from some other sixteenth-century books. The added pronoun points to the most important part of the book, the catechism; the included hymns are referred to only once and a short primer, which appears after the preface, is never mentioned. The verbal forms are in second-person plural because the addressee of Mažvydas are plural, the brothers and sisters (BRalei ſeſeris). It is well known that Augustine was one of the most widely published and studied authors in the sixteenth century, a figure of high importance to the Reformation movement, and there are no doubts that Mažvydas was familiar with his works.

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JUOZAPO ARNULFO GIEDRAIČIO NAUJAS ĮSTATYMAS (1816): SANTYKIS SU EVANGELIJŲ LEIDIMAIS XIX A.

Author(s): Jurgita Venckienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 19/2017

In the first half of the nineteenth century, the Lithuanian Catholic community still used the Gospels (in the narrow sense) or pericops translated in the seventeenth century. The book Ewangelie Polskie y litewskie by Jonas Jaknavičius, which was first published in 1647, remained popular until the middle of the nineteenth century, it had ten or eleven editions during the period of 1803–1859. The aim of the article is to discuss the relation between the New Testament, published by the Bishop Juozapas Arnulfas Giedraitis in Vilnius in 1816, and the above-mentioned editions of the Gospels, to detect whether the Gospels were based on Giedraitis’s New Testament. The edition of the Gospels printed in 1819 differed slightly from the previous edition of 1805. It was prepared on the basis of previous Gospel editions, but not on the New Testament. This was revealed by identic errors, same text lines missed. Some missed text lines in the edition of 1819 or later editions were rebuilt according to previous Gospel editions, but not according to the New Testament. Until 1856, the Gospels were reprinted without major changes without taking into account the New Testament of 1816.

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MEČISLOVO DAVAINIO-SILVESTRAIČIO DIENORAŠTIS: LIETUVIŲ INTELIGENTO SAVIRAIŠKOS VILNIUJE LIUDININKAS (1904–1912)

Author(s): Olga Mastianica-Stankevič / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 19/2017

The article presents the part of the written legacy of Davainis-Silvestraitis that had not yet been published and not included into the scientific circulation – his diary written in 1904–1911, aimed at overviewing the development of the Lithuanian national movement and to evaluate the national-social activities of the Lithuanian intellectuals in Vilnius. Davainis-Silvestraitis positioned himself as a public figure for whom the description of the events of the Lithuanian national movement had to be more important than himself or his personal experiences. However, the diary of Davainis-Silvestraitis that started as being written to others, very quickly became the diary for “self” which is primarily a more interesting material for reconstruction of his own life rather than the assessment of the Lithuanian national activities in Vilnius. The diary of Davainis-Silvestraitis perfectly reveals the difficult living and livelihood opportunities for Lithuanian intellectuals in Vilnius, whose main occupation was publicist activities. In his diary, Davainis-Silvestraitis simply “drowns” among the descriptions of his unsuccessful attempts to secure material well-being working in the Vilniaus žinios bookstore, writing articles and collecting adverts for the Lietuvių laikraštis newspaper.

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IŠ GOETHE’S IR SCHILLERIO ARCHYVO WEIMARE: DVI JOHANNO WOLFGANGO VON GOETHE’S RECENZIJOS APIE LIETUVIŲ DAINŲ RINKINĮ DAINOS ODER LITTHAUISCHE VOLKSLIEDER (1825)

Author(s): Liucija Citavičiūtė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 19/2017

Königsberg University Professor Martynas Liudvikas Rėza (1776–1840) prepared the first Lithuanian song collection Dainos oder Litthauische Volkslieder (Königsberg, 1825). It included eighty-five Prussian Lithuanian songs in Lithuanian and in German, seven melodies, comments, and a research article by Rėza. This book is the most reviewed Lithuanian publication of the nineteenth century. The interest in the Lithuanian songs in Europe was promoted by the opinion of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.

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Katechizm Martynasa Mažvydasa – o narodzinach litewskiego słowa drukowanego

Author(s): Marcin Niemojewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2018

Literature of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from its beginnings until the middle of the XVI century was not created in Lithuanian, but in other languages: Latin, Slavonic Office, German and Polish. When they began to form a powerful state, Lithuanians did not have their own written language. In its associations with neighboring countries, Lithuania received their written languages and patterns of scribal culture. A substantial turnabout in the evolution of Lithuanian writing occurred in relation to the factors, which spread throughout Europe and redefined its cultural and social shape: humanism, Reformation and printing. One of the forerunners of the changes was Martynas Mažvydas, student of Königsberg University, Protestant clergyman and a man of the Renaissance. He prepared the first Lithuanian book, titled The Simple Words of the Catechism (in original: Catechismusa prasty Szadei) and published in Königsberg in 1547. The Catechism, surpassing the framework of religious literary genre, proved and predicted essential processes in the history of Lithuanian culture. It marked the start of struggle for primacy between the Catholicism and Protestantism. It also linked the Lithuania Proper with Lithuania Minor (later Prussia‘s Lithuania), the region of great significance for development of Lithuanian literature. However, most of all, the work of Mažvydas contributed to rising the status of Lithuanian language.

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Zalučės ir Bareikiškių šeimininko Vladislovo Sirokomlės istorikos

Author(s): Reda Griškaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 20/2018

The aim of this paper is to take a look at Władysław Syrokomla (real name Ludwik Franciszek Władysław Kondratowicz, 1823–1862) as a historian, and at the same time to discuss yet another so-called Lithuanian manor-archive – Bareikiškės (Pol. Borejkowszczyzna; Rukainiai parish, Vilnius County, Vilnius Province). The estate has been mentioned as an important intellectual island of that time, but it has never been discussed specifically as a workshop of accumulation of antiquities of the history of Lithuania and of writing the history of Lithuania. The compound ‘Syrokomla-historian’ may appear quite bold at first sight, but in this case the word ‘historian’ is understood in the meaning it was used when Syrokomla was writing, that is, bearing in mind the peculiarities of the historiography of Lithuania of the first half of the nineteenth century, when the boundary between the scientific and the fictional was still very fragile, and the professionalization of history was very poor. Yet no matter how complex this context might be, an attempt is made to ‘separate’ Syrokomla-historian from Syrokomla-poet. According to scholars, Syrokomla wrote all of his highly acclaimed lyrical works during the period of Bareikiškės. However, in this paper the focus is laid on those other, ‘not so glorious’ works. The intent of these works is important, but even more important are the sources that were resorted to while writing them. In other words, the gaze is directed not only at Syrokomla’s text, but also at its footnotes – particularly at them. Here a significant role is played by Syrokomla’s library, his archive, the collection of antiquities, and even of paintings. Therefore the research is not limited to Bareikiškės alone: the sources of those collections were sought in Syrokomla’s first manor, Zalucha (Pol. Załucze; Bel. Залучча, Minsk County, Minsk Province). Syrokomla’s views on history and the writing of history, his theoretical and even methodological attitudes, or what was even then defined by the word historiology, are also of importance.

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Ein frühes preußisch-litauisches Mandat von 1578

Author(s): Anna Helene Feulner,Wolfgang Hock / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 20/2018

Three handwritten copies of an order issued by George Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach, have recently come to light in the Secret State Archives Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation (Berlin). Two of these, A and B, had been edited before by Jurgis Gerullis (1927), but were meanwhile considered lost. The third one, K, has been newly discovered in a file of drafts which also contained the German drafts both for the text of the order and the Duke’s accompanying letter to the church administrations of Tilsit and Ragnit. It is edited here with the variants from A, B and a photograph of the lost copy U, and together with the two German drafts. The edition is accompanied by a full commentary and glossary. George Frederick, nephew of the first Prussian duke Albert of Brandenburg, took over the administration of the Duchy of Prussia after Albert’s son had been declared unfit to rule. The order, dating from December 1578 and addressed to the church administration of Tilsit, admonishes the members of the Protestant church district of Tilsit to fulfil their obligations as Christians and refrain from heathen practices. It is the earliest extant administrative document written in Old Lithuanian.

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Kristijono Donelaičio reikšmės

Author(s): Brigita Speičytė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 20/2018

Kad ir kaip nevienaprasmiškai vertintume sukakčių minėjimus kaip kultūrinio gyvenimo formą, tai yra gera proga pasitikrinti savo kultūros centrų, pavyzdžiui, literatūros klasikų kūrybos, būklę. Pasitikrinti, kiek toks centras yra archajiškas, patvirtinamas ritualine reikšmių ir gestų kartote, žadinantis pagarbą ir saugojimo pastangas, kiek modernus – kritikos ir plėtimosi židinys, „kuris ir pats kinta istorijoje, į save absorbuodamas jo išbandymų praktinę patirtį“

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Tėvo vaizdinys šiuolaikinėje lietuvių ir anglų paauglių problemų prozoje

Author(s): Justė Povilaitienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 72/2019

The reflection of the relationship between a child and a father, the role of a father, the sense of fatherhood, and the transformation of these aspects may all be found in the contemporary literature for adolescents. Furthermore, usually the daily life of teenagers and their problems as well as various social realities are represented there. A father, like a mother, is the main institution of a child’s socialization, even in adolescence. Therefore, it seems relevant to analyze and interpret problem novels for teenagers, which are not only documents of contemporary teenagers’ lives, but also participants in the field of literature for adolescents that dictate and respond to the latest trends of this genre. In this article, four contemporary Lithuanian and English problem novels about migration are analyzed and compared, focusing attention on their depiction of the following topics: a father and fatherhood, the role of a father in the processes of teenager’s socialization, identity construction, and psychosocial development. The study is based on comparative thematology, which is in line with Luigi Zoja’s (2006) theory of the historical, psychological, and cultural perspectives of a father. Also, the analysis of problem novels focuses on the main aspects of adolescents’ socialization (Broom, Bonjean, Broom 1992; Berns 2009). The study of the selected books has shown that the role of a father in a teenager’s life is essentially the same regardless of culture; it does not matter whether the book was written by a Lithuanian writer or by an English one. The analysis of the chosen problem novels also reveals the versatility of the father’s images and manifestations of fatherhood: from the father who is performing only the role of a reproducer to the father who fully takes care of his offspring. Based on a comparison of different images of a father, one may conclude that in contemporary problem novels for adolescents the father’s authority has partially undergone certain changes, which were determined not so much by historical events mentioned in the article but by the family ideology, social norms and values, and cultural differences. Therefore, in this genre, the frequently used elimination of a father from a child’s life is not a tendentious cultural reality which defines the degradation of the father’s role in Western culture, but a feature of adolescent literature, the creative author’s play.

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Simono Daukanto Būdo recepcija Maironio Apsakymuose apie Lietuvos praeigą (1891)

Author(s): Roma Bončkutë / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 21/2019

This article investigates the influence of Simonas Daukantas’s (1793–1864) book BUDĄ Senowęs-Lëtuwiû Kalnienû ĩr Ƶámajtiû (The Character of the Lithuanian Highlanders and Samogitians of the Old Times) (1845; hereafter Bd) on Jonas Mačiulis-Maironis’s (1869–1930) Apsakymai apie Lietuvos praeigą (Stories about Lithuania’s Past) (1891; hereafter ALP), which was reprinted in 1893 and 1906 as History of Lithuania. The fourth reprint in 1926 was titled Lithuania’s Past. Maironis’s work was popular and used as a textbook, so it had a significant impact on Lithuanian readers. Although the introduction “Užgyvenimo vieta” (“Place of residence”, p. 10) and chapters “Ukiszka vyresnybē” (“Heads of State”, pp. 18–19), “Pilēs ir miestai” (“Castles and Cities”, pp. 19–20), “Karionēs” (“Battles”, pp. 20–23), “Prekyba” (“Trade”, p. 23), “Namu gyvenimas” (“Home Life”, pp. 23–26) are obviously based on Daukantas’s Bd, the author never mentions this fact. Moreover, it seems that Maironis was influenced by Daukantas’s style, which he emulates, at times employing the elements of essay and poetry, or using long rhythmic sentences, which are sometimes reminiscent of hexameter and other times of Lithuanian folk song melodies and rhythms. Along with a significant part of Daukantas’s style and vocabulary, Maironis absorbed his dominant themes, motifs, personalities and places, images of daily life and nature. Maironis not only repeats all this in his ALP but also transfers them to his poem Lietuva (Lithuania).

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Pirmosios Simono Daukanto knygos Prasma lotynų kalbos (1837) raidės <I‑ , J‑>, <i‑, j‑> ir jų rinkėjai

Author(s): Giedrius Subačius / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 21/2019

The first book by Simonas Daukantas, PRASMĄ ŁOTINÛ KAŁBOS (Grammar of Latin), was published by St Petersburg publisher Christian Hintze in 1837 (in Lithuanian). Daukantas did not use the grapheme <I> in any of his Lithuanian manuscripts, only <J>. At that time, it was assumed that while setting the text, the typesetters would expand the single <J> grapheme into two—<I> and <J>. The tactics they applied in setting (interpreting) the grapheme <J> in Daukantas’s manuscript for Lithuanian words divides the text of the Grammar of Latin into four segments: (1) <J‑> (Jwardes) pp. 1–20; (2) <I‑ > (Iwardes) pp. 21–87; (3) <J‑> (Judum) pp. 88–94; (4) <I‑ > (Iungînes), and <J‑> (Jungînę) pp. 95–126(117). Judging by the three different styles of rendering and transforming <J‑>, there might have been at least three different typesetters involved in this work. Moreover, the typesetters not only rendered and transformed the capital <J‑> into two other capital letters, sometimes they also substituted <J‑> for the lowercase letters <i‑ or j‑>. The first and the third typesetter most probably exploited analogous tactics: the first typesetter in the first segment possibly both stayed with Daukantas’s <J‑> and transformed it into the lower case letter <j‑> (jems; he set neither <I‑ > nor <i‑>); the third typesetter in the fourth segment possibly split Daukantas’s <J‑> into <I‑ > and <J‑> interchangeably and likewise into <i‑> (iems) and <j‑> (jèms).

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Lithuanian Word Order and Focus

Author(s): Sumaiyah Turkistani / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2017

This paper examines the flexibility of Lithuanian word order and focus as stated by Terje Matthiassen in his A Short Grammar of Lithuanian. The data is collected through interviewing a native Lithuanian language speaker/informant. The informant was presented a number of Lithuanian sentences,pictures, where needed, along with their contexts in order to determine the validity of the word order of those sentences. After each response, be it negative or positive, the word order of the tested sentence is jumbled again and retested to verify all the possible results.

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У истоков современного литовского литературоведения. Феномен Йозефа Эрета

Author(s): Silvestras Gaižiūnas / Language(s): Russian Issue: 100/2019

The article under studies is a critical survey of the activities of a Swiss scholar Juozas Eretas (1896–1984), one of the founders of Lithuanian Literary Studies, whose origin is closely related to the revival of the Lithuanian State (1918 р). Raised on the principles of the so-called Fribourg School, J. Eretas may be regarded as a vivid example of a catholic scientist. He emphasized the importance of the connection between research and thinking. In the 20-30s, having mastered the Lithuanian language, under the influence of the first translations of the world literary works into Lithuanian, Eretas laid the foundation of analytical criticism. He also took up the translation and, at the same time, became the founder of Lithuanian Germanic Studies, paying most of his attention to the Medieval German Literature, the heritage of mystics, the literature of “storm and drive”, particularly the works by Goethe and Schiller. In addition, Eretas made a considerable contribution to Lithuanian Theory of Literature: “Creating Philosophical Criticism in Literature” (lecture, 1922), “Philosophy and Poetry” (1924), “Methods of Literary Analysis” (1929). Eretas’ approach to German Literature was purely conceptual and rested on the idea of its universal nature (especially concerning Goethe): monographs “Young Goethe” (1932) and “Goethe Hundred Years Later” (1933). It is worth mentioning Eretas’ attitude to Goethe’s “Faust”. He interprets the main character typologically, as an eternal image of the world culture, pointing hereby to the increased attention to this image during the epoch of “storm and drive”. Eretas’ interpretation of the images of Faust and Mephistopheles, which present the idea of “dual world” that is so peculiar for Romanticism, seems very interesting and promising. Besides, Eretas was first in Lithuanian Literary Studies to refer to Goethe’s “Wilhelm Meister’s Apprenticeship” as to the novel of upbringing. Another significant subject of Eretas’ research was the History of World Mystics (the work “From the History of Mystics”, as well as the monographs on Tauler, Eckhart and Suso).

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