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Onomastyczne tropy dekadentyzmu. Nazwy własne w Bez dogmatu Henryka Sienkiewicza

Author(s): Artur Rejter / Language(s): Polish Issue: 50/2016

Proper names should be recognized as a significant factor of a literary character and in broader perspective of bringing closer the novel problems. The main novel character, Leon Płoszowski, percepts and sense the world through the self-analysis and analysis of the reality surrounding him. Proper names above all emphasize two features: erudition and cosmopolitism of the novel character. His formation and contact through the years with high culture do not help him to put the world – both: one inside and one outside him – in order, but all of this remains a stigma in a form of association everything with art, literature, philosophy etc. It is confirmed in the novel by numerous proper names. The fact that proper names in basic for Leon Płoszowski characteristics places in the novel apply mostly to the past, causes that they form sort of „onomastic museum”.

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Wanitatywne obrazy ludzkiej egzystencji w powieściach historycznych Henryka Sienkiewicza

Author(s): Agnieszka Kowalkiewicz-Kulesza / Language(s): Polish Issue: 50/2016

The following article highlights the problem of vanity of human life. Analysis of the historical novels by Sienkiewicz explains the fragility and impermanence of heroes’ lives. An important aspect of the article is the theme of death, seventeenth-century war, pain and martyrdom of early christians.

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Historyczne powieści Henryka Sienkiewicza w ocenie współczesnych i ich wartość ponadczasowa

Author(s): Ewa Siatkowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 50/2016

In the article, which is a discussion, the author tries to indicate why among many positivists, discussing historical themes, it was Sienkiewicz who won the greatest popularity, how the society felt about historical works of Sienkiewicz and to what extent the work of the historical Nobel Prize winner contributed to the formation of national identity in the Polish society, helping the Poles to survive the period of captivity.

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Język codziennej komunikacji w niecodziennym opracowaniu w Listach z Afryki Henryka Sienkiewicza

Author(s): Danuta Kowalska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 50/2016

The article discusses the selected elements of the style presented in Letters from Africa by Henryk Sienkiewicz. The analysis of the lexical-phraseological and the syntactic layers of the text demonstrates that in Letters from Africa the artistic language is consciously created and functional. Its characteristic, stylistic feature is the extensive use of colloquial language, fixed, idiomatic phrases, proverbs and proverbial expressions. Therefore, such use of lexicon and phraseology refers to the traditional trends of the Polish language, the vivid language of everyday communication. What strikes the readers is the quantitative as well as the qualitative abundance of this type of marked units of language. This verbal layer, inextricably linked with the everyday language of the Polish people, is subject to the artistic syntactic rules characteristic of the rhetorical style. The skillful combination of two stylistic features is a testimony to the high value of the text: on the one hand, simplicity and moderation in the lexical-phraseological layer; on the other hand, abundance and poetic elegance which are present mainly in the syntactic layer. Thus, Letters from Africa reflect the language of common, everyday communication in an uncommon study.

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Henryk Sienkiewicz i poezja – krytyka, praktyka

Author(s): Jolanta Klimek-Grądzka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 50/2016

Subject to analysis in this article are the poetic and the metapoetic statements made by Henryk Sienkiewicz. Even though the latter category is now and then analysed in lingustic research – as part of the analyses of Sienkiewicz’s legacy as a columnist and a reviewer – the former category remains terra incognita for language researchers. The first part of the article analyses the key concepts of Sienkiewicz’s metapoetic statements (e.g. talent [gift, talent] or prostota [simplicity]) as well as the stylistic qualities of these statements (e.g. poetic nature, emotionality). The second part of the article features a linguistic analysis of the idiostylistic qualities of Sienkiewicz’s poetic works: grammar of rhymes, selection of stylistic means (e.g. parallels and epithets) as well as his choice of the lexical stock.

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Spory o dydaktyzm i sposoby jego wyrażania w polskich dziewiętnastowiecznych powieściach historycznych (zarys problematyki)

Author(s): Iwona Żuraszek-Ryś / Language(s): Polish Issue: 50/2016

In this article one has analyzed the opinions on didacticism both of nineteenth-century authors and theorists as well as contemporary scholars writing about the nineteenth century. The quoted statements allow to draw a conclusion that both the nineteenth century theorists and practitioners were aware of the cognitive and didactic potential of historical novel. Attention was drawn to the opportunity to broaden cognitive horizons of the readers, providing them with specific knowledge about life, historical phenomena, shaping their views, ideological sentiments or patriotic attitudes. Therefore, historical novel played an important role in educating the public and shaping its national consciousness. In the case of this genre, didacticism manifests itself in several ways. One of them is a storyline based on historical events subordinated to a particular thesis. Writers taking historical subjects have therefore to face with the past, determine their attitude towards it. This obviously caused various discussions and polemics. The next plane on which didacticism manifests itself is the creation of literary characters. Entering characters into the novel was associated with giving them a distinctive positive or negative personal model. Another plane is language. Historical novel is a genre that is unlikely to do without archaic (although in Polish literature there are known examples of historical novels devoid of archaic words, for example Czerwone tarcze by Iwaszkiewicz). The writers seemed to realize, however, that the realistic representation of past epochs is not based on a comprehensive, total archaisation, but rather moderate, selective use of this type of styling. This attitude was dictated by, among others, attention to adapting the language to the reception possibilities of the readers.

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O ekspresywności modlitw w Psałterzu Dawidowym Mikołaja Reja

Author(s): Danuta Kowalska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 49/2015

The article analyses the linguistic signs of expressiveness present in the prayers attached to the prose paraphrase of Mikołaj Rej’s David’s Psalter, in particular the evaluative (modality) and intensifying exponents. Rej’s prayers are characterized by a lot of emotionalisms which make them a tool of the emotional expression. The writer uses many expressional synonyms accumulated as two or three evaluative expressions and many epithets which perform the hyperbolic function and intensify the referent feature of the noun. Metaphors and rhetorical questions also serve the function of intensification. The expressiveness is also emphasizes by the use of the elements characteristic of the spoken language: the lexicon of the vernacular speech, a wide variety of phatic signals and demonstrative pronouns. The application of these linguistic phenomena makes Rej’s prayers, despite the structural limitations, assume the character of private confessions full of authentic affection and admiration of God – the addressee.

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Uwagi о słownictwie Kronik Bolesława Prusa

Author(s): Violetta Machnicka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 39/1999

Нынешняя статья рассматривает лексические изменения, происшедшие в польском языке в период последних ста лет. В основе анализа - материал взятый из XIV тома Хроник Болеслава Пруса. Этот текст возник в годы 1894 и 1896. Автор статьи пришел к выводу, что расхождения помсжду языком Пруса и современным поляским языком довольно большие. Семантический план многих слов серодня уже, чем во время Пруса, нпр.: cyfra, frazes, gazeciarz, subiekt. Среди престарелых образований учитывались и слова, определяющие архаические реалии, то есть не существующие в сегодняшнее время предметы, единицы измерения и веса, учреждения, выполняемые функции итд., нпр.: bicykl, łokieć, lut, rządca, karbowy. В следующем автор рассматривает избранные способы построения игры слов, применяемые Прусом с целью рассмешить и привлечь читателя. К этим способам, среди других, принадлежат: приписывание людям характерных черт предметов, нпр.: rozklekotany dzieciak - „potłuczone, połamane dziecko” , придавание словам другого значения, нпр.: długość — wzrost, wysokość, naczynie - rower. В последней части статьи автор занимается лексикой относящейся к диалекту Варшавы XIX в., нпр.: bawaria, brandmajster, gibus.

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WIESZCZOWIE I CZYNY PROROCZE. Zygmunta Krasińskiego rozważania o poezji i poetach w kontekście genezy proroctwa „Przedświtu”

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WIESZCZOWIE I CZYNY PROROCZE. Zygmunta Krasińskiego rozważania o poezji i poetach w kontekście genezy proroctwa „Przedświtu”

Author(s): Michal Sokulski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2017

In his epic poem Przedświt [“Predawn”] Zygmunt Krasiński appears as a prophet announcing the Kingdom of God, “a new heaven and a new earth.” However, the poem does not merely express the ‘Adventist dreams’ of the Polish diaspora, since it is also a literary work advancing the ideas of the new prophetic and idealist “poetry of the third epoch.” Przedświt, the voice of the third Polish Romantic “seer,” is simultaneously the conclusion of the “discernment of its own being” by the “nation’s soul” deprived of a political body: the poem explains, in a possibly fullest manner, the meaning of the past and of the future of the Polish nation, pointing to the core of the nation’s mission in the world. Last but not least, Przedświt is also a love poem: while conveying the revelation of the final things, Krasiński also immortalized his Beatrice.

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O języku i stylu poezji Jana Kasprowicza

Author(s): Urszula Dzióbałtowska-Chciuk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 33/1995

The article contains a stylistic and linguistic analysis of Kasprowicz’s poems published in the period of Modernism. The following elements were selected from the texts of the poems: 1. deviations from the linguistic norm of the turn of the XIX and XX century, as well as potential variants of this norm; 2. phenomena remaining within the norm, but, e.g., typical of the period in question or of a given text.

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O języku poezji Jerzego Żuławskiego

Author(s): Urszula Dzióbałtowska-Chciuk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 33/1995

As a result of an analysis of the language of Jerzy Żuławski’s poetry, some devices have been selected which go beyond the linguistic norms common and universally accepted on the turn of the XIX and XX centuries. The selected linguistic dcvices can be divided into traditional, known in literature, and idiosyncratic, which make the language of the poems somewhat original. All these devices have been described and evaluated in chapters on phonetics, inflexion, syntax and lexis. Phonetic idiosyncracies are scarce and not many of them are typical of artistic language. Inflexion reflects the commonly accepted norms and patterns of style. Trying to make the poems original and their language individual, the poet used syntactic means more frequently than lexical ones, which is not typical of methods of stylization. The language of Żuławski’s poetry is „classical"; moderately permeated with traditional stylistic devices; slightly „poeticized” , archaized and individual. It lacks dialectal phrases and expressive devices characteristic of Modernist poets.

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Literatura obozowa. Wstęp

Author(s): Arkadiusz Morawiec / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2017

The article contains terminological considerations concerning the term ‘camp literature’. In Polish literary studies it is most often referred to literature dealing with German Nazi camps, in particular concentration camps and death camps, and, less frequently, Soviet camps, especially forced labor camps. However, this definition turns out to be too narrow. It should also include the lesser-known works of Polish literature concerning, among others, the Polish internment camp (concentration camp) in Bereza Kartuska, communist labor camps set up in postwar Poland and the Spanish (Francoist) concentration camp in Miranda de Ebro. The term ‘camp literature’ could also include works on internment camps, prisoner camps, and even ghettos. The camp literature (not only Polish writings) requires, what is very important, a comparative approach.

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Polska literatura obozowa. Kilka pytań o syntezę, której nie ma

Author(s): Dariusz Kulesza / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2017

The author of the paper wonders why nobody so far has attempted a historical-literary synthesis of Polish literature concerning the concentration camp experience in general, and the labour camp experience in particular, as the latter has an obvious potential for a proto-synthesis. The question is followed by subjective answers that build upon the significance of Tadeusz Borowski’s prose, the uniqueness of the Holocaust, and differences between the records of the camp experience in Poland and abroad. In its central part, the paper points to a certain possibility at our disposal to – irrespective of almost insurmountable obstacles – at least start the aforementioned synthesis. This can be done by the application of the external criteria: historical-geographical (what camps, when and where) and historical-literary, which would include such perspectives and categories as periodization, literary genres and comparative studies.

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Lager – literatura – strefy milczenia

Author(s): Sławomir Buryła / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2017

The article reconstructs the most important issues on the map of Polish lager prose, those that are ignored, inconvenient for readers or authors, and sometimes for both. The author of the essay also presents the zones of silence that resulted not from the threat of violation of social taboos and political prohibitions, but from the negligence of researchers. They characterize the most important tasks facing scholars of Polish lager prose.

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Jak opisać „świat piramidalnego absurdu”? – czyli o grotesce w literaturze łagrowej

Author(s): Tadeusz Sucharski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2017

The main aim of the paper is to reflect on the various forms of the disclosure and the use of the grotesque in the Polish camp literature. Prisoners, authors of books devoted to life in the camps, experienced life in conditions that we did not normally recognize as impossible. In this sketch I try to show the ways of using (or not-using) of this experience in literature. Many Polish writers emphasized the importance of ridicule in the description of the world of the camp, because “it sees sharper, it clearly draws”, but that perspective often lacked in their books. However, there were writers (Grubiński and Wittlin) who put the world of Soviet slavery in satirical way, often in the form of “laughter through tears” (close to Bachtin’s conception). There were also writers (Lipski and Mayewski) who dispassionately exposed the horror of the atrocity of the camp, they took the game with the absurd (close to Kayser’s conception). Finally, there was a writer (Olszewski) who attempted to capture the entire Stalinist world as a grotesque.

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Literackie obrachunki z dzieciństwem na zesłaniu w Związku Sowieckim. Wstępne rozpoznanie

Author(s): Anna Wal / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2017

The article discusses autobiographical prose of the writers of the war generation, devoted to the problems of deportation into the interior of the Soviet Union during World War II. The considerations include the works published in Poland after 1989: Andrzej Turczyński’s Chłopiec na czerwonym koniu (1991), Piotr Bednarski’s Błękitne śniegi (1996), Andrzej Czcibor-Piotrowski’s Rzeczy nienasycone (1999), Zbigniew Domino’s Syberiada polska (2001) and Tajga. Tamtego lata w Kajenie (2007). The carried out analysis of the literary texts provides the grounds for justification of the thesis that the writers broke with the earlier existing conventions of war writing, referring to the close to the child’s imagination poetics of fairy-tale, parable, dream, mythologisation of reality, and that while showing exiled childhood in the Soviet Union they used very specific topoi (the image of parents, mainly of the mother, the motif of friendship and peer groups, as well as of adventure and initiation).

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Jaworzno. Niewidoczność

Author(s): Arkadiusz Morawiec / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2017

The article concerns the literary representations of the Polish communist labor camp in Jaworzno (1945–1956), especially Seweryna Szmaglewska’s short story Amnestia zastukała do bram (1956, Amnesty knocked at the gates), Kazimierz Koźniewski’s novel Bunt w więzieniu (1968, Rebellion in the prisonhouse), and Sławomir Mrożek’s short story Jaworzno (1985). The object of the paper is also the problem of ideological involvement of Polish literature and writers (especially during the Stalinist period), the reasons for “overlooking” by them (and by Polish society) the obvious manifestations of communist terror. His alleged “invisibility” was analogous to the “invisibility” of crimes committed by the Nazis, allegedly unnoticed by the Third Reich citizens. Among Polish writers this analogy between Nazism and communism was exposed by Mrożek, the similarities between both totalitarianisms were perceived also by Szmaglewska and Czesław Miłosz.

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Resztki ciała. Cielesne doświadczenie obozowe: problemy przedstawiania

Author(s): Paweł Wolski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2017

The author comments on some fundamental issues connected to the representation of the bodily experience within Holocaust literature as a particular kind of writing based on two paradigms: the ethical one, blurring common definitions of fiction and fictionality (including the definition of somatic reality in autobiographical, quasi-autobiographical and fictional Holocaust narratives), and the body-mind one, funding the discourse of dignity within the death camps (intellectual resistance being presented as the only possible one within the sub-human treatment of the body). The author, while recognizing validity of both, demands a recognition of bodily aspects of Holocaust literature. He does so by using the example of well-known critical comments on Giorgio Agamben’s theory of “the Muselman”.

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Włosy w kobiecych narracjach lagrowych

Author(s): Barbara Czarnecka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2017

The article is the analysis of women’s lager narrations that reflect the procedure of shaving hair applied to female lager prisoners. It shows cultural, social and psychological meanings of this procedure, presents it as the element of the wide scale lager violence strategy, degradation ritual, the form of female identity and intimacy violation. Through the presentation of various circumstances in which women were shaved in concentration camps the text presents the situation complexity of the lager experience – its phases and the context. The article relates the variety of sources and includes the experiences of women of different nationalities, for example: German, Polish, Jewish.

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„Niebo bez ptaków”. O jednym z toposów literatury lagrowej (i jego obrzeżach)

Author(s): Piotr Krupiński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2017

The main purpose of this article is to draw attention to one of the motifs which appear regularly in literature concerning the Nazi concentration camps. In many memoirs of ex-convicts the concentration camp is represented as a place “where birds did not sing” – an area domed by an empty, silent sky, “a sky without birds”. The author of this paper examines this phenomenon from many perspectives, drawing on various types of sources. The voices of the imprisoned are surprisingly juxtaposed with ornithological research conducted by Günther Niethammer, a scientist and, simultaneously, one of the SS guards in the Auschwitz concentration camp. This article is part of ever-growing contemporary research on the topoi of concentration camp literature and Holocaust literature. Ecocriticism and environmentalism constitute an important inspiration for his text, and a post-anthropocentric perspective allows the author to extend the scope of historicity to include the non-human beings, such as animals, plants and the landscape.

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