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Поразителната другост на Ян Ондруш. През погледа на критиката тогава и днес

Author(s): Irena Dimova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2021

This article aims to bring together the critical voices that have accumulated around the work and the figure of the Slovak author Ján Ondruš. The study focuses on the disputes that have arisen among researchers. The confrontational approaches can be grouped around several issues that emerge from the texts of the Slovak poet. These issues are as follows: rewriting his own literary texts, his “schizoid” and“schizophrenic conditions in light of which critics write about him, and “the fragmentation” of the lyrical subject in his texts. The article aims to summarize the main problems of writing about the author and his poetry and thus facilitate their potential literary-critical solution.

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Tri dekady poľskej literatury na Slovensku v prekladoch Karola Chmela

Author(s): Zuzana Obertová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2022

After 1989, the most productive translator of Polish literature in Slovakia is Karol Chmel. This article shows the variety of Chmel’s translations. In the 1990’s and early 2000’s he focused on poetic generations “Nowa Fala” (New Wave) and “brulion” which were unknown in Slovakia until his translations were published. Apart from poetry, his translation portfolio includes prose, essays and literary journalism. K. Chmel is the exclusive Slovak translator of Olga Tokarczuk’s and Andrzej Sapkowski’s works. The translation of Slavic demons names in The Witcher by A. Sapkowski is analyzed in this article.

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Zvieratá v literatúre: metafora, etika, ekológia

Author(s): Ivana Hostová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2023

The essay introduces the topic of the study of the animal in literature with a special focus on Slovak poetry. After briefly outlining the field in which research of literature meets research of nature, animals, plants, and the environment of human and non-human animals, it discusses a few examples from Slovak literature. Animal studies, posthumanism, and other fields of critical research which abolish the boundary between culture and nature, redefine the identity of the human element and see it as part of a network in which agency is a feature shared by various entities. Removing the human from the top of the hierarchy calls for a revision of such notions as consciousness or free will and a more intense focus on the “non-human” actors – i.e. agential entities which share with the human some of their features, but differ in others. The essay provides an overview of the types of literary texts which have inspired interdisciplinary research of literature and nature in the past few decades environmental and ecoliterate texts, cli-fi), outlines the research field and its aims and provides a brief overview of some of the relevant theoretical approaches and recent publications.

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Zviera ako nástroj v kresťansky orientovanej spirituálnej poézii

Author(s): Ján Gavura / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2023

The immediate connection between animals and humans became the basis for a long-lasting and highly structured relationship which also found its place in art and poetry. Slovak poetry uses animal elements with great intensity and variety taking into account a number of aspects: human dependency on nature as environment; the animal ancestry of humans on the one hand and exceptional qualities and faculties that distinguish humans from animals; the hierarchical ordering of the world based on the evolutionary progression leading to the superiority of the human. Examples from Slovak Christian-based spiritual poetry show that animal elements are most commonly used for defining the human character and for testing moral values. Less common, although still numerous, are poems with de-humanized depictions of people that reveal a possible crisis of an individual or of society. Spiritual poetry also reveals a hidden tension between the declared high value of nature and the inherent anthropocentrism of both art and Christian religion which outline clear hierarchies.

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Zvieratá mesta – mesto zvierat. Príroda a civilizácia v poézii Štefana Moravčíka

Author(s): Jaroslav Šrank / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2023

The article tackles the shaping of the relationship between nature and civilisation in the poetry of Štefan Moravčík (b. 1943). It focuses on urban and natural (particularly animal) motifs in the poet’s collections from the 1980s – Moravčík’s second creative period. The article notes the qualities that have characterised Moravčík’s poetry since his collections Erosnička ([Treerotic frog] 1981) and Tichá domácnosť ([Silent household] 1981) in terms of the conception of man and the world as outlined in Moravčík’s first collections of poetry from the 1960s. The reasons why Moravčík’s vitalism was problematized are linked to the opening of his poetry to the urban life: the nature of the relationship between nature and the city is an antagonistic one in his poetry. The analysis of the poem “Holutkan a potkábica [Pigeorat and she-ratgeon]” from the collection of poems Idiotikon ([Idioticon] 1989) focuses on the role animal motifs play in the shaping of the poem’s genre, the unfolding of its meaning, and also looks at what functions neologisms perform in the text. The article reflects on the poem’s parodic relationship to the fable and myth, notes the link between the poem’s ecological theme and its civic-protest focus with an existential undertone.

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Zvieratá neurčité, zvieratá nemé

Author(s): Ivana Hostová,Veronika Rácová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2023

Drawing on ecocritical approaches, the article tackles natural motifs (especially animals) and pantheistic elements in the poetry of Ivan Štrpka (b. 1944). Methodologically, the authors draw on ecocritical approaches. With regards to Štrpka’s early collections, they look at the way the poet employed the figure of the parrot in his critique of rhetorical emptiness of the socialist society. In the poetry published in the 1980s, on the other hand, it pertains that Štrpka used natural and animal motifs to portray erotic relationships and urban atmosphere. From his later poetry, the article focuses on the poems that demonstrate the poet’s pantheistic worldview and shows that Štrpka’s writing also offers fruitful ground for ecocritical reading. The last section of the paper looks at the collections Štrpka published after 1997. Nature is most often tied with civilizational contexts and dark, enigmatic, and sombre tones anticipating a catastrophic vision of the world prevail in these late poems. The article is thus both a contribution to the understanding of the development of the poet’s oeuvre and to the ways in which Slovak literature represents and constructs the animal and nature.

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Památce Sergeje Makary

Author(s): Ivo Pospíšil / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2022

In memoriam to Sergej Makara (6. 5. 1937 – 9. 8. 2022)

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La prima e l’ultima lingua di Pavel Vilikovský. Riflessioni su L’ultimo cavallo di Pompei

Author(s): Alessandra Mura / Language(s): Italian Issue: 62/2019

In the wide critical debate on contemporary West European and American literature there are endless reflections that should include, among other well-known names, Pavel Vilikovský’s prose. Nevertheless, we must admit with some embarrassment that one of the greatest Slovak writers isn’t still so visible in the European scenario where he would have the same role as Milan Kundera and many other famous authors. This article aims to focus on Vilikovský’s poetics through a brief analysis of one of his most famous novels that, more than others, highlights the author’s relationship with language, writing and context. This relationship emerges especially by making comparisons with similar topics we found in Milan Kundera. Such issues are particularly relevant for translation and require translators’ utmost attention.

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Ipostaze identitare în romanul ,,Andreas Búr Majster'' de Jozef Cíger Hronský

Author(s): Elena-Gabriela Filip / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2022

The main focus of the following article is to emphasize the influence of the author’s life on his first novel written after having emigrated. As it is already known, artistic creation derives from our surroundings and it is altered by the creator according to his subjective view and judgement. The main character of the novel, namely Andreas Búr Majster, is struggling to find his place in a world where almost everybody perceives him as a “stranger” or, even worse, as a curse betiding the village, an “enemy”. The Slovak author, Jozef Cíger Hronský, felt like a stranger himself, because he was forced to move away from Slovakia to Argentina after being accused of his nationalist political views. He chose to express his feelings and describe this part of his life through his literary creation and his characters, using his life experiences as inspiration throughout his writing career. Thus, this novel is a very representative autobiographical writing. From having to deal with and adapt to a completely new and different society to trying to feel as he is a part of it, the author and, implicitly, our main character struggle with the image that others project on him, being seen as a lunatic, un unwelcomed stranger, as someone who should remain isolated from his own people, because he is different. This writing will also expose the stages through which Andreas has to go in order to obtain the approval and acceptance of others. His individuality and way of being make him peculiar for the village he lives in and, as a consequence, society considers him to be the “enemy”. Whatever is not in the “norm” is usually hardly accepted or even tolerated. I chose this subject as the main theme of my article to prove that the place where we live in and the people who surround us have a great influence on our life and our development. According to the tenable arguments stated in the following paper, the writer’s life experiences are mirrored in this particular novel, hence Andreas represents an alter-ego of the author.

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Stabilita zrodená z rozkolísanosti (Axiologická platforma textov Jaroslavy Blažkovej)

Author(s): Gabriela Magalová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2022

In the life and creative story of Jaroslava Blažková, we have the opportunity to follow the line of several changes. They concern political and ideological movements in Slovakia in the 50s and 60s of the 20th century, as well as ideological interventions in literature (including literature for children and youth). The creative generation of that time not only addressed issues of a creative nature, but also had to respond to the ideological demands of literature during the socialist period. The uprising against this lack of freedom was punished - Jaroslava Blažková was convinced of it, which literary critics appreciated and condemned at the same time. In her recent books, it is clear that she refines the intensity of ironic views, but does not change the hierarchy of values resulting from tolerance and human harmony. The irony in the last books published after the year 2000 is the result of the author’s point of view, which, while brilliantly revealing every non-harmonizing knowledge, also alleviates this clash of opinions.

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A few notes on the spread of the song "Vímť já jeden stromeček jest krásná oliva" in Slovakia

Author(s): Peter Ruščin / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

During the Baroque period in Bohemia, Moravia, and Slovakia there was a significant development in the creation of spiritual love lyrics. This includes the anonymous song "Vímť já jeden stromeček" ("I know a little tree"), probably of Bohemian origin, which was also spread as a broadside ballad as early as the 17th century. While in Bohemia and Moravia the song entered the folk singing tradition, in Slovakia it was mainly known as a hymn in the church tradition of Slovak Lutherans. This study is devoted to variants of the hymn and its setting in Lutheran manuscript and printed sources in Slovakia from the second half of the 17th century. The analysis of manuscript sources shows that the song spread on the territory of Slovakia at least from the 1660s, earlier than we had previously assumed.

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Vzťahy Pavla Jozefa Šafárika a Leškovcov v dolnozemskom kontexte

Author(s): Martin Braxatoris / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 6/2023

This study focuses on the relationships of Pavel Jozef Šafárik with Štefan Leška senior and Štefan Leška junior. It observes diverse testimonies and consequences of their mutual connections, closely related to their family ties and interactions in Vojvodina (Malý Kereš, Dunaegyháza, Novi Sad, and Stara Pazova). The study examines insights relevant to poetry, attitudes toward prosodic matters, philological research, publishing activities, and more. It particularly explores Šafárik’s relationship with Štefan Leška senior during the years 1815 – 1818 and his contact with Štefan Leška junior during his time in Novi Sad. By offering a comprehensive view of their relationships, it aims to shed light on certain less clear circumstances of their lives and work, while also correcting stereotypical assessments of Šafárik’s interactions with Slovaks in Vojvodina, which have led to an underestimation of their literary and cultural significance.

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Romány slovenských vojvodinských spisovateľov v 21. storočí

Author(s): Adam Svetlík / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 6/2023

Since the beginning of the 21st century, older-generation writers in Slovak Vojvodina literature have published novels: Viera Benková (* 1939): Stred sveta ([The centre of the world], 2006), Tri ženy, dvaja muži a ja... ([Three women, two men, and me], 2017); Víťazoslav Hronec (* 1944): Dynastia Beňovských ([The Benyovszky dynasty], 2020); Zlatko Benka (* 1951): Deväť prsteňov ([Nine rings], 2005); Martin Prebudila (* 1960): No tak, usmej sa... ([Come on, smile...], 2012). In these novels, they largely synthesized their previous prose and overall literary work. A common feature in all the mentioned novels is the use of (neo)modernist, postmodern, and (neo)realistic narrative techniques and strategies in their composition, the influence of the author’s own poetry on their prose, and bilingualism in the case of two authors (V. Hronec, Z. Benka), where the work was written in Serbian and subsequently translated into Slovak. The aim of the contribution is to demonstrate how and to what extent the novelistic work of selected Slovak Vojvodina writers engages with current trends in literary transformations in Slovak, Serbian, and global literature.

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Recepcia novšej slovenskej literárnej vedy v srbskom kontexte so zameraním na knižné preklady a vybranú kritickú reflexiu

Author(s): Marina Speváková Šimáková / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 6/2023

This contribution focuses on the reception of Slovak literary theory in the Serbian context since the 1980s. Against the backdrop of reception theory, literary communication, and dialogism, it provides an overview of book and selected journal translations into the Serbian language, considering individual components of the (meta)communication-dialogic process: the author, the structure of the source text, actors involved in the selection of texts, translators into Serbian, and broader cultural connections such as publishers and selected critical Serbian reception responses. In this context, the names of founders of modern Slovak literary theory (Mikuláš Bakoš, the Nitra school, Anton Popovič, František Miko, Dionýz Ďurišin, Peter Zajac) and younger theorists resonate. From the Serbian context perspective, attention is paid to the involvement of bilingual and biliterate authors and translators in communication processes (literary scholar Michal Harpáň, linguist Miroslav Dudok), as well as other translators of Slovak literary theory. Another area under scrutiny is the updating of available Slovak literary studies works in selected critical reflections, along with an indication of the criteria for reception in the Serbian context.

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Medziľudské vzťahy v cykle poviedok Petra Andrušku Balady pre otca a strom

Author(s): Patrik Šenkár / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 4/2023

The article characterizes the existence of literature as a basic kind of art that is closelyconnected with people’s lives. Its professional creator is a writer who often draws attention to unusual interpersonal relationships in his texts. Slovak novelist Peter Andruška (1943) in his cycle of short stories Ballads for Father and Tree (1984) describes the healthy and questionable aspects of everyday life in the background of individual human destinies (especially from the family aspect); writes about the traits of the characters and describes their various actions. On the basis of these attributes, the world of the Imroch family (especially the father and three sons with their wives), who live their lives with adequate joys and problems, opens up to discursive readers. The text also uses excerpts from prototexts and metatexts of important literary theorists, which outline individual theoretical and inspirational starting points for the objective-subjective interpretation of this concrete prose.

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Repetícia a variácia v strojopisnej konkrétnej poézii Milana Adamčiaka

Author(s): Jaroslav Šrank / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2024

The contribution deals with the typewritten concrete poetry of the intermedia artist Milan Adamčiak (1946 – 2017), which was created in the second half of the 1960s. It focuses on two characteristic forms of concrete poetry: verbal and sentence constellations. It observes how the principle of seriality is applied to these text-image compositions. Seriality, as a key compositional and meaning-generating principle, is particularly associated with repetition and variation. In the context of verbal constellations, the article emphasizes the function of visual composition in dealing with a word extracted from linguistic syntax. In sentence constellations, it concentrates on the metacritical function of these forms, specified in the form of a critique of language as a means of communication and an instrument of power. Adamčiak’s repetitive-variation manipulation of linguistic material represents the application of visual techniques to literary creation. The contribution also points out the intermedia character of Adamčiak’s concrete poetry, highlights its parallels and connections with Czech experimental poetry, and selectively considers the socio-political circumstances of the time.

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Върху някои псевдоними в съвременната словашка литература

Author(s): Irena Dimova-Gencheva / Language(s): Slovak,English,Bulgarian Issue: 2/2023

The proposed article examines the use of female pen names in contemporary Slovak literature. The object of the analysis are some of the books by the experimental authors Michal Habaj and Peter Macsovszky, published under the names Anna Snegina and Petra Malúchová. The paper focuses on the ways of constructing the category of the self by and in the books ‘Pas de deux’, ‘Poems from the Inheritance’ and the ‘Twilight of Chastity’. Other authorial strategies marking the experimental nature of the works written after 1989 are also commented on. A brief overview of the uses of female pen names in Slovak literature is also given, with an emphasis on the function of the literary mystification and the different stylizations of the lyrical subject. The main question posed is about the reasons for choosing this way of creating the authorial personality and the impact the knowledge of this mystification has on the reader.

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A WANDERER, DESCENDANT OF WANDERERS: NOMADISM IN MARTIN KUKUČÍN’S TRAVEL DIARY A WALK THROUGH PATAGONIA

Author(s): Aleksandra Hudymač / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

The article discusses an extensive travel journal, entitled A Walk Through Patagonia, by the renowned Slovak writer Martin Kukučín (1860–1928). Recognised as a prominent represent- ative of realism in Slovak literature, Kukučín experienced challenges associated with emi- gration throughout his life. His travel accounts, encompassing various destinations such as Dalmatia, Montenegro, France, and Patagonia, constitute an integral part of his creative out- put. In comparison with Kukučín’s other travel narratives, this particular diary documenting his journey to Patagonia stands out through its meticulousness and a distinct dual perspective of an author and a traveller. In his writings, Kukučín portrays himself simultaneously as a wanderer and expresses a longing for a sense of belonging in the world. This dual nature of the writer is reflected in the landscapes depicted, in which the imagery of Patagonia becomes intertwined with the underlying portrayal of Kukučín’s native region of Orava.

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Pamięć o Holokauście w najnowszej prozie słowackiej (na przykładzie powieści Silvestra Lavríka Niedzielne szachy z Tisą)

Author(s): Rafał Majerek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 23/2023

The article presents the main problems connected with Silvester Lavrik’s historical novel Niedzielne szachy z Tisą. The book belongs to an important trend in contemporary Slovak literature, addressing the period of the clerofascist Slovak State during the Second World War. In the first part, selected cultural and historical literary contexts have been presented, e.g. the issue of reinterpreting the past in the circumstances of freedom after 1989, or the ways of discussing the problems of Holocaust in Slovak literature. The second, interpretive part, is devoted to the narrative strategies implemented in the novel, various attitudes of characters towards the activities preceding the Extermination, demythologizing the figure of the state leader, Josef Tisa, as well as the way of presenting conditions and circumstances which made the tragedy of Slovak Jews possible. It has been pointed out that submission to state authority and ideology led to losing the sense of individual responsibility and justified an active participation in violence acts or assuming the role of passive spectators. The novel’s engaging character and the potential to provoke reflection concerning the attitude of an individual towards contemporary problems and challenges has been regarded as a significant aspect of Lavrik’s novel as a work dedicated to the condition of the community and its value.

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Три текста на промяната. Върху развитието на словашката литература за деца и юноши през 50-те и 60-те години на XX век

Author(s): Irena Dimova-Gencheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 01/2024

This article examines the development of Slovak literature for children and adolescents in the 1950s and 1960s. The object of the analysis are three poetic texts – ‘A Play for Your Blue Eyes’, ‘Chocolate Tale’, and ‘Magic Under the Table’ – which mark the beginning of ‘the change’ in writing works for children. Besides offering an attempt at their reading, the article analyzes them through the context of the literary period which they belong to as well as through their authors’ being part of a group of artists with the same generational attitudes. Last but not least, we look at the dependence of the change in literature for children and adolescents on change in adult literature.

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