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Из истории становления словацкого литературного языка: кодификация А. Бернолака и формирование нормы в текстах бернолаковцев А. Руднаи и Ф. К. Габела

Author(s): Konstantin V. Lifanov / Language(s): Russian Issue: -/2011

This paper deals with Bernolák’s codification in comparison with the real form of Bernolák’s literary language presented in sermons of the Hungarian Cardinal A. Rudnay and translation of the religious treatise from German by Fr. X. Habel. This comparison shows that in real practice Bernolák’s language changed its character, coming nearer to norm of traditional Slovak writing. As a result typical elements, the most widespread in a West Slovak dialect or characterizing peripheral the Záhorie dialect of West Slovakia and the Czech language, forced out the elements concentrated in the Central Slovak dialect. The found out phenomena testifies that the norm essentially different from codification was formed in Bernolák‘s language.

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Езиковедската словакистика в България

Author(s): Velichko Panayotov,Daniela Konstantinova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2016

The paper briefly presents the history of Slovak studies in Bulgaria, in particular at Sofia University and at the University of Veliko Turnovo, the only Bulgarian institutions of higher learning at which the language, literature and culture of Slovakia are studied. The paper also reviews some publications, such as textbooks, phrasebooks and dictionaries, written by scholars based at these institutions.

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Verzologické výskumy v Čechách a na Slovensku (Pocta Jiřímu Levému)

Author(s): Ladislav Franek / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2017

The legacy of the Czech and Slovak study of the poetic structure from the 1930s to the 1960s (J. Mukařovský’s “semantic gesture”, M. Bakoš key function of the poetic rhythm). Their synthetic character under the influence of the principles of modern linguistics and Russian formalism. Literary history and historical poetics. The deepening of these starting points from the point of view of the needs of interliterary research. The objectivizing-logical criterion in respecting the specifics of national metrical systems. The contribution of J. Levý and his influence on the Slovak school of translation. His reflections upon a more integral perception of stylistic-rhythmical shifts in literary translation. The diversification of individual epistemological models according to the specificity of respective scholarly environments. The theory of literary communication in the inter-play of theory and empiricism in the works by A. Popovič. Slovak comparative literature research (D. Ďurišin) and its place in inter-literary research of L. Franek (the monograph Štýl prekladu, 1997; finished already in 1975). Inspirational exploration of the differences in the development of national literatures (French and Slovak). The striving for the unity of immanence and transcendence. Comparison with other metrical (e.g., Spanish) models. The violent interruption of the continuity of such research after the so-called “normalization” in the 1970s and the resulting problems in returning to these research models after 1989.

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Podoby zobrazenia turka a tureckých reálií v slovenskej literatúre 16. a 17. storočia

Author(s): Zuzana Kákošová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1-2/2010

This article deals with the literary portrayal of a Turk as a hero and with the thematization of Turkish battles and Turkish life in Slovak literature of the 16th and 17th century. We will examine genres of Latin humanistic poetry such as hodoeporicon, epigrams, civic-political compositions (including works of a Czech exile Jakub Jakobeus); historical poetry in its developmental transformations with a reflection of the Czech press about the Battle of Mohács; and Baroque memoir prose (Štefan Pilárik senior). The picture of a Turk is rather prevailingly a picture of an enemy, a cruel murderer or a traitor; in a religious poetry depictions of horrible deeds of Turks are as a “Turkish scourge” connected with the traditional scourges of famine and plague and with appeals to do penance.

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When We Walk Down Wenceslas Square… A Picture of the Return of Czech Legionnaires to Their Homeland in Their Recollections and Autobiographic Novels

Author(s): Dalibor Vácha / Language(s): English Issue: 7/2019

The study stems from the author’s long-time interest in the history of the Czechoslovak foreign resistance during the Great War, particularly in Russia. As to its sources, it draws from a collection of published recollections of Czechoslovak legionnaires and their autobiographic novels and other texts of prose. The author attempts to reconstruct the picture of the return of Czechoslovak legions from Russia to their home country; due to the nature of his sources, however, his intention is not to convey an authentic experience of the return in the first days and weeks, but rather to examine the construct created by the legionnaires’ memories and novels. In this respect, he makes use of, in particular, Anglo-Saxon historical literature dealing with similar topics. The key issues include how individuals or whole social groups were coping with the reality of the newborn republic, which was rather different from the visions of the home country they had been dreaming about while away. An important factor affecting their reflections was also the required political non-affiliation of organizations of legionnaires, as well as the criticism of the situation not just among the veterans, but in the entire society. The extent of the idealization of Russia, which was a fairly frequent phenomenon among them, was directly proportional to the disillusionment after their return, and was a mirror image of their previous idealization of home while they had been in Russia. In the author’s opinion, the topic of the return of Czechoslovak legions home and their life in their home country is far from exhausted; this is why the present study should be just a springboard to further broadly conceived research.

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L’essence éthique du dialogue culturel

Author(s): Ladislav Franek / Language(s): French Issue: 2/2020

The definition of comparative literary studies in Slovakia. Historical poetics in the works of D. Ďurišin, focused on the typological essence of literary phenomena on the basis of interrelating theoretical and developmental aspects of national literature. The differences of Slovak methodology from Western positivist models of the study of interliterariness. Parallel existence of the principles of literary history and criticism in the reception analyses of Russian, German and French literatures by older Slovak scholars. The onset of realism in Slovak literature at the end of the 19th century (S. Hurban Vajanský). The important contribution of J. Felix’s critical reflection of universalist tendencies in European and esp. modern French writing. The complexity of organically incorporating these impulses into the context of Slovak literature as a result of the provincial character of a “small” nation. The wealth of translations from contemporary world literatures and its positive impact on the work of many Slovak writers in spite of the discontinuity of research in this area after 1989. Urgent need to return to similar forms of literary-cultural reflection and self-reflection through reviving an intensive philological, linguistic, theoretical-critical and historical study at our universities.

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Vision ou manipulation ? Les problèmes éditoriaux d’une anthologie slovaque des troubadours

Author(s): Ján Živčák / Language(s): French Issue: 1/2022

Socialist Slovakia did not pay much attention to medieval Occitan poetry, of which only one translation was accessible in book format – the anthology Danteho trubadúri (The troubadours of Dante), published in 1972 by Jozef Felix and Viliam Turčány. This article seeks to reconstruct its ethical background, drawing mainly (but not exclusively) on contemporary approaches to the anthology as a concept. It responds to such questions as: Do the translators fall prey to cultural isolationism and plagiarize concrete foreign-language (especially French) sources? Does their selection of poems encourage ethnocentrism rather than a true exchange of literary values? Why is Dante’s name included in the title? To what extent are the accompanying paratexts marked by ideological manipulation? Perhaps not surprisingly, the editorial gesture is not discredited by the ordeal, proving that aesthetic elitism can be a powerful antidote to totalitarian practices.

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Ondrej Štefanko – personalitate emblematică a slovacilor din România

Author(s): Dagmar Maria Anoca / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2020

Ondrej Štefanko (1949-2008) cultivated poetry, prose, literary criticism, literary history, history, journalism, lexicography, ethnology etc. He led periodicals, Slovak and bilingual magazines, and he published books. He was a programmatic and systematic translator, driven by the belief that in this way a cultural bridge could be built between peoples from another point of view, which was also a way of integrating the Slovak literature into the European and world literary context. He was also appreciated as an essayist, one of his most beautiful essays being Genius loci, a kind of art to transgress one's limits, which is, in fact, one of his work's constants. In addition to literature, in the narrow sense of the word, Ondrej Štefanko cultivated other fields within the scope of various publications. He edited albums, bibliographies etc. His organizational skills were highlighted in many cultural events. He was awarded several prizes and honors, and on the 15th of June 2019 a street in Bratislava was renamed after him. With all his activity, he has undoubtedly become an emblem of the Slovaks, especially of those living in Romania.

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Obraz Ľudovíta Štúra v dnešnej spoločnosti

Author(s): Lenka Ježó Garančovská / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 4/2015

Eine der bedeutendsten Persönlichkeiten der modernen slowakischen Geschichte Ľudovít Štúr wurde am 28. Oktober 1815 geboren. Er ist nicht nur der Gestalter der slowakischen Schriftsprache, sondern auch Mitbegründer der neuzeitlichen Konzeption der slowakischen Nation basierend auf ihrer Einzigartigkeit, Selbständigkeit und Gleichberechtigkeit mit anderen europäischen Nationen. Die Regierung hat anlässlich des 200. Geburtstags dieser bekannten Persönlichkeit der slowakischen Nationalbewegung im 19. Jahrhundert 2015 zum Jahr von Ľudovít Štúr erklärt. Die Bedeutung dieses Jahrgangs unterstreicht auch seine Eintragung in die Liste der Gedenktage der Organisation der Vereinigten Nationen für Erziehung, Wissenschaft und Kultur (UNESCO). Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden unterschiedliche Fakten aus dem Leben von Ľudovít Štúr mit dem Ziel, Interesse der Slowakistik-Studierenden für ihn als wichtige Persönlichkeit der slowakischen Kultur zu wecken, vorgestellt.

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Ľudovít Štúr – lingvist modern

Author(s): Marilena Felicia Luță (Țiprigan) / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 4/2015

Ľudovít Štúr, the most emblematic figure of the Slovak culture in the first half of the nineteenth century, embodies the spirit of the Slovak national identity. The Slovak language standard, based on the Slovak central dialect, is undoubtly associated with Ľudovít Štúr, who strongly believed in language as a mean of increasing a nation’s self-consciousness. Thanks to his studying at the University of Halle in Germany between 1838–1840, he came to know not only the latest linguistic works of the most-known linguists of his time, Franz Bopp and Wilhelm von Humboldt, but also Hegel’s and Herder’s philosophy, which led him to the so-called ”štúrovčina”, the Slovak language standard. Ľudovít Štúr may therefore be considered the father of the modern Slovak literary language.

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Kognitívna veda v slovenskom kontexte – prijatie a prehľad smerovania výskumu

Author(s): Ramona Zăvoianu-Petrovici / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2014

This article seeks to explore how the cognitive literary approach was received by the Slovak academic environment in the period of time from 2007 to 2012. It also tries to map the main areas of scientific research interest within the field of cognitive studies. The year 2007 does not represent an arbitrary choice, as it relates to Bogumiła Suwara’s study published in Slovak Review. A Review of World Literature Research entitled “Cognitive literary science in a bit different way” which included a brief overview though comprehensive enough in order to reflect the way cognitive theory was received in Slovakia. The author of the present article aims at providing a general view of the way the cognitive turn was perceived in Slovakia while pointing out some of its relevant aspects by presenting various studies accompanied by brief comments.

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Aspecte ale romanului comic slovac

Author(s): Dagmar Maria Anoca / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 3/2013

The author makes a presentation of the Slovak comic novel based on the related bibliographies (especially the works of M.M. Bahtin, Corneliu Barborică and Peter Darovec). Novels such as René mládenca, príhody a skúsenosti (René, a Young Man, Events and Experiences) by Jozef Ignác Bajza (1783), Bendegúz (1841) by Ján Chalupka, Reštavrácia (The Restauration) by Ján Kalinčiak (1822- 1871), Faustiáda by Jonáš Záborský (1812-1876) and Večne je zelený (Forever Green) (1989) that was written much later fall into this category. Yet, the author thouroughly focuses only on Bendegúz (1841) by Ján Chalupka and Faustiáda by Jonáš Záborský. In these works laughter shapes into comic, humor, irony, satire, pamphlet, anecdote etc., which are meant to reveal the most stringent aspects of reality (national oppression, lack of national consciousness, social relations, and immorality).

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Chiril şi Metodie în cultura slovacă

Author(s): Dagmar Maria Anoca / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2013

In this paper, in which we present some aspects of Slovak culture as marked by the tradition which was established after the activity and presence of the two missionaries – Constantine the Philosopher – Cyril (863-869) and Methodius (863-885) – on the territory of current Slovakia, we wish to underline the importance of these two personalities of European culture. Beginning with the emancipation of Slovak ethnicity from the stage of a people to the stage of a nation, which started in the seventeenth century, the two names become landmarks, and a tradition establishes itself, becoming a source for the ideas of Slovak art and literature.

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O jazykovej analýze umeleckého textu

Author(s): Renáta Hlavatá / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 3/2012

Contribution points at the differentiation of opinions, mostly Slovak linguists, on analysis of textual level of artistic text. It orientates on the summarization of the investigated problem, by following one language Picture of the world in the text through tendencies and methods which are connected with culture, thinking, style and way of using of language, his functions in the process of language dynamics of the text.

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Mytopoetologický koncept románu J.C. Hronského „Svet na Trasovisku”

Author(s): Peter F.'Rius Jílek / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2012

The paper focuses on the novel by J. C. Hronský Svet na Trasovisku as a significant model of politically engaged literature of Nazi Heroic Realism. It also contributes to objective reinterpretation of the novel and opens space for unbiased possibilities of tracing the pro-regime literature.

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Umelecký preklad ako hodnotový indikátor. K problematike Recepcie západoeurópskych literatúr na Slovensku v období národného obrodenia (1780-1850)

Author(s): Miloslav Vojtech / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2012

The paper reflects the relationships of Slovak literatures of the national revival period (1780- 1850) to the dominating West European literatures (especially German, English and French). The attitude of Slovak authors of the national revival period towards these literatures, their authors, literary movements, trends and tendencies is an indicator of the specifics of domestic literature; it talks about its priorities as well as about its ideological limitations. We can see several paradoxes in the reception of West European literatures: non-reflecting the contemporaneous development in these literatures, selective approach to authors and works determined by ideology (e.g. refusal of the West European type of Romanticism, primarily Byronism and one sided-preference of Slavonic literatures), but also extra-literary realities as well as the pressure of censorship. Besides that, it is important also to regard the long-term confessional and language rupture of Slovak literary and cultural life in the period of the national revival, which lasted up to the 40s of the 19th century and was definitely solved in the 50s. The problem of the reception of West European literatures in Slovakia represents a proof that national literature on the one hand needed to demonstrate its openness to the world, but on the other hand often fell into its own cultural closeness created by the effort to protect the specific cultural individuality and particularity. This is a traditional dilemma of Slovak culture; dilemma between its open, cosmopolitan conception and provincialism related to political concepts of extreme conservatism.

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Pavel Josef Šafařík, savantul slovac de expresie cehă

Author(s): Anca Irina Ionescu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 4/2011

Pavel Josef Šafařík was a Slovak philologist, poet and one of the first scientists to study Slavs and their origin in Europe. He was also a literary historian and ethnographer. His main work was Slovanské starožitnosti (1837-1865, Prague) [Slavonic Antiquities], the first important research on the culture and history of the Slavs, describing their settlements, origin and languages. He is also one of the first scientists to get an interest in the language and history of the Romanians and their relations with the Slav populations thus marking the beginning of the Czech-Romanian literary and scientific relations.

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Interpretačné čítanie básne (Ľubomír Feldek: mozartov koncert)

Author(s): Braňo Hochel / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 4/2011

The interpretation of Feldek´s poem mozartov koncert (Mozart´ concert) from the collection Paracelsus (1973), originally a so-called translational interpretation, analyses the poem in detail. All meaningfull features – lexical, poetological, syntactical – of the poem as well as their mutual relations are taken into consideration to discover the meaning of the poem. Since the topic of the poem („legendary“ concert of W. A. Mozart in Bratislava), some toponyms and habits are very connected with the City of Bratislava, the „local meanings“ were taken into account. The interpretation results into the knowledge that mozartov koncert is the polemics of the local mythology, possibly it may be understood as a synecdoche if the polemics with wider social/political situation of the period („communism“).

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W poszukiwaniu kobiecych tradycji literackich. Zapomniane poetki słowackie pierwszej połowy XX wieku

Author(s): Rafał Majerek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2022

The article presents one of the publishing projects important in the context of Slovak literary studies in recent years, the anthology Sunken Souls. From Works by Slovak Female Poets in the First Half of the 20th Century (2017), edited by Andrea Bokníková. The book recalls the works of twelve women poets who were present in the literary life of the first decades of the 20th century, then gave up their literary activity for various reasons, and memory of them was gradually blurred. The published texts could be a starting point for reflection on the possibility of reinterpreting the history of Slovak literature and making its description more dynamic, e.g. thanks to the reconstruction of the line of women’s writing, often ignored or schematically presented in historical literary studies. This kind of project would correspond with the current search for new ways of conceptualising the literary past.

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Przełamywanie milczenia. Przemiany sposobów prezentacji problematyki LGBT+ we współczesnej prozie słowackiej

Author(s): Rafał Majerek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2022

In Slovakia after the Velvet Revolution of 1989 groups previously marginalized and discriminated against in the communism era, including the LGBT+ community, began activities aimed at obtaining full civil rights and developing forms of cultural representation. Gradually, the issues of non-heteronormativity began to appear in various areas of culture. As regards prose texts, which are the basis for the reflections presented in this paper, non-heteronormativity was initially portrayed in a stigmatizing, stereotype-based manner. Since the beginning of the 21st century, the dominant approach has been to expose the problem of LGBT+ people living in the closet, hiding their identity due to the homophobia in the society; the sphere of intimacy is considered as the only one that allows a sense of security and the free expression of affection and desire. In more recent works, examples of characters who have come out of the closet and have no problems with functioning openly in the family and social contexts begin to appear. The specificity of Slovak fiction featuring the themes of non-heteronormativity lies mainly in the lack of works of a clearly emancipatory nature, the domination of stories focused on intimate relations between women, and only occasionally introducing gay or transgender themes.

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