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This article is an attempt to specify the meanings of a child’s category, childhood and the best interest of the child made on the basis of analysis and interpretation of pedagogical thought of Janusz Korczak and literature analysis. The interpretations and references to Korczak’s thoughts have been there included. The research project were based on document content analysis. Korczak – the figure undoubtedly the foreground in Polish pedagogy and the world doctrine of children’s rights. It is his pedagogical practice and contemporary reception of his thoughts, made by educators and lawyers, that will become the basis for seeking the meanings of categories on which the modern doctrine of children’s rights and the system of their protection are built. As a result: the principle of the best interest of the child as a determinant of the pedagogical practice of Janusz Korczak has been normalized in the Convention on the Rights of the Child and other acts of Polish and international law. This category is interpreted dynamically in the context of changes in the discourses of a child and childhood functioning in social and political life, especially in the area of education and upbringing of the young generation. As a pedagogical category, it is visible in the reflection of many pedagogues as a central category, most often identified with the goal of all adult activities for the child.
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Analyzing the texts of Janusz Korczak, we focus mainly on the child (and childhood), which he put in the center of his reflections. He emphasized the importance of childhood humanity (full and not maimed), associated with it: the dignity of the child and respect for him and the world he created. The purpose of this text is to reflect on how Korczak perceived adults and adulthood and what meaning he gave them in his writings. In order to achieve such a goal, a phenomenographic analysis of the content of several leading works of Janusz Korczak was made. It seems that this topic, although not as expressive in his works as the theme of a child and childhood, is equally important, because in the care and education for centuries, children and adults face each other.
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The paper presents a number of problem research situations of reading in the University pedagogical training. The paper’s focus is on the Belarusian State Pedagogical University students’ addressing the heritage of the Polish pedagogue Janusz Korczak. Described are common readers’ strategies used by students in the process of learning and marginal textual tactics creating the possibilities of diversification of readers’ practices in class. The condition for such kind of transformation is Korczak’s specific design of pedagogical statement which enables him to act as a “screen” for students to project and implement their pedagogical experiences.
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The article presents the results of an educational research project implemented in the school year 2018/2019 in selected primary schools in urban environment (Łódź). The aim of the study was to diagnose Janusz Korczak’s “educational moments” in designing the process of developing cultural competence. The investigator appeared in the role participant as an observer (the researcher came from the examined environment and had the opportunity to “blend into” the events). The material came from participant observation. The observation embraced practical and socio-cognitive activity of the pupils. The results allow recognition in how a child, applying language, marks its being in the world, how it acts via language, how it uses language to reach the mysteries of the world and what it does with language during this operation. The final comment suggests that school is there to help a child to interpret the world, to recognize various phenomena, to assume attitudes towards them, and to make their independent evaluation.
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Janusz Korczak engaged children in writing novels intended for them. His writing experiments consisted in directly transferring children’s ideas to the paper, correcting and reworking the stories under the influence of the listeners’ comments, removing and cutting fragments of the text at their request. Following Korczak’s method, a reconstruction of understanding by modern children of created 85 years ago novel “Kajtuś Czarodziej” was made. Based on focus interviews, it was established that the fairytale context of reading is read by children on a multithreaded basis, filtered by reference to the present day, critically evaluated by older children. The linguistic layer is acceptable, while the transfer of the fairytale aspect to real life does not suit the contemporary young recipients. The children’s suggestions regarding the new plots of reading were mainly of mimetic character in relation to the original.
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Janusz Korczak has his unique contribution to the development of work with street children. The purpose of this text is an attempt to answer the question: what has Korczak in common with people who are working with the category of abandoned, neglected children nowadays? To what extent his views, developed over a hundred years ago, are an inspiration for educators taking up work in the street space today? To answer these questions I will refer both to Korczak’s thoughts contained in his works as well as to the texts created by contemporary educators. The analyses confirm that the common feature of the described projects is the concept of sharing the world. Both Korczak and pedagogues of the street situate themselves close to the children’s community, participating in their everyday life. Both pedagogues and Korczak refer to a similar concept of the child, focusing primarily on the child’s potential. They try to get to know the child’s living conditions and by understanding its habitus they aim to take actions appropriate to child’s abilities, avoiding elements of symbolic violence.
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Janusz Korczak’s literary writing can be perceived as an endeavour to change the world, to make the world fair and marked by greater solidarity. The reading of his texts draws attention of the recipient to the ways in which he characterises children and calls for the necessity of treating them rightly by adults. The author of the article focuses on the persuasiveness of narration, understood as a specific game played with the recipient, and the linguistic features used by Korczak in his literary works. The aim of the article is to show the linguistic features employed by Korczak in presenting theses regarding the situation of children and expressing his beliefs about the protection of children’s rights. The author analysed Korczak’s literary work entitled When I am Little Again. Stylistically diverse narration is subordinated to one goal – convincement of the recipient to the narrator’s arguments. Considered as a whole, the article is an attempt to combine a pedagogical perspective with the poetics of reception.
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The paper presents the evidence based practice approach to eliminate violence against children. Here, the official ban of all forms of violence is seen as a very effective and needed means. But on the other hand, the ban is seen as a first step, because other activities are needed to eliminate corporal punishment. Today actions often come from analyses of effective practice. The paper presents main foundations of the modern strategies to stop corporal punishment, coming from the analysis of one example of such an initiative – the international cooperation that aimed at finding out effective practice in several countries in Europe where the ban has been already introduced.
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The aim of the paper is to describe good practices in area of child’s protection according to the principle of child’s wellbeing in a crisis situation, more specifically – imprisonment of one of the parents. The paper presents assumptions and effects of an innovative social project implemented in cooperation with Puppet and Actor Theatre and Detention Center in Kielce (2015–2019). The programme’s goal was to support social re-adaptation process of convicted women and men by empowering family bonds, focusing especially on parent-child relations. The research methods are: analysis of legal acts, analysis of workshop contents and participant observation.
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The paper presents the issue of students adaptation to school life and shows its importance for the practice of early education teachers. In the text, school is defined as an institution which strives to subjugate the subjects operating within it while, paradoxically, giving them conditions for resisting the imposed rigours. While trying to deal with this complex reality, students have developed three main styles of adapting to its conditions. These include the following: insider, outsider, and subsider style. The first one is based on conformist actions. Outsiders engage in resistance behaviors which lead to their marginalization and even premature abandonment of the educational path. Subsiders are the ones who are able to resist and transform the dominant reality by acting in a space determined by the dominant culture while, at the same time, crossing the set boundaries.
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The paper presents the results of an educational research project implemented in the school year 2016/2017 in selected primary schools in urban environment (Łódź). The aim of the study was to diagnose oppositional discursive strategies (initial opposition movements, relationships between partners, reaching agreement), in a group of thirty 8- to 9-year-olds and 9- to 10-year-olds. The research was conducted in a place that provides children with natural play conditions (school common room). The investigator appeared in the role participant as an observer (the researcher came from the examined environment and had the opportunity to “blend into” the events). The material came from participant observation. The observation embraced practical and socio-cognitive activity of the pupils. The results enables recognition of cognitive-social and communicative-interactive competences of the child. In none of the observed opposition episodes physical violence was applied to the interlocutor (only in a few cases children continued to dispute). In the process of reaching agreement in disputable situations, the children focused on agreeing on conflicting behaviours, opinions or views without an adult intermediary (despite the fact that children did not always reach an immediate agreement in the disputed situation).
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The paper is a continuation and, at the same time, an empirical illustration of considerations regarding the production discourse of a talented student with neoliberal provenance (Męczkowska-Christiansen 2018). The presented analyses are embedded in the perspective of critical discourse analysis and include insight into selected school practices of meeting the challenges of gifted education. They used a variety of data, including document analysis and narrative interviews. As a result of the analyses, the school strategies for “dealing” with talented students were highlighted, emphasizing their exploitative dimension.
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In the paper I present results of studies recognising the place of informal educational diagnostics in early school education. I have subjected to analysis observations of lessons placed in 85 student portfolios, treating them as data found. For the coding and categorisation of data I have used the theory of technologically-oriented educational diagnostics. The results obtained revealed spheres of substantial desistance in informal teacher diagnosing, which creates conditions favouring occurrence of symbolic violence against pupils. The decline of teachers’ diagnostic abilities, as the source of this situation, I associate with the meaning which is commonly assigned to educational (curricular) packages offered by publishing houses, the quality of which has not been confirmed empirically in the process of trial implementations or standardisation, and which, despite that, are regarded as products of experts.
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The paper undertakes research meant to identify the teacher’s violent behaviour towards students during early school math lessons. The research conducted in grade one during the math class was used as an aid to deeper understanding of the phenomenon of violence in school. It was found that some lesson procedures, mathematical formulations, and cognitive situations can be seen from the perspective of teacher violence. Their effects can reduce pupils’ self-esteem, limit understanding of mathematics and hinder full participation in culture now and in the future.
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The author’s purpose is to convey the voice of the students with ADHD in the context of meanings they give to the school, themselves and their behaviours. The author therefore refers to her own research during which the younger school-aged children spoke about the situations associated with their everyday life at school. The analysis of the research material acquired by applying the individual qualitative interviews depicts the classroom as a space in which the students participating in the research face a lack of understanding from teachers and their peers, experience marginalization, exclusion and solitude.
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For several years in the social space, we have been observing the interpenetration of various phenomena in the government–family–child relationship. There has been a significant decline in the impact of traditional socialization centers on alternative entities. The circumstances described in the text make it possible to understand different contexts of contemporary transformations in the perception of parenthood, the family and its relations with the government. In the text I analyze a map of the problems of the modern family, which is still particularly important for the child’s social development and shaping his/her attitudes and behaviour.
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The purpose of the paper is to identify and analyse problems reported by non-religious parents. These parents are subjects of the education process whose children attend Polish educational (usually public) institutions, in which religion is one of the elements of the curriculum. The study is guided by the assumption that such a situation may lead to various tensions and conflicts, the expression of which can be found on the Internet as a space for communication and search for solutions. The research presented in this paper is of an exploratory nature. It includes content analysis of posts posted on one of the Facebook social networking groups. Analysed statements of non-religious parents indicate that pre-schools and primary schools are to a large extent institutions strongly connected with declared religious values, which also leads to a negative perception of non-religious parents and their children.
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This paper presents an overview of issues related to the problem of child sexualisation in the context of exposing children to sexualised images of teenagers and adults, especially in the context of promoting feminine beauty ideals as well as styling young girls as adults and giving them an erotic character. As a framework the definition of sexualisation developed by the APA was used. Possible consequences of sexualisation were discussed based on a review of previously published studies.
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In Poland there has been a ban on the use of corporal punishment of children since 2010. However, the results of the research presented in 2018 by The Ombudsman for Children of that time show that more than half of Polish parents use spanking in upbringing. In this paper I would like to find the reason why parents beat children, how they justify including corporal punishment or eliminating it from upbringing and how they perceive the child in mutual relations. A small part of the research presented by me is the result of the research process during which I conducted semi-structured interviews with parents. The material collected as the result of them was subjected to a phenomenographic analysis with the use of elements of the grounded theory and, as a result, three concepts of spanking which will be shown in the text appeared. The results of the research presented indicate that a spank is a discursive phenomenon which is perceived by some people as violence, harm and an unacceptable method in the educational process, and by others it is considered as a valuable, positive and needed element of mutual relations with the child. In the text I do not make an attempt to evaluate parental conceptions of spanking, but only to show the multiplicity of understanding it.
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