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What determines the varying relation of case and agreement? Evidence from the Ugric languages

Author(s): Katalin É. Kiss / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2020

Agreement and case assignment can be interdependent, partially independent, or independent of each other (Baker & Vinokurova 2010; Baker 2014, 2015). These parametric options appear to have random distribution across languages. This paper claims on the basis of the comparison of the Ugric languages (Mansi, Khanty, and Hungarian) that the correlation of case and agreement or the lack of it may not be random. A strict correlation of case and agreement is attested in sentence structures displaying a fusion of grammatical functions and discourse roles. When these roles are encoded in distinct clausal domains, case and agreement have separate functions and licensing conditions, with case marking grammatical functions, and agreement associated with discourse roles. At the same time, relics of their former syntactic interdependence may survive in morphology, resulting in a partial correlation between case and agreement. It is shown that dependent case theory can account for the whole range of variation attested in the relation of case and agreement.

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КОЛЛЕКЦИЯ ТВЕРСКИХ КАРЕЛЬСКИХ ДИАЛЕКТНЫХ МАТЕРИАЛОВ В ФОНОГРАММАРХИВЕ ИЯЛИ КарНЦ РАН

Author(s): Irina Petrovna Novak / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2021

The article presents an overview of the Tver Karelian audio materials stored in the phonogram archive of the Institute of Linguistics, Literature and History of the Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences(Petrozavodsk). The records were made by the members of the institute between 1958 and 1983 with the help of168 informants in 62 settlements of eight districts of the Kalinin (Tver) region. The materials of this collection have scientific, cultural and historical value. They contain speech samples of all three Tver dialects of the Karelian Proper:Tolmachi, Vesyegonsk and Derzha. The collected stories describe in detail all aspects of life of a Tver Karelian family in the late XIX and the XX centuries. Samples of different folklore genres of the Tver Karelians can serve as a basis for studying the folklore traditions of the region. The main materials of the collection are summarized in two tables that will help the users navigate the collection. The studied source may be of interest to a wide range of specialists, including linguists, folklorists, historians and ethnographers.

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N-овые отрицательные элементы пермских языков в контексте финно-угорских реконструкций

Author(s): Galina Fedyuneva / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2021

Among the reliably etymologized markers of negation in a number of modern Finno-Ugric (and Samoyed) languages ń-(n)-elements are found that cannot be unambiguously interpreted. Most of them are the result of reception of the Russian negative particles не and ни, but in the Permic and Ugric languages there are n-negations that are difficult to explain by the Russian influence. These are the element ne̮- ~ no- in the prefix of the Permic negative pronouns, the Komi pronoun ńi-nem, ńem ’nothing’, the Ob-Ugric prefix of negative pronouns ne-/nem- ~ nē-/nēm-, and the Hungarian negation particles ne and nem ’no, not’ having in their composition, unlike Russian borrowings, the non-palatal n. Hypotheses about their origin are based on two opposite points of view, namely (1) they are of Finno-Ugric (Uralic) origin, or (2) in the proto-language there was no n-(ń-)-negation, and these elements appeared in modern languages late and independently. An attempt is made to verify these hypotheses, first of all, from the point of view of the Permic material, which has not yet received detailed coverage, but the proto-Finno-Ugric (Uralic) reconstruc­tion of n-negation directly depends on its reliability. The considered material makes it possible to doubt the presence of a common etymon not only in the Finno-Ugric proto-language, but even in its Finno-Permic or Ugric branches. More promising is the search of intra-linguistic explanations for each individual case, taking into account the powerful external influence of the Russian language. The author’s version of the origin of the Permic negations is given against the background of a commented review of n-markers of negation in those Finno-Ugric languages, which not only borrowed Russian particles, but also formed a full series of negative pronouns under the Russian influence. In turn, this led to a partial restructuring of the Finno-Ugric strategy of negation according to the Russian model. Russian influence undoubt­edly took place in the formation of Permic and Ob-Ugric negative pronouns with n-prefixes, at least with regard to their structure and acquisition of negative ­meaning, but their material source, apparently, were autochthonous intensifying particles.

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Simultaneity and Epistemic Access in Kazym Khanty Temporal Subordination

Author(s): Nikita Muravyev / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

This paper explores two non-finite temporal adverbial constructions, V-m/t- + măr and V-t- + sa, in the Kazym dialect of Khanty spoken in Kazym village, Khanty-Mansi autonomous region, Russia. The V-t- + sa construction expresses the meaning of point simultaneity (’when’), whereas the V-m/t- + măr construction is mainly used in the meaning of interval simultaneity (’while’). Yet, a more detailed look at these constructions reveals an additional discourse-level contrast in the direct accessibility of the main event. V-t- + sa describes simultaneously occurring events directly attested by the Speaker, whereas the use of V-m/t- + măr is preferred in evidential, modal and other subjective contexts where the presence of the main event is subject to the Speaker’s inference, hearsay, conjecture or imagination. Although the Speaker’s point of view is default, there are certain contexts in which the perspective switches to some other participant of the discourse. The behavior of V-m/t- + măr and V-t- + sa is modelled in the cognitive framework of Mental Spaces Theory.

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Юбилей Д. В. Цыганкинa [D. V. Cygankin 95]

Author(s): Nina Agafonova,Ivan Ryabov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2021

D. V. Cygankin 95

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Юбилей профeссора П. Н. Лизанца

Author(s): Myroslava Fabian / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2021

Professor P. N. Lizanec 90

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Вербальный мир в алфавитном порядке. К юбилею Люции Михайловны Безносиковой

Author(s): Aleksej Musanov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2021

For the Anniversary of Lucia Michailovna Beznosikova

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Юбилей М. В. Мосина

Author(s): A. M. Kočevatkin / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2021

M. V. Mosin 80

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Юбилей Л. Е. Кирилловой

Author(s): Ljudmila L. Karpova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2021

Anniversary of L. J. Kirillova

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Юбилей Е. А. Цыпанова

Author(s): Galina Punegova,Aleksej Musanov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2021

J. A. Cypanov 60

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Postcolonialism in Central Europe • (A linguistic perspective)

Author(s): Gábor Tolcsvai Nagy / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

The paper discusses the post-1990 historical developments in Central Europe as a specific instantiation of postcolonialism, particularly in the linguistic domain. After the severe communist rule and Soviet military occupation in most countries (which enjoyed a non-typical colonial status), this region was freed, but many socio-cultural features of culture, language policy, language use, and everyday communication activities show that many forms practiced during the colonial period are still maintained. These remnants show a certain postcolonial way of life in the region. The paper first surveys the literature, discussing the validity of the notion of postcolonialism for the given period in Central Europe. In the second part, general postcolonial features pertaining to the Hungarian language community are introduced. These features are detailed first focusing on the developments in Hungary, then on the minority Hungarian communities across the border around Hungary. Factors are presented including communicative systems, language policy, language variants, reflection, and self-reflection on the language community and identification, language rights, and public education, with attention paid to adherence to colonial schemas and the quick transition to postmodern communication forms.

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Minority language policy and bilingual name semiotic landscape in Slovakia

Author(s): Ján Bauko / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

The present paper addresses the issue of the interrelatedness of Slovakia’s minority language policy and the bilingual name semiotic landscape; more specifically, the name semiotic landscape of settlements populated by Slovakia Hungarians and the way Slovakia’s laws regulating name use affect visual proper noun use in the country. The name semiotic landscape constitutes an integral part of the linguistic landscape, comprising proper nouns and extralinguistic signs referring to, or accompanying names in name plates, signage in public spaces, and on various other surfaces. The name semiotic landscape is a component, an aspect, and a consequence of language policy and name policy. The way minority proper nouns can be displayed in public spaces is regulated by laws approved by the state. Some areas (such as personal name plates, business cards, and names of private institutions) are unregulated, and the forms of proper nouns can be chosen freely. This paper seeks to answer the following questions: to what extent are minority language rights implemented in visual name use in settlements populated by Slovakia Hungarians, whether Hungarian name usage is spreading, and to what extent do signage and name plates contain proper nouns in a Hungarian form. In bilingual societies, proper nouns and other signs in the minority language increase the prestige of the minority language and have the function of marking ethnic identity. In this paper, the proper noun semiotic, place name semiotic, and institution name semiotic landscapes are investigated for various proper noun types in Slovakia Hungarian settlements.

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The present and future of Hungarian regional dialects in Slovakia

Author(s): Anna Sándor / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

This paper focuses on characterizing the present day situation of Slovakia Hungarian dialects and on outlining strategy for the future based on the status quo. After a brief overview of the dialect regions and their subregions, the present situation of Slovakia Hungarian dialects is described. The situation of the dialects is dependent on their linguistic features, their distance from the standard, as well as on extralinguistic (demographic, geographic, social, economic, educational, cultural, and settlements structural) factors. The present situation of the Slovakia Hungarian dialects is discussed, along with their changes, functions, and attitudes attached to them. The paper concludes that the differences are greater between the Slovakia Hungarian vs. Hungary Hungarian dialects than among the various Slovakia Hungarian dialects.

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Digital methods in researching Slovakia Hungarian regional dialects

Author(s): Károly Presinszky / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

This study overviews the most recent digital methods used in Slovakia Hungarian dialectology. Slovakia Hungarian dialectology started out by using the most modern digital methods in 2010 at Nitra/Nyitra university, creating regional dialect databases, first for the Žitný ostrov/Csallóköz region and then for the whole Slovakia Hungarian dialect region. Recording and processing data has been carried out with the help of the Bihalbocs software developed by Domokos Vékás and Fruzsina Sára Vargha in Hungary. The present paper first provides an overview of digital methods in dialectology and its results for Hungarian dialects, and then summarizes the results of the Nitra/Nyitra team so far, illustrating the diversity of digitized dialectological data. It discusses the findings of publications reporting on the results of this research, including maps showing the geographical and social distribution of linguistic phenomena and acoustic phonetic analyses of data aligned with sound files. Important output of this research also includes recently published audiobooks of Slovakia Hungarian dialects. The paper outlines further avenues of research based on the most recent findings.

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A receding paradigm as a tool of language discrimination

Author(s): István Kozmács / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

The 1Sg forms of ik-verbs are identical in the definite and indefinite conjugations in Standard Hungarian. The use of nonstandard forms can evoke discrimination despite the fact that it has been well-known for a long time that by the 18th century the ik-paradigm survived only in some eastern and western dialects of the language (Simonyi, 1906a, p. 14; Brassai, 2011, p. 253; Benkő, 1992, p. 213). In the early 19th century the language revival movement revived the disappearing ik-conjugation (Révai, 1806) and made it part of the educated, literary, and later standard variety. The present paper demonstrates how a paradigm that almost completely receded became the tool of language stigmatization as a result of the actions of those with linguistic power, and shows, on the basis of a questionnaire based study, to what extent the ik-paradigm is present in the language use of 14–19-year-olds at the beginning of the 21st century. This paper addresses the issue, on the one hand, of how the use of the ik-conjugation of Hungarian can still be the measure of educated speech in Hungarian despite the fact that, according to historical linguistic evidence, this conjugation was no longer used in most of the Hungarian language area over 200 years ago. On the other hand, I aim to demonstrate, on the basis of a questionnaire based survey, that education is the most important factor in the continuing use of the conjugation (or the remnants of it).

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The Linguistic Portrait of Vach-Vasjugan Khanty: Researchers, Materials, Methods

Author(s): Victoria Vorobeva,Natalia Dubrovskaya,Irina Novitskaya / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

The aim of this study is to survey language materials and scientific works on the Vach-Vasjugan group of Eastern Khanty with a view to their systematic presentation. This overview draws on a vast body of language data and scientific works ­written by linguists from Russia, Hungary, Finland and Germany among others. These materials include both published and unpublished works, for example, the archive data kept in the Laboratory of Siberian Indigenous Languages named after A. P. Dulson at Tomsk State Pedagogical ­University, the Research Library at Tomsk State University and fieldwork data of one of the authors. An extensive body of research on the Vach-Vasjugan group of Eastern Khanty covers a continuous and more-than-a-century long period. Numerous studies conducted by an international cohort of researchers over this timespan have all contributed to ­gaining new insights into distinctive features of the varieties in question. The focus in this ­article is on the history of research on ­Eastern Khanty, covering the period between the ­beginning of the nineteenth century and the present. It enables us to survey the Khanty materials produced in the course of research and to develop common strategies in presenting ­findings.

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Роль А. Н. Грена в развитии коми лингвистики и не только

Author(s): Jevgenij Cypanov,Igor' Žerebcov,V. A. Semjonov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2021

A. N. Gren and Komi linguistics

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A kivitelezés hibái mint megakadásjelenségek középiskolások fogalmazásaiban

Author(s): Edit Katona / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2015

The paper analyses the errors in compositions of high school students. The work relies on the psycholinguistics results of the speech performance researches, since just like when speaking, at the formation of the written work, first we look up the words in the mental lexicon being equal to the thought, and then we order them according to the grammatical rules, communicational situations, and pragmatic relations. In writing and speaking it is common that the same base of consciousness and the same or similar planning skills can be used in both methods of the usage. The examination of the errors also shows that the units of planning and implementation process can be hardly separated from each other.

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A deixis szerepe a tér- és időviszonyok ábrázolásában

Author(s): Anita Ujvári Tóth / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2015

The paper deals with the deixises traceable in the dramatic interlocutions, herein with the deixis of space and time. It examines the impact the deixis, as a microlevel element, has on the macro level of the text. It aspires for the presentation of space and time relations, the analyses present the intercourse of space and time relations with deixis. The samples are taken from the winning dramas of the Hungarian Playwriting competition in Vojvodina between 2010 and 2014.

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A magyar nyelv areális európaisága

Author(s): László Molnár Csikós / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2015

At the time of the conquest of their homeland in the Carpathian Basin the Hungarian speaking community settled among people speaking Indo-European languages. In order to survive, Hungarian had to adjust so as to align with the Indo-European languages. It adopted a great number of words from Latin, German and Slavic languages. It was not only the Indo-European languages which influenced Hungarian but Hungarian also had an impact on them. It had a particularly strong influence on Bunjevac and Rusyn (Ruthenian). Hungarian can be classified among the Danubian language alliance from the areal typological perspective, since it has been shaped in a continuous relationship with the Indo-European languages. The system of the Hungarian language combines its traditional elements with Indo-European patterns. Appositional adverbs with an attributive function and relative clauses with attributive function are considered to be Indo-European patterns. Futurity by circumlocution and the replacement of the potential or permission form expressed by the suffix -hat/-het by the verb tud (may/can) and the infinitive, are also evidence of Indo-European influence. The relationship between Hungarian and the Indo-European languages was also affected by the fact that due to assimilation, many speakers of German and Slavic origin acquired the Hungarian language. Indo-European influences on the structure of Hungarian were not as substantial as to turn Hungarian into an Indo-European language.

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