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The Methods of Expressing Obligation in English, Hungarian, and Polish Statutory Instruments

Author(s): Karolina Kaczmarek,ALEKSANDRA MATULEWSKA,Przemysław Wiatrowski / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

The authors analyze the structure of imperative clauses in English, Hungarian, and Polish statutory instruments, including the EU ones. The emphasis is put on the exponents of modal meanings used in the above-mentioned three languages. The clauses are analyzed from a semantic and syntactic perspective. Grammatical and lexical exponents of deontic modality in English, Hungarian, and Polish are compared. The semantic components constituting modally marked utterances are described.

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Die Bedeutung von László Hadrovics im Bereich der kroatistischen Philologie

Author(s): István Vig / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2016

The present paper is a narrower cross-section of the very rich contribution to Croatistics by the Hungarian linguist László Hadrovics (1910–1996). It presents the findings of his research entailing the contact between the Hungarian and the Croatian languages, the Croatian literary language in Burgenland (former Western Hungary) as well as his findings in etymological studies. Hadrovics was a prominent, internationally acknowledged linguist of his time. His great achievements are marked by the richness in data and by the numerous novel methodological approaches applied in his monograph on the words of Hungarian origin in the Serbo-Croatian language. His book served as a pattern to a great number of successive publications. His work on the Croatian literary language in Burgenland, among others, publishes its first dictionary of this kind. As far as his etymological studies are concerned, the renewal of his research methods is of prominent interest. Hadrovics broke up with the practice of earlier etymological research which was based on using dictionary entries. The author went back to the sources themselves, which yielded much more reliable results. With his new approach, he gained outstanding results, even on an international level.

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Emotional Activation Measured Using the Emotional Stroop Task in Early Hungarian–Serbian Bilinguals From Serbia

Author(s): Beáta Grabovac,Csaba Pléh / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2014

The primary goal of this research was to examine the processing of emotionally valenced and neutral words in the context of bilingualism. The objective was to find out, using an experimental measure of automatic emotional activation, if there were differences in response time in the first and the second language, Hungarian and Serbian respectively. The sample consisted of early Hungarian–Serbian bilinguals, assimilated into the Serbian majority culture. The emotional Stroop task is an experimental paradigm, which has been adapted to measurebilingual population in the past few years. The emotional Stroop interference could be counted from response time latencies, which is usually an effect showing longer responses to negative vs. neutral information. Hungarian and Serbian negatively, positively and neutrally valenced words were used in the research. Our hypothesis was that there would be a similar emotional activation in the first and the second language and that negative words would be processed the longest. The result of the research was a significant main effect of word type, where the negative information captured the attention for a longer period of time than the neutral one. A similar pattern of word processing showed in both languages, there were no significant differences between Hungarian and Serbian reaction times and the interaction between word type and language was not significant. The results suggested that early Hungarian–Serbian bilinguals were equally effective and fast in monitoring emotional information in both of their languages, giving emphasis through more elaborative processing to the threatening stimuli.

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Book Reviews

Author(s): István Vásáry,Klára Agyagási / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2013

Review of: 1. András Róna-Tas and Árpád Berta “West Old Turkic: Turkic loanwords in Hungarian (Turcologica 84).”; 2 volumes. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 2011. pp 1494. by: Klára Agyagási 2. Sándor Klára “Nyelvrokonság és hunhagyomány. Rénszarvas vagy csodaszarvas? Nyelvtörténet és művelődéstörténet [Linguistic affinity and the Hun tradition. Reindeer or miracle stag? Historical linguistics and cultural history].”; Budapest: TypoTEX, 2011. pp 468. by: István Vásáry

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Hrvatski jezični atlas – istraživanja u Mađarskoj, posebno zapadnoj (osvrt)

Author(s): Mijo Lončarić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2/2013

The Croatian language, comprising huge differences considering the number of its speakers, being very important for the reconstruction of a Slavic proto-language (Čakavian accentuation), has become the object of dialectological research early. It has been included in the Slavic Linguistic Atlas (OLA) and in the European Linguistic Atlas (ALE). It was included in the Serbo-Croatian Dialectological Atlas, which was abandoned. In 1996, the Croatian Language Atlas (Hrvatski jezični atlas – HJA) was established by M. Lončarić at the Institute of Croatian Language and Linguistics in Zagreb, with expected 400 research points (in Croatia, Bosnia & Herzegovina and diaspora). The fieldwork was planned to be finished in 6–8 years but the unsufficient funding made the dynamics of the project much slower. Currently, about three-quarters of the expected points have been researched: all the Čakavian ones, while onefifth of the Kajkavian and one-third of the Štokavian ones remain. For the Čakavian points, phonological descriptions have been made, on a model similar to OLA phonological descriptions, and they are currently in print. The paper provides an overview of research in Hungary, especially in its Western part, in particular the results of a recent study of the Štoji dialects.

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Ungarischer Einfluss auf die kroatischen Lexeme im fünfsprachigen Wörterbuch von Faust Vrančić

Author(s): István Vig / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2013

This paper analyzes Hungarian–Croatian equivalents in Vrančić’s dictionary. It concludes that Vrančić did not know the Croatian equivalents of some of the Latin words, so he created new words on the pattern of the corresponding Hungarian lexemes. His expressions can be classified as various types of loanshifts. It is only his loan translations that prove to be correct, his suggestions are usually wrong either in semantic or functional aspects. The given examples also cast light on the fact that Vrančić is confident, he does not hesitate to create new words and he is ready to ignore some of the rules of word formation as well.

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Славянские диалекты Карпатского бассейна во время прихода венгров (IX в.)

Author(s): András Zoltán / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2013

In this paper, the author investigates the oldest Slavic borrowings to Hungarian with regard to the reconstruction of the dialectal landscape of Slavic in the Carpathian Basin at the time when the Hungarian tribes arrived here at the end of the 9th century. According to some phonetic criteria, it seems that the Hungarians found two main Slavic dialects in their new homeland: the Pannonian Slavic with mixed West and South Slavic features and the Bulgarian Slavic.

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Maďarské lexikálne prvky v českom slovníku Juraja Palkoviča

Author(s): Péter Király / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2011

The Slovak evangelical priest Juraj Palkovič (Georg Palkowitsch), who worked as a professor in Bratislava, collected 240 loanwords borrowed from Hungarian or through Hungarian mediation in his two-volume dictionary published in 1820 and 1821 as a Czech language edition. His work reflects the language situation of Slovak evangelical people living in Hungary in the 18th and 19th centuries.

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Zuverlässigkeit älterer mehrsprachiger Wörterbücher am Beispiel des fünfsprachigen Dictionariums von Faust Vrančić

Author(s): István Vig / Language(s): German Issue: 2/2012

Historical lexicography and history of words fail to examine the validity of the words in old dictionaries. This gap is attempted to be filled up with this present study on the five-language dictionary (Latin, Italian, German, Croatian, and Hungarian) compiled by Faust Vrančić, a Croatian author, published in 1595, which is analyzed by seven criteria. The words analyzed are equivalent to Latin nouns and adjectives. The Latin lexemes comprise more than half of the entries, which is a substantial sample to draw general conclusions. It is pointed out in the study that the dictionary provided help primarily in understanding Latin texts. It may have been to the greatest use of speakers of the four (non-Latin) vulgar languages at mother tongue competence or those who were familiar with them. The dictionary seems not to have been adequate in all cases for those interested in these languages to enlarge their vocabulary.

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O spójności syntaktycznych kryteriów systematyzacji polskich i węgierskich części mowy

Author(s): Elżbieta Artowicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2010

The aim of the paper is to verify the possibility of the parallel use of the formal criteria of systematization for parts of speech proposed by Polish and Hungarian linguists in their recent works dealing with problems of morphological description. Two possible approaches are considered: the morphological and the syntactic approach. The paper focuses on the syntactic criteria regarded as more universal. The term has several interpretations. Some authors understand it as e.g. the autonomy of a lexeme in utterance, linking functions, types of syntactic relationships, superiority or subordination in a phrase, morphological accommodation within a syntactic group. Some selected recent approaches to the systematization of Polish and Hungarian parts of speech are discussed. The Polish model drawn up by Roman Laskowski is based on the top-down principle and the use of several syntactic properties of lexemes. The approach adopted by István Kenesei for Hungarian lexemes follows a method formulated within generative grammar, which may be described as the grass-roots method. The results of the comparative analysis are summed up in a tabular form.

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Tyle, co kot napłakał, czyli krótkich zdań kilka na temat językowego obrazu kota w polskiej i węgierskiej frazeologii

Author(s): Dorota Dziewońska-Kiss / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2010

In this paper the author presents the linguistic image of the lexemes with cat in Polish and in Hungarian phraseological units. The analysis shows that the cognitive basis of this concept is made up of several categories and conceptualizations. In both languages the image of cat is in most cases similar to and corresponds with the human behaviour.

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A New General Atlas of Hungarian Dialects is Forthcoming

Author(s): Jenő Kiss / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2010

The author presents the New General Atlas of Hungarian Dialects which is in progress. We get a short review about the necessity of a new general dialect atlas in Hungary. The main reason is the radical decrease of dialect words which was effected by the end of the traditional agricultural way of life. The other reason is that the data of the first general Hungarian Dialect Atlas was collected between 1949 and 1964. The author presents the aspects of the research and the content of the questionnaires; the character und the number of the lexical, morphological, syntactical, and sociolinguistic questions; and the sociolinguistic aspects of the informant selection. The collection was started in 2007 and will be finished in 2011.

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Optional Word-Order Shifts in Translation Into and From Hungarian

Author(s): Kinga Klaudy / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2010

The author claims that word-order shifts take place in the course of the translation of almost every sentence of translated texts, regardless of language-pair and direction of translation. Some of these shifts are obligatory, since without them we would not get a grammatically correct TL sentence. Another class of word-order shifts is not obligatory but optional. Optional word-order shifts are performed in order to ensure the cohesion of the TL text. Obligatory word-order shifts which lead to a grammatically correct TL sentence may distort the communicative structure: cohesive ties get loose, unimportant elements get highlighted and important elements are blurred. Many optional word-order changes are performed in order to preserve the communicative structure of the sentences, and thus the cohesion of the text. The present paper will discuss the different types of optional word-order shifts in translation from Hungarian into IE languages and vice versa.

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Слова и выражения, производные от имен литературных героев в венгерском и польском языках

Author(s): Zsuzsanna Ráduly / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2010

A special part of the lexicon of each language is formed by proper names that became common words, i.e. eponyms. The aim of this study is the presentation of eponyms that derive from the names of famous heroes in literature. These heroes usually have some characteristic attributes or accomplished a special deed, and the words deriving from their names symbolise the given attribute or deed.

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Küzmičev prevod Novega zakona v luči prevzemanja besed iz madžarščine

Author(s): Mária Bajzek / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 2/2009

This paper analyzes the spiritual background of the Mura Region Slovenian priest Števan Küzmič’a (1723–1779) oeuvre, especially the circumstances and sources of his translation of the Bible, looking for the answer if he really translated the New Testament from Greek as it is stated in the title. Hungarian Calvinists were provided with two translations of the Bible when the Slovenian version was made, thanks to György Bárány and János Szabó Sartorius. The structure, content and message of the forewords written by József Torkos to Števan Küzmič’s Slovenian and András Torkos’s Hungarian translation of the Bible is similar. In Küzmič’s case the use of Hungarian patterns can be proved by borrowings from Hungarian, word formation based on Hungarian models as well as Hungarian governments and idioms. Števan Küzmič aimed at the purity of the Mura Region language but he had to borrow also from other languages to translate the complex Biblical text properly. He created a great work for Slovenians, raising the Mura Region Slovenian onto the level of a standard language.

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Этимологический анализ некоторых параллельных фразеологических единиц

Author(s): Imre Pacsai / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2009

The etymological analysis of Slavic phraseological units offers the possibility to discover new and perspectives correspondences, as justified by the findings of Opalkova (2004) and Mokienko (2008). This study contains the analysis of areal aspects of some Slovak phraseological units that involved as a result of cultural and linguistic contacts in the Carpathian Basin. Certain parallels were found between Hungarian and Slovak phraseological units, which made a more extended investigation necessary between the transmitter and recipient languages. The investigation included the examination of European languages that had direct contact with both Hungarian and Slovak to establish the presented or lack of a given structure. In the case of the examined parallel structures it was justified that the metaphorical image of the phraseological expression is generally missing from European languages. Further parallel forms were found in Turkish that envolved as a result of Finno-Ugrian and Turkish contacts. This phenomenon entails that the Slovak phraseological units arrived in Slovak from the Hungarian. The transmission is further justified by the fact that Slovak phraseology uses words in metaphorical images borrowed from Hungarian that have a Turkish origin. This relationship could only be formed via Hungarian and Slovak contacts. This comparative analysis hopefully contributes to the systematic etymological analysis of Slovak phraseology deemed necessary by Opalkova.

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Metalinguistik - Sprache und Texttypen der heutigen ungarischen Folklore

Author(s): Géza Balázs / Language(s): German Issue: 1(2)/2007

The European equivalent of “anthropological linguistics” is “ethnolinguistics” or “metalinguistics”.The study proves that since the 19th century the ethnolinguistic approach is constant, although not emphatic, in the Hungarian linguistics.

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Obraz Polaka i Węgra w przysłowiach polskich i węgierskich

Author(s): Janusz Bańczerowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1(2)/2007

The names of peoples, nations and tribes do not only have a reference function but also evoke stereotypic forms of consciousness and thus turn into carriers of various judgments. The author reconstructs the images of the Poles and Hungarians fixed in Polish and Hungarian proverbs, demonstrating how these peoples see themselves and each other.

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Slawische Elemente in der Sprache der ungarischen Dörfer der westlichen Region

Author(s): Miklós Guttmann / Language(s): German Issue: 1(2)/2007

The paper analyzes the data related to the Slavic words used in the language of Hungarian villages of Western Hungary. Its aim is to draw attention to the phenomena of Hungarian–Slavic (namely Slovenian and Croatian) linguistic contacts.

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Komunikatywność języka prawnego w świetle tekstów prawnych i prawniczych w języku polskim, węgierskim i angielskim

Author(s): Karolina Kaczmarek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1(2)/2007

Legal texts are formulated in a specific language called the language of the law. It is a language for special purposes which may be further divided into several sub-languages. In Poland lawyers, as a rule, differentiate (i) statutory language which is the language of statutory instruments and (ii) legal language used by lawyers. The language of legal texts is often more complex than a colloquial one and thus often difficult to follow for common people. The fact that the language of the law is often misunderstood by citizens leads to many discussions concerning the reform of the language. The question is how such texts should be formulated to meet the following criteria: (i) the language of the law should be understood by text recipients and (ii) at the same time the language of the law should be precise. Some ambiguity, however, may be intentional and may serve certain purposes. Consequently, legal texts are subject to standardization process as a result of which one may observe the increased number of forms introduced to facilitate legal communication in a broad sense.

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