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Функционална субституция на средните гласните [e–ɛ] и на широката гласна [e] в устната практика на френския и българския език

Author(s): Veska Kirilova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2021

The present study examines the manifestation of some functional substitution processes occurring with the French vowels [e], [ɛ] and with the Bulgarian vowel [e] in the oral practice of the French and Bulgarian languages. The aim of the research is not only to describe the observed processes, but also to establish the substitutes of the vowels under discussion, the phonetic factors determining the substitution course and the pronunciation tendency it leads to in both languages.

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Lühikroonika

Author(s): Not Specified Author / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 10/2021

Chronicle of events.

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Lühikroonika

Author(s): Not Specified Author / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 11/2021

Chronicle of events.

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Lühikroonika

Author(s): Not Specified Author / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 12/2021

Chronicle of events.

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Kas katikahammustamatu etümoloogiline pähkel - linnased 'idandatud (odra)terad'?

Author(s): Lembit Vaba / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 3/2022

There is still no good etymology for the Estonian-Votic terms for malt – Est. linnas, usu. pl linnased, Vot. linnaz, linnahzõt. The etymologies offered this far are based on occasional juxtapositions without sufficient semantic motivation, thus raising more questions than providing answers. The main Finnic brewing terms are Germanic (Scandinavian) loanwords, while Est. õlu ‘beer’ etc. is either of Germanic or Baltic origin. This article considers the possible Baltic (Balto-Slavic) origin of the Estonian-Votic malt name, seeing the donor form in the Balto-Slavic stem variant *linda- (*lindā) ~ *ln̥da- (< I.E. lendh-), some of whose Baltic descendants are Lith. lį̇̃sti (< *lind-ti; leñda, liñdo) ‘to crawl, move slowly, drag (on); germinate, sprout etc.’, Latv. lìst (lìen ~ lìed, lìda) ‘crawl, creep, move slowly; squeeze in; appeal (to), please; cut, mow; sprout, germinate etc.’, OPru. lindan (accsg) ‘valley’, Rus. ляда ’assarted field or grassland; a plot of woods or bush assigned for slash and burn; virgin land; fallow land overgrown with grass or brushwood; low grass; bush, young woodland etc.’, (O)Cz. lado ‘overgrown, fallow, bad land’, Pol. lada ‘virgin land’ etc. (Slav. *lęd-). The presumed meaning of the Baltic (Balto-Slavic) source word is ‘germ, sprout (of a plant or grain)’. The borrowing must have adapted to the nouns with inflectional suffix -kse: *linta- > *linδa-kse-. The above etymological suggestion is supported by some (East) Slavic malt names analogously associated with germination such as Rus. dial. рóща ‘growth force; germ, sprout; greenery; shoot, runner; young mixed forest; germinated barley, malt’, рости́ло ‘rye malt’, BRus. рόшча ‘shoot, plant, germinated grains, growth in length’. Those Slavic malt names have semantic Finnic parallels such as Vot. itü ‘germ; malt’, Fin. dial. itu ‘germ’: itujauhot ‘malt’, Ingr. iDü ‘malt’, Olon. idy ‘germinated grains before drying’ etc., Lud. id́u: id́ud́auhod pl ‘malt flour’, Veps. idu, id́u: idujouh.

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Murdelugusid Ristilt ja Harju-Madiselt

Author(s): Meeli Sedrik / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 04/2018

Review of: Evi Juhkam. Loode-Eesti murdelood. Risti ja Harju-Madise. (Valimik murdetekste IX.) Tallinn: EKSA, 2017. 279 lk.

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Mis keeles räägivad kondid ja potikillud?

Author(s): Sven-Erik Soosaar / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 08-09/2018

Review of: Valter Lang. Läänemeresoome tulemised. (Muinasaja teadus 28.) Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus, 2018. 320 lk.

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Eesti keele ja kirjanduse instituut - Paul Laan 90

Author(s): Raimo Raag / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 08-09/2018

Et sellise nimega asutus nagu Eesti Keele ja Kirjanduse Instituut on olnud olemas Stockholmis, tuleb kindlasti nii mõnelegi üllatusena. Nime põhjal pole raske arvata, et instituut tegeles eesti keele ja kirjandusega, aga vaid vähesed on oletatavasti kursis sellega, millega selle nime all Läänemere teisel kaldal tegeldi ja kes selle tegevuse taga seisid.

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Tõlkes leitud, tõlkes kaduma läinud

Author(s): Mall Jõgi / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 11/2018

Review of: Стратегии nеревода и государственный контроль. Translation Strategies and State Control. (Acta Slavica Estonica IX.) Труды по русской и славянской филологии. Литературоведение. Tartu: University of Tartu Press, 2017. 395 lk.

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Vist või kindlasti? - Tõenäosuspartikli vist pikk teekond eesti kirjakeeles

Author(s): Külli Habicht,Külli Prillop / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 1-2/2022

A survey is given of the development of the content and shape of the epistemic particle vist in Estonian texts from the oldest written records to this day. Diachronic analysis revealed a change in the use and meaning of the particle, notably, a gradual decrease in its epistemic certainty. In 17th century texts the forerunner of the modern particle vist was the adverb vissist, meaning ‘for sure’, but in modern standard Estonian vist expresses medium certainty, like oletatavasti ‘probably’. Consequently, we have to do with a process of pragmaticalization. According to our analysis of old dictionaries and texts the shortening vissisti > vist must have occurred nearly two centuries before the semantic change ‘for sure’ > ‘probably’. We assumed that the possible reason for the shortening lay in oral language usage, whence the first appearance of vist in the 1660s, first in Heinrich Göseken’s dictionary (1660) and almost simultaneously in Pastor Christoph Blume’s writings, especially in his hymns. At the time the meaning of both short and long forms was ‘for sure’. In 18th century texts the frequencies of the variants vist and vissisti are nearly equal, whereas in the 19th century vist becomes nearly thrice as frequent as vissisti. The semantic change of ‘for sure’ > ‘probably’ appears in writing since the late 19th century. There are also some bridging constructions illustrating the process of reanalysis. The derivative process of the particle vist is particularly noteworthy: Since the mid-19th century the particle vististi appears in literary Estonian, which was first associated with the initial meaning of vist ‘for sure’, but by today both vist and vististi have aquired the meaning of ‘probably’ (medium certainty). Such semantic change is not, however, unique as similar tendencies can be found in Russian, German and Galician, for example. Therefore, diachronic development of discourse particles certainly deserves more specific qualitative research in the future.

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Kes või mis oli Jörru?

Author(s): Külli Prillop / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 7/2022

In 1695 Christian Kelch, the then pastor of Järva-Jaani, published his chronicle “Liefländische Historia”, which also contained an Estonian folk song titled “Jörru, jörru”, with German translation. This was the first Estonian folk song to appear in print; owing to Johann Gottfried von Herder it became known even more widely. Despite repeated analysis of the text, the meaning of jörru has remained a mystery to this day. In Herder’s “Volkslieder” there is a note explainig Jörru as the male name Georg. This interpretation has been predominant, although it contradicts Kelch’s original explanation of Jörru being a young man’s word of address for his beloved girl. Possibly Herder did not find the text in Kelch’s chronicle but in a Königsberg newspaper, where the song had been published in 1764 without Kelch’s comment. Kelch, however, had a good reason to explicate the meaning of Jörru, as he wanted to refute an earlier claim that Jörru refers to Jerusalem and the song as a whole expresses the longing of a people for their former homeland. The article hypothesizes that jörru is the Middle Low German gör ‘girl’. In the local variant of Low German it was normal that before a front vowel g would be pronounced as j; another expected change is ö > õ. The word-final vowel u is a diminutive suffix. The lengthening of the r-sound can be accounted for by diminutive gemination. In addition to the etymology for jörru the meanings of some other archaic words and expressions occurring in the song are specified.

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Eesti keele varauusaegne mänguruum

Author(s): Kristiina Ross / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 8-9/2022

The article discusses the uses and opportunities of the Estonian language in the early modern times, focusing on the 17th and early 18th century. In the 18th century the Estonian territory was subjected to violent Christianisation by conquerors whose native language was German. The local elite was formed of native speakers of German (and in the 17th century, when the area was part of the Swedish Kingdom) also of native speakers of Swedish. The bearers of the traditional Estonian culture fell into the lowest social stratum. For centuries following the Reformation the Estonian literary language was created and developed by non-native pastors who produced Estonian translations of catechisms, psalms and the Bible, all based on German patterns. Native Estonian was used in oral communication. This, however, lends the view of the Estonian language history based on the analysis of written texts a colonial nuance, preventing one from getting an adequate survey of the usage as a whole. The 17th century, which was the most significant time for the emergence of literary Estonian, has left us not a single record of any native Estonian translator who might have participated in the formation of the language. Such a view of Estonian leaves an impression of the language as a passive object shaped and moulded at will by the non-native authorities. To capture a better idea of the actual polyfunctionality of the language, efforts should be made to include oral and semi-written registers in the language description, despite the scarcity of reliable and relevant information on the Estonian language. The article attempts to give a rough idea of early modern Estonian by moving along its sublanguages, whose existence can be inferred from written records of other languages as well as from the bits and pieces of information available on Estonian. Based on a list of sublanguages affected by the 17th-century reforms in Sweden (Loit 2012) and considering the specifics of the Estonian-speaking community, it is found that early modern Estonian can be assumed to have included sublanguages of their own for business, military matters, church, trade, poetry, correspondence and everyday communication, plus a (German-Estonian) mixed language. The contours of all those sublanguages need to be defined.

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Aruandeid - Kopsakas kogumikutäis Lõuna-Eesti uuringuid

Author(s): Eva Saar / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 8-9/2022

Review of: Tartu Ülikooli Lõuna-Eesti keele- ja kultuuriuuringute keskuse aastaraamat XIX-XX. Toimetajad Eva Saar, Karl Paju¬salu, Mart Velsker. Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus, 2021. 316 lk.

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Keelekorraldus Nõukogude Eestis - Vaateid eesti keelekorralduse arenguloole

Author(s): Reet Kasik / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 12/2022

As far as Estonian language planning is concerned, the 45 years after World War II, when Estonian was ruled by Soviet power, were not all of equal weight. The first post-war decade was spent in an effort to make Estonian a “Soviet” language by following the guidelines coming down from the leadership of the Academy of Sciences, the state publishing house and other government agencies. For the next quarter of a century, i.e., up to the late 1970s, Estonian corpus planning was the responsibility of conservative linguists, who believed that standard Estonian was ready, so that there was no reason to change its norms and only some lexical additions were in order. However, in addition to norm fixation the period started bringing usage recommendations and more attention came to be paid to language culture in general. In the 1970s-1980s, the emerging generation of language planners carried an understanding of standard language as a phenomenon in variation and change, and so the planners’ main responsibility was to monitor that change.

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Tõhus täiendus baltisaksa kirjanduse kojutoomisele

Author(s): Tiit Rosenberg / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 11/2022

Review of: Dr. Bertram. Balti visandid. Värvikaid lugusid 19. sajandi Eesti- ja Liivimaalt. Saksa keelest tõlkinud, kommentaarid ja järelsõna Pille Toompere. [Püünsi:] Kirjastus Bertram, 2022. 359 lk.

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Mineviku Teejuht - Ruth Mirov 24. XI 1928 - 26. IX 2022

Author(s): Pille Kippar / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 12/2022

In memoriam of Ruth Mirov (24. XI 1928 - 26. IX 2022)

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Kaitstud doktoritööd

Author(s): Not Specified Author / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 12/2022

Defended doctoral theses.

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EESTI KEELT TEISE KEELENA OMANDAVATE LASTE EESTI KEELE OSKUSE ARENG AASTA JOOKSUL

Author(s): Piret Baird,Reili Argus,Merilyn Meristo / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 1/2022

Estonia is currently in the process of transitioning the education system to Estonian as the sole medium of instruction. Several pilot projects with the aim to support Estonian language learning in day nurseries and upper secondary schools have been started. However, there is not much empirical data on how Estonian as a second language acquisition takes place: which categories are acquired in which order, what kind of role input and age of onset play in the acquisition process. There is no research that would cover learning Estonian as a second language during a certain time period in a child’s development from the point of view of language categories and forms. Also, no methodology has been tested for studying and assessing the grammar skills of children. In SLA studies (De Wilde et al. 2021; Jia, Fuse, 2007; Unsworth et al. 2014) it has been found that the more a student receives input (also cumulatively) the more successful he/she will be. De Wilde et al. (2021) have found that in addition to traditional language classes primary school children also need contextual contact with the language. Language learning is more successful if the child has other opportunities besides the language class to speak the target language. The amount and frequency of contact with the language are important in vocabulary learning (N. Ellis 2002; Puimege, Peters 2019). Hearing the L2 often also supports the acquisition of grammar forms (van Zeeland, Schmitt 2013). Contextual language learning is of great importance, especially in the acquisition of verbs because they need a situative environment (Puimege, Peters 2019).

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Emergent literacy of 5-year-old Estonian- and Russian-speaking Estonian children: What subskills are behind the differences?

Author(s): Piret Soodla,Tiiu Tammemäe / Language(s): English Issue: 32/2022

In 2018, the International Early Learning and Child Well-being Study (IELS) was conducted in Estonia, England, and the United States (OECD 2020a). The present study focuses on emergent literacy and examines the effects of language and gender on five-year-old Estonian children’s test performance in different subskills of emergent literacy. The sample comprised of the test performance of 1611 Estonian-speaking and 444 Russian-speaking children who attended kindergartens in which Estonian and Russian were the language of instruction, respectively. Children’s vocabulary, sentence and narrative comprehension, and phonological awareness were assessed. The results indicated the main effect of language on the majority of the subskills, reflecting better test performance among Russian-speaking children compared to their Estonian-speaking peers. In addition, girls performed significantly better than boys on most of the tasks.

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Mediated receptive multilingualism: Comprehension of Finnish via Estonian by Russian-dominant upper secondary school students

Author(s): Tatjana Nikitina / Language(s): English Issue: 19/2023

This study deals with mediated receptive multilingualism in comprehension of Finnish by Russian-dominant upper secondary school students in Estonia. The objective of the experiment is to analyse whether students with Russian as L1 and Estonian as L2, with no prior knowledge of Finnish, can understand Finnish utilizing their command of Estonian. The research in this field can enhance understanding of the processes in acquiring a foreign language without direct exposure to it. The linguistic experiment that was compiled to assist the objective of the research consisted of a test written in Finnish and a questionnaire. The respondents had to take the test and then fill in the questionnaire that aided to interpret the results. The outcome of the study indicated that the students excellently tackled the tasks of the experiment on understanding texts in Finnish. The students’ L2 (Estonian) played a key role in understanding the Finnish texts. Likewise, the results of the experiment demonstrated that the understanding of a foreign text can be influenced not only by early-acquired languages, but also by other factors, such as frequent traveling to a country where the language is spoken, the internet, advertising and intuition.

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