Samatähenduslike sünteetiliste ja analüütiliste verbide kasutamine

Author(s): Pille Eslon,Heleriin Paeoja / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 25/2015

The first author of this paper developed an interest in synonymous syntheticand analytic verbs while editing Russian-Estonian-Russian translation dictionaries,upon discovering regularities in the relationships between aspect in Russian verbs and the choice between synthetic and analytic Estonian verbs as translation equivalents.While this phenomenon is rare and difficult to notice, it nevertheless raises questions: when do native speakers prefer to use synthetic and analytic verbs,respectively? In addition to synonymy and simplicity of form (synthetic verbs have only one component, while analytic verbs have at least two), are there other features that affect the choice of synthetic or analytic verbs? The present study aims to answer these questions.Five pairs of synonymous synthetic and analytic verbs are analyzed: igatsema– igatsust tundma ‘to long for, miss’, lahkuma – ära minema ‘to leave’,nõustuma – nõus olema ‘to agree’, muretsema – muret tundma ‘to be worried’,töötama – tööd tegema ‘to work’. We look for linguistic structures characteristic of both members of the given pairs, analyze the limits of their lexico-semanticand morphosyntactic variation, and compare the verbs’ meanings. On the basis of these features, it is possible to determine whether the pairs consist of two distinct verbs or two forms of the same verb. The theoretical-empirical aspect of the study is connected to the hypothesis of contraction of synonymous synthetic and analytic verbs, according to which semantically related synthetic-analytic verb pairs emerge, wherein the synthetic verb is used to denote abstract (inde"-nite) actions and the analytic verb is used for concrete (de"nite) actions. This process is accompanied by structural, morphological, morphosyntactic and lexico-semantic limitations on the usage of the verbs in question. The contractionof synonymous synthetic and analytic verbs is a process that takes place on the lexico-grammatical periphery. These verbs contribute to general linguistic variation,but in addition, a number of lexico-semantic, grammatical and structural restrictions develop on the usage of these verbs. Opposite tendencies – petrification and variation – work toward the same goal.

Eesti-läti koodikopeerimine: adaptsioon ja impositsioon

Author(s): Elīna Joenurma / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 1/2016

Language shift among Kurds in Turkey: A spatial and demographic analysis

Author(s): Sinan Zeyneloğlu,Ibrahim Sirkeci,Yaprak Civelek / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

This study explores language shift and interregional migration among Turkey’s Kurdish-origin population using census data as well as TDHS data. First, the geographical retraction of the Kurdish language between 1945 and 1965 is depicted using respective censuses as data sources. Second, patterns of intergenerational language shift and the effects of migration and education on this shift are elaborated utilising 2003 TDHS data and the 2000 Census data. Interregional mobility by birth regions and language concentration across Turkey has also been mapped. The Kurdish population in Turkey appears to be on the verge of near-universal bilingualism prompting concerns about the future of the language.

Udsali ja Adsele

Author(s): Evar Saar / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 62/2016

The article examines the South Estonian place name cluster Udsali ~ Utsali. This name was used as a peasant surname in the 16th-17th centuries more extensively than in modern-day place names. Attention is also drawn to some mentions from the 16th century which contain the ethnonym-like surname *Udsalane. While in Eesti kohanimeraamat (2016) I conjectured that Udsali is a High German or Jewish loan name, I now believe that the name either comes directly from South Estonian or is a borrowing of nearby southern origin. This surname came into use in the 16th-17th centuries independently in five places near Estonia’s southern border. The old surname Udsali has been compared to the word udsu ‘fog, fluff, plumule’ and the verb udsalõma ‘to hover like fog or dust’. The comparable South Estonian place names Udsu ~ Utsu, which also appear as family names and have previously been used as peasant surnames, are also indigenous. The oldest written mention of Udsu dates back to the 15th century. The meaning ‘fog, fluff, plumule’ could be the basis for the peasant surname, but this is not very likely. Another potential source of the name is the Finnic-Mordvin word for ‘bear’, the Uralic reconstruction of which is *okti. The regular South Estonian equivalent *otś and the genitive form *ote(n) are represented in the word ott, denoting a bear, and the place name Otepää. The place names Otśu, Utso and Udsu could be regarded as having originated from this word. Thus the ethnonym-like surname *udsalane could actually be *utslane ‘bear man’? Another possible explanation for the Udsali name cluster is the connection between the peasant surname and the Belorussian place name Udziela. Presuming that the basis for the surname Udsali ~ Udsalane is an ethnonym no longer in use, one candidate is the, the ancient county Agzele ~ Adsele on the territory of modern-day Latvia, to the south of Southeastern Estonia. The presumed earliest mention of this county comes from the Pskov chronicle from the year 1111: на Очелу (< Очела). In 12th-century Russian chronicles, the inhabitants of Očela are given as Chudes (i.e. Finns). In Old Russian orthography, the short Finnic a was always rendered as o. However, there is no adequate explanation for the change that actually took place in the initial vowel of the name (a > u or a > o > u). The labialization, i.e. change too, of stressed a appears quite often in the local Latvian Malēnieši dialect (as well as in Latgalian). Thus it is plausible that the county name *Odzala and the ethnonym *odzaļi first developed as such in the Latvian-language environment. Borrowed into South Estonian, the initial *ods was adapted to uds. Another possible derivation path is via expressive variation of the ethnonym denoting the neighboring people, wherein the emergence of u could have been supported by the similar-sounding ethnonym ugalane, well known in South Estonia. However, as both of these explanations are somewhat artificial, Udsali and Adsele should be regarded as names that cannot be linked to one another, at least not on the basis of currently existing knowledge. The article presents an improved etymology for the historical place name Adsele (*Adsela) – the name includes the Finnic word *akja ‘edge, brink, border’ an old borrowing from Germanic *agjā. This explanation was first given by Krišjān Ancītis and Aleksandr Jansons in 1967, but their article has remained relatively unknown. It is important to note that this name was initially used for quite a large area, the most important center of which in the 12th century was Alūksne. The original name for the region was later given to the castle built along the Gauja River, called Adsele in German (Latvian Gaujiena, South Estonian Koivaliin). The analysis of the oldest name forms Очела, Agzele and Adsele concludes that the border of the name element goes between Ag+zele, Ad+sele. Thus this name belongs in the same group with a number of other 13th-century Livonian place names ending in -sele: Sattesele, Cubbesele, Vitisele etc. The article does not take a stance on whether the ending -sele (*-sela) contains the weak grade genitive form *-sälä of the Finnic word *selkä ~ sälkä ‘back’ or whether it is a combination of two suffixes (as Paul Alvre has suggested). Therefore, the structures *ad´+sälä and *ad´+se+la are both considered possible.

Lühikroonika

Author(s): Not Specified Author / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 3/2023

2. detsembril 2022 peeti Tallinna Kirjanduskeskuse Tammsaare muuseumi 17. sügiskonverents „Kui seda metsa ees ei oleks? Metsa kuvand eesti kirjanduses”. 2. detsembril toimus Tallinna Ülikoolis VIII teaduskeele konverents. 6.–7. detsembril toimus Eesti Kirjandusmuuseumis 15. meditsiiniantropoloogia konverents „Üksindus ja selle varjundid”. 9. detsembril peeti Tartus Eesti Akadeemilise Usundiloo Seltsi aastakonverents. 9. detsembril toimus Kodavere Pärimuskeskuses Palal seminar „Moenasjutuss pajatusseni Kodavere nukan ja mõjal” („Muinasjutust pajatuseni Kodavere kandis ja mujal”) 15.–16. detsembril peeti Eesti Kirjandusmuuseumis 66. Kreutzwaldi päevade konverents „Sõda eesti kultuuris, kirjanduses ja ajaloos”. 13. detsembril toimus Pariisis UNESCO peakorteris põliskeelte dekaadi pidulik üritus. 16.–17. detsembril toimus veebinar „Udmurdi traditsiooniline kultuur kaameraläätses”. 19. detsembril korraldas Underi ja Tuglase Kirjanduskeskus seminari „Dekadentsi mõiste tähendus ja kontekst Nietzsche filosoofias”. 20. jaanuaril 2023 peeti Eesti Kirjandusmuuseumis Jaan Kaplinski päeva „Kaplinski tõlkes ja kirjades”. 25. jaanuaril toimus Tallinnas Hõimuklubi õhtu „Siiski, kes on saamid?”. 26. jaanuaril Eesti Kirjandusmuuseumis peetud Akadeemilise Rahvaluule Seltsi kõnekoosolekul esines Jüri Metssalu. 6. veebruaril esines Eesti Kirjandusmuuseumi seminaril Reet Hiiemäe teemal „Kaitsemaagia tänapäeval: kogumisest ja uurimisest”. 10. veebruaril toimus Eesti Kirjandusmuuseumis rahvusvaheline konverents „Koha kultuuriline maine ja mentaalne kaart postimperiaalses vaates”. 13. veebruaril Eesti Kirjandusmuuseumi seminaril pidas Aleksandr Panchenko ingliskeelse ettekande „Ökosüsteemid ja „meeleviirused” folklooriuuringutes: kas folkloristika vajab memeetikat”. 15.–16. veebruaril toimus Eesti Kirjandusmuuseumis Eesti-uuringute Tippkeskuse lõppkonverents „Dialoogid Eestiga”. 17. veebruaril tutvustati Tallinnas Eesti Keele Instituudis ÕS-i ja EKI teatmiku koostamise tegevuskava. 17.–18. veebruaril tähistati konverentsiga Tartu Ülikooli Narva kolledžis Ungari rahvusluuletaja Sándor Petőfi 200. sünniaastapäeva. 20. veebruaril anti Tallinnas Teaduste Akadeemia saalis üle 2022. aasta riiklikud preemiad. 20. veebruaril peeti Tallinna Ülikoolis emakeelte ja väikeste keelte seminar. 23. veebruaril korraldas Akadeemiline Rahvaluule Selts Tartus kõnekoosoleku. 27. veebruaril toimunud Eesti Kirjandusmuuseumi seminaril esines Tartu Ülikooli vene keele kaasprofessor Anastasiia Ryko.

EESTI-INGERI ASUSTUSNIMED 2. KÜLADEST TALUDENI

Author(s): Enn Ernits / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 68/2023

The second part of the article deals with the names used in Estonian Ingria for villages located in Russian-Ingria, and farm names of Estonian Ingria, as well as the names of a pair of Estonian villages. Three of the 12 comonyms are undoubtedly based on personal names (Arseesaar ~ Arsija, Füötromaa, Kotko), but three toponyms (*Keik-, Ropsu and Vipija) may also have other origins, being connected to some natural object. *Keik-, Kotko and Vipija have arisen from Finnic first names of ancient times. Orthodox first names from Russian are associated with the village names Arseesaar and Fyötromaa, and a non-Christian name with Ropsu. The village names Kukkosi and Narvusi with the suffix -si come from family names, but *Ižor- originates from a Russian ethnic name. Thus, most (9) of the discussed village names are related to the first inhabitants. Only Haavikko, Takaväljä and Tiesuu have a different origin. All the mentioned comonyms, except Kotkon külä, are registered without a real generic term. Presumably it has been facultative. Arseesaar (cf. Arsija), Füötromaa and Takaväljä have a false generic term, thus making them secondary toponyms.Among the Estonian village names, only Kutrukülä with the generic term and the Finnish Pietaristi are mentioned.Two thirds (10–11) of the 14 known farm names derive from Finnish first names, nicknames or family names, which are difficult to distinguish from each other nowadays. Only Faabaršnon talo ~ Vaapožnon talo, Hokmannin talo, Ser'o, Õunapuu, and maybe also Tammikko come from other languages (Estonian, Ingrian, and others). Ramman talo without an anthroponym describes the health state of its owner.

ISKIMA JA SÄSI

Author(s): Vilja Oja / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 68/2023

The article examines two pairs of lexical homonyms, which are expressed in Estonian by the verb iskima and the noun säsi. In South Estonian dialects and in older written language, iskima is used primarily to mean ’to twist a thread’ and ’to gather together the turns of a thread or rope’. The word is also used to denote other actions, which overlap with the meaning of lööma ’to hit’, e.g. ’to strike fire out’, ’to decorate, make up, change, transform (oneself)’. In Finnic languages, iskiä is widely used in the meaning ’to hit’ and similar, including the meaning ’to weave a string or ribbon’. In Northern Estonia, the Insular dialect and occasionally in the North-Eastern Coastal dialect, iskima ~ i(i)sima means ’to spy, lurk, ambush, track’. Among closely related languages, equivalents of this can be found in some Finnish and Karelian dialects as well as in the Saami languages. Analysis reveals that the word in this meaning is a Russian loan. Thus the word has different etymological origins in different meanings. In Standard Estonian, säsi carries the meanings of ՚soft tissue of internal organs’ and ’plant tissue at the core of a stem or root’, figuratively also ’inside, core’. In South Estonian and Finnish dialects säsi or säsü means ’bone marrow, jelly’. Related languages exhibit the variants säsi / sasu, the root of which is likely of Finnic-Permic or Finnic-Saami origin. In North Estonian Insular dialect and neighboring areas, säsi g sää ~ säe, p sätt occurs in the meaning of ’small smoldering fleck of coal; spark’, figuratively also ’sharp (e.g. tool, intellect)՚. This has an equivalent in Finnish säe(n): säke(n)en as well as in Ingrian and Karelian dialects. It is unclear how the Insular dialect säsi developed and what its relationship is to Müller’s word segko and Finnish säe-: säke- or the Finnic stem säde(m) g sädeme; whether säsi could have emerged through contamination of säde ’spark’ and süsi ’coal’ or is derived from an onomatopoetically motivated stem. The analysis indicates, however, that Standard Estonian säsi and South Estonian säsi / säsü come from the same root, while the Insular dialect word säsi is of a different origin.

EKG SAAMISLOOST

Author(s): Mati Erelt / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 68/2023

lähiajal ilmuv „Eesti grammatika“ (EG) vahetab välja senise eesti keele teadusliku grammatika „Eesti keele grammatika“ ehk EKG (i 1995, ii 1993), nagu teda üldiselt kutsutakse. See kaheosaline grammatika on eesti keele uurijatele, õpetajatele ja teadlikumatele keelehuvilistele abiks olnud juba üle veerand sajandi ja loodetavasti ei muutu kasutuks ka tule- vikus. Järgnevas vaatleme, kuidas EKG sündis.

Pohrebná reč a modlitba (Halotti beszéd és könyörgés) z Prayovho kódexu a pokus o slovenský preklad textu a jeho interpretáciu

Author(s): Dávid Jablonský / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2022

The oldest known Hungarian language monument called Funeral Sermon and Prayer (Halotti beszéd és könyörgés) has earned exceptional respect in the field of Hungarian culture and historiography, and a wider team of authors has sought to analyze and interpret it, however, the source bypassed the attention of the Slovak historical community. Funeral speeches in the European area at the time of the 12th century were still rare also in Latin, not only in the national languages. The central motif was based on the findings of Chapter 3 of the Book of Genesis, where God forbade Adam and Eve to eat the fruit of the tree in the middle of the garden. Because they broke their promise, they brought death to the human race. In addition to God, the Devil, Adam and Eve, the figures of the Virgin Mary, St. Peter, the Archangel Michael, the angels and Abraham, Isaac and Jacob were also mentioned. From the New Testament writings, there is also an allusion to the Gospel according to Matthew. The topic contains a transcript and a Slovak translation not only of the Hungarian version, but of the Latin original too, from which it follows that the original author also operated with references to the work of the Prophet Ezekiel or the work of St. Paul. The Funeral Sermon and Prayer is at least unique from the point of view of medieval Hungary, because expansion of funeral speeches and their publication was more common in the period from the 16th to the 18th century.

Lühikroonika

Author(s): Not Specified Author / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 7/2023

7.–10. juunini peeti Brnos Masaryki ülikoolis rahvusvahelise etnoloogia- ja folklooriühingu (Société Internationale d’Ethnologie et de Folklore) 16. kongress. 9–10. juunil toimus Luua Metsandus-koolis koolinoorte keelelaager „Hääldu-sest ja hääldamisest” 15. juunil peeti Underi ja Tuglase Kirjanduskeskuses aiaseminar „Enam kui inim. Kirjandus ja kunst mitmeliigilises maailmas” 15.–17. juunil toimus Tallinna Ülikoolis 13. Lotmani päevade konverents „Hirmkultuuris ja hirmukultuur” („Fear in culture and culture of fear”). 26.–29. juunil peeti Värskas BaltHer-Neti suvekool „Väliseesti kultuuripärand võõrsil XI. Minu eesti juured” 27. juunil toimus Tartus LVI J. V. Veski päev „Eesti keelest ja läänemeresoome keelte perest”, mis oli pühendatud keele-mehe 150. sünniaastapäevale.

Lühikroonika

Author(s): Not Specified Author / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 6/2023

4.–6. mail toimus Tallinnas konverents „Dekadents eesti kultuuris: tõlge ja tõl-gendus” 11. mail peeti Tartu Ülikooli Narva kolledžis konverents „Prohvet Maltsveti jälgedes. 160 aastat eestlust Krimmis”. 11.–12. mail leidis Tartus aset noorte kultuuriuurijate konverents „Noorte hääled”. 18.–21. mail korraldati Tartus 15. rahvusvaheline konverents „Laughter and Its Features – On the Nature of Laughter” („Naer ja selle tunnused – naeru olemusest”). 18.–19. mail toimus Tallinna Ülikoolis konverents „Keel ja keeled. Õppimine ja õpetamine”. 22. mail peeti Eesti Kirjandusmuuseumi online-seminaride sarja „Kultuurid sõjas” 8. kohtumine „Huumor sõjas” („Humor in the conditions of the war”). 25. mail toimus Tartu Akadeemilise Rahva luule Seltsi koosolek.

Lühikroonika

Author(s): Not Specified Author / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 10/2023

3.–7. juulini toimus USA-s Bostonis Rahvusvahelise Huumoriuuringute Seltsi (The International Society for Humor Studies) konverents. 4.–8. septembrini peeti Vilniuses Euroopa Usundiuurimise Seltsi (EASR) 20. onverents „Religioonid ja tehnoloogia 5. augustil peeti Kuramaal Irē ehk Mazirbe külas Liivi liidu 100. aasta-päevale pühendatud peopäev „Um eņtš kēmi mäddõn“ („Meil on oma tee”). 24.–27. augustini toimunud Tartu semiootika suvekooli raames korral-dati rahvusvaheline tulevikuteemaline konverents „Coming soon”. 5. septembril toimus EKI veebiseminar „Kuidas edeneb ÕS 2025?”. 7. septembril esitleti Tartus „Tartu Ülikooli Lõuna-Eesti keele- ja kultuuri uuringute keskuse aastaraamatut XXI–XXII. Pühendusteos Karl Pajusalule 60. sünni-päevaks”. 7.–9. septembrini toimus Ljubljanas Slo-veenia Teaduste ja Kunstide Akadeemia Etnoloogia Instituudis rahvusvaheline konverents parömioloogia, folkloristika ja digihumanitaaria (DH) kokkupuute-punktidest läbi uute uurimisperspektiivide ja -meetodite. 11. septembril toimunud Eesti Kirjandus - muuseumi seminaril pidas Ave Goršič ettekande „Virumaa kogujad ja konteksti ringid”. 3.–15. septembrini toimus Riias rahvus-vaheline noorte folkloristide konverents, mille keskseks teemaks oli XXI sajandi välitööd. 4.–15. septembril peeti Tallinnas Kumus konverents „Keskkonnakaitse ja kultuuri-vormid Ida- ja Põhja-Euroopas – uusi vaatenurki” 15. septembril korraldasid Emakeele Selts ja Eesti Keele Instituut Jüri Viik-bergi 70. sünnipäeva puhul kõnekoos-oleku. 21.–22. septembril korraldati Tallinnas Underi ja Tuglase Kirjanduskeskuses rahvusvaheline konverents „Kriiside kujutamine varauusaja kirjanduses” („Representing crisis in early modern literatures”). 22. septembril peeti Väike-Maarjas Wiedemanni keelepäeva. 25. septembril toimunud Eesti Kirjandusmuuseumi seminaril tutvustas Priit Koppel Eesti Huumorimuuseumi andme-baasi võimalusi. 28. septembril toimus Eesti Kirjandus-muuseumis Akadeemilise Rahvaluule Seltsi liikumisaastale pühendatud kõne-koosolek. 29. septembril toimus Tallinna Ülikoolis teine ühisseminar koostöös Bologna Üli-kooli Umberto Eco keskusega, mis see-kord keskendus konfliktisemiootikale.

Odabir jezika u iskazivanju emocija kod bilingvalnih govornika: slučaj mađarskog i srpskog jezika

Author(s): Jelena Lukić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 54/2023

The aim of this paper was to explore the relationship between the two languages and emotional expression of Hungarian-Serbian bilingual speakers. A combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches was used in the data analysis, setting out to cover as many aspects of the phenomenon as possible. The present study employed the adaptation of the Bilingualism and Emotions Questionnaire (BEQ) alongside statistical analysis and personal interviews to gain insights into the bilingual speakers’ thought process. The results suggest that individuals show a preference for a given language when discussing or displaying emotions, owing to a plethora of subjective factors such as the age of acquisition, context of acquisition, language dominance and language socialization. Even though the results lend support to the established hypotheses, these findings are not universally applicable and solely offer a framework for further investigation in the given field.

Personaalpronoomenite ja pöördevormide sekundaarkasutusest eesti ja vene keeles

Author(s): Sirje Kupp-Sazonov / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 33/2023

The article is devoted to the metaphorical use of personal pronouns and their respective verb forms in Russian and Estonian. Personal pronouns is one of the first topics that is introduced to the learner of any language. In Russian and Estonian the systems of personal pronouns are quite similar, however their metaphorical use is not identical in these languages. Some metaphorical uses are regular in Russian but are not common in Estonian; it depends on the cultural and linguistic traditions of the language in question. While most cases of the metaphorical use of personal pronouns and related verb forms are nonetheless the same in Estonian and Russian, one can still point out some dissimilarities. Significant differences appear in two cases: 1) the possibility of replacing the 1st person plural form with the 3rd person singular form exists only in Estonian; 2) the use of the 3rd person plural form instead of the 1st person singular form in Russian requires a completely different grammatical choice in Estonian: a form of impersonal voice. It is curious that several cases of the metaphorical use of personal pronouns and verb forms appear in communication with young children. The list of cases of the metaphorical use of pronouns and verb forms analysed in this paper cannot be considered exhaustive, however it should demonstrate that every personal pronoun can be used metaphorically in Russian and Estonian. It is noticeable that these metaphorical uses can cause some difficulties in learning the language and also in the translation process. Therefore, it is important to keep all these differences between languages in mind when teaching or translating

Translating Latvian diminutive nouns into Estonian

Author(s): Ilze Tālberga / Language(s): English Issue: 14/2023

The study focuses on the translation of Latvian diminutives into Estonian. In both Latvian and Estonian, the main goal of diminutives is to express smallness, tenderness or affection, but in some cases also pejorative meaning (Erelt et al. 1995; Vulāne 2015; Kasik 2015; Kalnača 2015). Estonian translators of contemporary Latvian literature have stated that diminutive formations are widespread in the Latvian language, and that they do not translate all Latvian diminutives into corresponding Estonian equivalents. The purpose of this study is to analyse diminutives in three Latvian works of fiction: how many diminutives occur, how many of them are translated into Estonian, and how they have been translated. In Latvian, only diminutive nouns with suffixes -(t)iņ-, and -īt- were selected from the material. The research results show that Latvian diminutives are not very often translated into Estonian, and the main equivalent of the diminutive is frequently a base word. However, in the cases when the diminutive is translated, a variety of approaches can be observed.

«Материалы для изучения языка васюганских инородцев (остяков) Нарымского края»… за 1889 г. св. Макария (Невского): особенности памятника, глагольная морфология, превербы

Author(s): Sergei V. Kovylin / Language(s): Russian Issue: 04 (51)/2023

The paper presents a discussion of peculiarities of the Eastern Khanty written monument in the Vasyugan dialect “Materials for studying the language of the Vasyugan aborigines (Ostyaks) of the Narym Krai” and related materials found in the essays of the monument. The data were recorded by St. Macarius (Nevsky) during his winter trips along the Vasyugan River in 1889. The objectives of the study are to discover the features of the materials of the monument by comparing them with the known data on the Vasyugan dialect in diachrony and comparing them with the materials from the Vakh dialect, description and analysis of verbal morphology and preverbs of the idiom. All examples are presented both in the original graphics without changes and in a normalized version with morphemic parsing of lexemes and reliance on parallels presented in grammars and dictionaries published on the Eastern dialects of the Khanty language. The study provides information about the details of the record and the content of the discussed materials, some general linguistic, graphical and lexical features and also the comments provided by St. Macarius (Nevsky) which are significant for understanding the data. Further, the system of verbal categories is discussed which includes realization of action, voice, mood, tense, number and person. Additionally, verbalizers and non-finite forms of the verb are presented which include infinitive, participle and gerund. At the end of the work, there is a discussion of the preverbs found in the monument with the verbs that they modify.

Из старой диаспоры в новую: к вопросу о сохранности языка и культуры башкирских марийцев (на материале социолингвистического обследования в марийской диаспоре московского региона)

Author(s): Marina V. Kutsaeva / Language(s): Russian Issue: 04 (51)/2023

The present work makes part in a series of articles devoted to linguistic biographies of Moscow region Mari diaspora representatives, in this case natives of Bashkortostan in the sample. The Mari internal diaspora in the Moscow region has been formed relatively recently and can be considered a new diaspora, whereas the areas of Mari settlement in the Urals and Kama region, formed during the XVI-XVIII centuries, are old diasporas, and Mari people live compactly there. Language is one of the key markers of ethnic identity in the sample, and its maintenance correlates with the degree of preservation of the borders of the ethnic group. In this regard, it is of interest to analyze the dynamics of the functioning of the ethnic language following the migration of speakers of the idiom from the old diaspora to the new one. The first part of the work presents the linguistic biographies of 18 respondents, natives of the Republic of Bashkortostan: languages of intra-family communication, preschool education, school education (language of instruction or subject of education), further education; channels for the study of the Russian and Mari languages by respondents; a comparative analysis of the present results with the linguistic biographies of the natives of the Republic of Mari El in the sample. In the second part of the work, the problem of the actual use of the Mari idiom by respondents in the Moscow region is studied: domains of use, the respondents’ speech practices and language ideologies, preservation of the idiom and the mechanism of intergenerational language transmission in the sample. Particular attention is given to the language in culture, preservation of the Bashkir Mari ethnic culture and maintenance of traditional Mari beliefs, the guardians of which they consider themselves to be, in the conditions of the group's residence in the Moscow region.

Ауслауты глагольных основ (производных и непроизводных) в самодийских языках

Author(s): Anna Yu. Urmanchieva / Language(s): Russian Issue: 04 (51)/2023

The purpose of this work is to determine the morphophonological classes of verbal stems in Samoyed languages depending on their final phoneme. From a diachronic point of view, it is important to distinguish between derived and non-derived stems: some final phonemes are possible only in derived stems. This question is especially important for vowel stem verbs, since it is directly related to the dilemma of reconstructing the vocalism of the late syllables in Proto-Samoyed: some vowels can appear only as a result of merging of the final vowel of a non-derived stem with a derivational marker. The article examines consonant stems verbs and vowel stem verbs. As a result of the study, a list of non-derived Proto Samoyed consonant stem verbs was singled out. The history of these stems differs in individual Samoyed languages. In Selkup, the number of such stems is reduced only due historical phonetic shifts (disappearance of final *j and *ń). In Northern Samoyed this class of stems is significantly reduced: most of them are preserved only in combination with derivational suffixes. Predominently only those final consonant of non-derived stems are preserved, that coincide with the final consonants of derived stems. The verb stems of the structure (C)VCV- are also considered. It is shown that among non-derived stems, only stems with *ə, *å, *ä can be reliably reconstructed. As for verb stem ending on other vowels, they can be divided into two groups: a) derived verbs (e.g. stative-decausative derivatives) and b) verbs that coincide with nominal stems (such as ‘knot’ ~ ‘tie’, ‘smoke’ ~ ‘to smoke’).

К вопросу о месте верхнекамского идиома в диалектном ареале коми языка по данным платформы LingvoDoc

Author(s): Olga N. Bazhenova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 02 (53)/2024

The article examines phonetic-etymological and lexical peculiarities of the Upper Kama dialect of the Komi language in comparison to other Komi dialects. The Upper Kama dialect, also referred to in scientific literature as the Zyuzdinsky dialect, the Zyuzdinsky vernacular, the Upper Kama dialect of the Permian Komi language, the language of the Kirov Permyaks, is the language of the ethnic group of Komi living in the upper reaches of the Kama River. This idiom developed independently of the area of distribution of Komi dialects and until recently existed only in an oral form. In Komi linguistics, the question of the place of the Upper Kama idiom in the dialectal area of the Komi language remains unresolved. This study aims to determine the degree of similarity between the phonetics and basic lexicon of the Upper Kama dialect and those of Komi-Permyak (northern and southern dialects) and southern Komi-Zyryan dialects of the Komi language. This is achieved through the use of the tools provided by the LingvoDoc linguistic platform (lingvodoc.ispras.ru). The study is based on four Komi-Permyak dictionaries, two audio dictionaries of south Komi-Zyrian dialects, and an audio dictionary of the Upper Kama dialect uploaded to the LingvoDoc platform. The analysis of the cognates showed that the Upper Kama dialect is the most similar to the Upper Sysola dialect of the Komi-Zyrian language in terms of phonetic and etymological criteria. However, according to the method of glottochronology, the Upper Kama dialect and the Kudymkar dialect of the Komi-Permyak language have the highest percentage of similarities in the basic lexicon. This apparent contradiction can explain the discussions regarding the place of the Upper Kama dialect within the Komi dialectal area.

ЯЗЫКОВЫЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ СПОРТИВНЫХ НОВОСТЕЙ (на материале финского языка)

Author(s): Nadezhda Stanislavovna Bratchikova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 6/2024

The article examines Finnish-language sports news, conducts a linguistic analysis of the relevant texts, and analyzes the features of sports discourse and techniques of speech influence on the audience. The object of this study is sports messages presented on the Finnish website YLE, while the subject of the study is the linguistic and syntactic means used to describe tournaments and events in certain sports in order to emotionally influence the readers. The purpose of the study is to determine whether the sports texts of the Finnish YLE news channel are a tool of non-forceful influence on the socio-political life in modern Finland. The study used the descriptive method, the semantic field method, and contextual analysis, which made it possible to identify the features of the study object, reveal common and distinctive features in interrelated components, and characterize the factors that caused their appearance. The research hypothesis was that sports-themed texts implement the function of speech influence on the audience. Speech manipulation is realized through the use of figurative expressions, phraseological units through which even a sporting failure can be presented as a step to victory. Hidden linguistic impact is based on the infusion of new meaning sand connotations into the lexeme, which change the associative range of the word. Such methods of presenting information are used to inspire national pride and strengthen the prestige of the Finnish nation. They create powerful emotional background, enhance feelings for “our” athletes, and actualize the image of “us”, forming an obvious identification with the national community. Sports news is characterized by elements of intrigue and drama, which usually develop in a positive direction. Thus, sport acts as an instrument of political influence on society at the domestic and international levels.