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W dniu 9 maja 2017 r. na Wydziale Filologiczno-Historycznym Akademii im. Jana Długosza odbyła się konferencja naukowa „Filozofować po polsku. Źródłowość języka -uniwersalizm zagadnień”. Omawiane przedsięwzięcie – którego głównym inicjatorem była dr hab. Wiesława Sajdek, prof. nadzw. AJD – zostało zorganizowane przez Instytut Filozofii AJD.
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The first part of the study deals with the question of how the domestication of Anglicisms is related to the ethnostructural and orthographic setting of the receiving, i.e., from the point of view of adaptation, the dominant language. Attention is also drawn to the fact that the degree of adaptation differs significantly in individual thematic groups of words and communication spheres. The second part explains how this disparity is related to the naming function of the borrowed words, but also to the attitudes of Slovak speakers. The third part of the study reflects the increasing number of intolerant attitudes towards adapted forms of Anglicisms naming common realities. This phenomenon and its consequences in the form of a weakening of the principle of dominance of the receiving language is demonstrated in the textual functioning of the unadapted Anglicism puzzle and its adapted variant pucle.
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The author focused on searching for and excerpting Russian lexemes from fortification terminology and some historisms related to castle-chateau discourse in the texts prepared for tourism. Mostly, the texts translated from Czech to Russian were used. The lexemes obtained were subsequently analysed from the lexical, semantic, syntactic and other points of view. Special attention is paid to an appropriate or inappropriate use of the equivalents, their use in Russian and connotation differences.
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The article deals with examples of gender asymmetry in contemporary Slovak word stock. It analyzes a selection of lexical units falling into one of three types of gender asymmetry – lexical gaps, parallel designation with a semantic shift and epicene nouns. The article is broken into sections dedicated to three types of asymmetry with each of them presenting various examples of lexical units considered asymmetrical. The analysis, based on comparison of lexicographic and corpus sources, also includes interpretation of possible causes for asymmetries in particular cases. With the inclusion of corpus-based checking of the analyzed lexical units, the article is also able to provide information on current state of asymmetries (especially those that were determined by social factors) under the increasing influence of implementation of gender inclusive language.
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The article refers to the semantic aspects of the work activity, especially the common features and expression variables of work in both German and Czech languages. The work is the basis for many words, it is a part of many phrasemes and idioms, it is also a part of many proverbs and there is also a large group of synonyms. The text provides an overall view of the concept of work activity, noting the semantic proximity of terms in the two languages, as well as the specific differences.
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The lexemes ludzki and human are treated (e.g. in didact cs and translation studies) as equivalents, which is reflected in the dictionary descriptions of the meanings of these words. At the same time, the analysis of the contexts where the expression ludzki człowiek is used leads to other conclusions: not all contents of the Polish adjective are present in its English equivalent. Ludzki is also ‘one who suspends the operaton of principles for the sake of another human being’. This component of a more general meaning (‘consistent with the human nature, conceived as good; hence: characterised by favourable disposition, understanding for other people; humane, merciful, gentle, kind’, SJPDor) seems to be absent from English (adjectives human and humane). This article applies the methodology based on the pragmatic analysis of the communication situation and consideration for the context of the uƩ erance/statement (aŌ er Grzegorczykowa 1990). The language material used was derived from the following corpora: NKJP (NaTI onal Corpus of Polish), BNC (British National Corpus), and COCA (Corpus of Contemporary American English).
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Review of: Słownik języka mieszkańców okolic pobiedzisk. Przyroda, pod red. Justyny Kobus I Anny Migdałek, Wydawnictwo psp, Poznań 2023, ss. 351
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W rozmowie zawsze występują dwa podmioty: nadawca i odbiorca wypowiedzi, którzy w jej trakcie zamieniają się rolami, dzięki czemu mogą sobie coś nawzajem komunikować i się porozumiewać. Rozmowa może występować w kilku płaszczyznach komunikacyjnych: indywidualnej – twarzą w twarz; lokalnej – podczas zebrania, zajęć dydaktycznych, posiedzeń różnych gremiów zbiorowych, wieców; ogólnopaństwowej / ogólnonarodowej – dzięki środkom masowej komunikacji takim jak radio, telewizja; wreszcie w płaszczyźnie globalnej – w związku z komunikacją elektroniczną, satelitarną, internetową. Rozmowy prowadzone w płaszczyźnie indywidualnej mają na ogół charakter prywatny, osobisty, bezpośredni, rozmowy prowadzone w płaszczyznach pozostałych zawsze – choć w różnym stopniu – są upublicznione, co zarazem powoduje ich nacechowanie ofi cjalnością.
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This article discusses briefly the evaluation devices encoded in language (axiological vocabulary) and more complex ways of expressing evaluations used in utterances and statements and based on the employment of connotations and conversational implicatures (comparisons, metaphors, irony). The subject of a closer analysis is the use of the verse form in the evaluative function. The combined application of a variety of evaluative devices, including versological ones, is illustrated by Ruch (Movement) by Julian Tuwim. The metrical structure of this poem, i.e. the 4-accent tonic verse, which is rarely used in Poland, functions as a sound metaphor that contributes to the grotesque image of the movement of passers-by hurrying without a clear purpose along the streets of the city, and hence the tonic rhythm becomes an important factor in the satirical approach to the work’s theme.
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This article is an attempt to present the formal and genetic nominative mechanisms in the new nomenclature of dishes, beverages, and foods in the Polish language. The author adopts a comparative perspective, making the description of these mechanisms in the monograph Studia nad siownictwem kulinarnym we wspofczesnej polszczyžnie (Studies on the culinary vocabulary in the contemporary Polish language) of 2005 the basis for her review. The contemporary material comes from two online lexicographical sources that are being developed on an ongoing basis. An analysis of the formal and genetic structure of the most recent names of dishes, beverages, and foods with the structure of the analogous lexical and semantic field from almost 20 years ago leads to the conclusion that the nominative mechanisms are characterised by flexible stability, and the predominance of the activity of the word-formation system over the importation of foreign lexemes that is observed currently (in contrast to the early 21st century) results from extralinguistic changes.
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The impetus to write this paper was an analysis of the expression as if (akoby) as a component of the "equivalence" principle and the determination of its legitimacy as a component of the "behavior" principle. The study is focused on the search for further connections between the verbal behavior of the speaker and the linguistic aspects of as if (akoby) because it is used as a manifestation of motivated, ego-related and assertive verbal behavior. As if (akoby) an be viewed as: (a) a component of the principle of verbal behavior that attributes an egocentric meaning to the speaker´s behavior; (b) an egocentric expression of the hypotaxis with an implicit speaker and the semantics of circumstantial and characteristic contexts; (c) a pragmatic mmarker of the speaker´s ego-related interpretation of facts. Interpretation, which is grasped is grasped at the following two levels, is the methodological framework of the monitored aspects: (i) in the sense of the ego-related evaluation of a fact or event by the speaker, i.e. in the sense of participatory interpretation, and (ii) in the sense of expainning the verbal behavior of the speaker, i.e. in the sense of searching for the motives, intentions and goals that form the preconditions for his/her verbal behavior.
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The goal of our contribution is to find an adequate methodological platform for describing and explaining the so-called inter-paradigmatic transition of Slovak verbs from the conjugation prototype česať ("to comb", 1483 lexemes) to the conjugation prototype chytať ("to catch"). This transition is not linear and smooth. We understand the description of the given phenomenon as the construction of a linguistic model – a "transition scheme" – based on systemic linguistics (specifically, functional and structural linguistics). This platform, with the concepts of function, norm, system, center, and periphery, is compatible with the cognitive concepts of prototype and continuum, which we include in the construction of the model as certain components of the user and practical dimensions. From the point of view of formal morphology, we rely most on the description system of Slovak conjugation by M. Sokolová (2019). We drew material from the Orthographic and Grammatical Dictionary and verified the occurrence of variants on the set of corpora Omnia Slovaca IV consisting of the Slovak National Corpus, specialized corpora and web corpora. We conclude that the goal of the analyzed cross-paradigmatic movement is not the transition of verbs from the prototype česať to the prototype chytať, but rather the optimal balance of definite and indefinite forms of each verb with regard to the defined conjugation prototype under the simultaneous interaction of pragmatic, frequency and phonological factors.
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The article maps the linguistic views on the common language users as non-experts in the field of linguistics and their ability to think reflectively and rationally about issues related to language. An overview of attitudes towards non-linguists is presented against the background of the development of linguistics, ranging from a structural understanding of language with an emphasis on standard language cultivation and linguistic prescription, through a sociolinguistic approach that emphasizes the role of the language user as a creator of the linguistic norm and its variation, to the view of folk linguistics and citizen linguistics, which examine how ordinary people in various forms of public communication present their opinions, beliefs, as well as their myths and ideologies about language. At the same time, the paper argues for the view that some folk knowledge and beliefs about language are not only incorrect or inaccurate, but, on the contrary, that they provide valuable information for linguistics about the background of language behaviour and language change. The material was drawn from the databases of Slovak linguistic journals and the specialized corpus of the journal Slovenská reč.
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Review of: Bogusłav Bakuła (editor), Transformacja w kulturze i literaturze polskiej 1989 – 2004. Poznań 2007. ISBN 978-83-8952-55-9. Stran 219.
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This is a very short postscript on the problem of Štúr's terminology, written by Svorad Zavarský in response to Alexander Maxwell's article "Suppressing the Memory of Slovak Panslavism: The Historiographical Misrepresentation of Kollár and Štúr. Zavarský clarifies his position on the interpretation of Štúr's terms nárečja, rozličnorečja, and kmenovitosť, and defends the reputation of the twentieth-century scholars whom Maxwell accused of historical falsification. Zavarský also argues that Štúr was both a Slovak patriot and a Panslav at the same time, and that his term nárečja is not equivalent to the modern term dialect. Zavarský regrets that Maxwell published his article in English, as he believes that Slovak scholars would provide better feedback than he can.
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Review of: Martin Ološtiak, Ľudmila Liptáková, Klaudia Bednárová-Gibová (ed.). Slovanská slovotvorba: synchrónia, inovácie, neologizácia – Slavic Word-formation: Synchrony, Innovations, Neologization. Prešov: Prešovská univerzita v Prešove vo Vydavateľstve Prešovskej univerzity, 2022, 430 стр.
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The subject of the analysis are terms recorded in the 17th-19th-century grammar nomenclatures. The most numerously represented ones were terms from the field of inflection (naming parts of speech and grammatical categories), there were few terms from the field of phonetics and word-formation, and terms from the field of sentence syntax had not appeared in glossaries until the 19th century. This share of terms from various branches was determined by the utilitarian nature of grammatical works: they were intended for learning Polish or foreign languages. It was assumed a priori, so to speak, that the learner already had the knowledge of the rules of Latin grammar, and the point of reference for Polish terms (or German ones, as in Dobracki’s grammar book) was the Latin terminology. The outcome of the development of grammatical knowledge is the redefinition of grammar itself and its branches, the independence of the grammatical description of modern languages from Latin grammar, as well as the codification and standardisation of grammatical terminology.
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This text is the result of a reflection on the usefulness to historians of the second half of the twentieth century of the research on communist newspeak initiated by Michał Głowiński. It is presented in the context of considerations of interdisciplinarity and the interrelationship between literary studies and historiography. It is an attempt to show how the study of Newspeak can expand the field of historiography, provide concepts and analytical categories, and suggest ways of inter- preting source texts. The text is the result of the conference “Michal Głowinski’s Parallel Worlds” held in Warsaw, in November 2022.
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The article deals with the motivation of the comparison zdrowy jak pieniądz ‘healthy as money’, present in the Silesian dialect and in the dialects of Polish highlanders. This study alludes and refers to Nikita Tolstoy’s article Slavyanskaya frazeologiya sub specie etnografii. The comparison in question comes from the ritual formula that accompanies ablution in which money is dipped into water. The motivation for the comparison zdrowy jak pieniądz comes from the symbolism of water and silver.
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The aim of the article is to present a new tendency of humanities (transhumanism, posthumanism, new materialism) in the educational context. In the first part, the relationships between Polish language teaching in primary and secondary schools and literary studies are characterized in historical order. The school and university cooperation allows to conserve suitable impact on the pupils’ knowledge, skills, and their moral attitude to contemporary reality. Scientific support of school curricula is today very urgent because we are living in a chaotic reality that Zygmunt Bauman called liquid modernity. The classical patterns of knowledge and authority have been disappearing for dozens of decades. Moreover, we live in “a realm” of big data, rapid processes of digitalization, and a plethora of information. The second part of the article relates to different subjects of anthropology of literature, first of all transhumanism, posthumanism, and new materialism, which allow us to demonstrate the human condition in a new light. A teacher, using the tools of the new humanities, while reading literary texts, can indicate the natural relationships between man and the natural environment: plants, animals, terrain, climate.
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