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Dylematy interpretacyjne badacza dawnej polszczyzny południowokresowej

Author(s): Katarzyna Sicińska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The paper presents some problems related to the interpretation of the linguistic facts characteristic of the Polish language of the 17th and 18th century Southern Borderland (illustrated by the example of phonetic features). Due to the complicated genesis of this language variety, it is sometimes difficult or even impossible to determine the nature and origin of some phenomena. Interpretative dilemmas arise in the case of such questions as: 1) does a phenomena in question have a merely graphic or also phonetic nature (e.g. forms such as Błogosławięstwy), 2) should a phenomena in question be considered a peripheral archaism or a result of Ukrainian interference (e.g. forms such as alie, pisarsz, oczekuiąć), 3) should a phenomena in question be considered one of Polish dialect features or Ukrainian borrowings (e.g. forms such as Łaskie, sztachietow, chiba) etc.

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Perspektywa badawcza w pracy nad kazaniami 2. połowy XIX wieku

Author(s): Renata Bizior / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article presents perspectives adopted in research related to linguistics studies dedicated to Polish old catholic sermons, mainly preached in 19th century. First part of this paper presents characteristics of newer linguistic research carried on basis of sermons in 19th century in comparison to sermons preached prior to this period. In second part the author discusses the perspective of research that she have adopted during own research on sermons created and published in second half of 19th century. The author considers as the most crucial reference the concept of historical and linguistic, also communicative idea developed by Stanisław Borowski that has been associated with category of communicative community as well as its bonding and shaping communicative processes. Equally important to author’s research is generic perspective, which allows to describe meaning and function of religious statement genre, such as sermon, in order to realize communicative needs of religious communicative community. Direction of research within this area is based mainly on the concept of genres created by Maria Wojtak and Bożena Witosz, especially assumptions of historical genology. Another point of view, allowing to discover interesting possibilities of analysis, brings consideration of historical, cultural and social realities that accompanied creating and functioning of preaching texts. Last part presents sample lingual analysis of hell’s image, in which it is including delineated research perspectives. The paper discusses assortment criterion in analyzing preaching texts that are believed to guarantee representativeness of research material.

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Stan badań nad prawnoustrojową i retoryczną odmianą komunikacji politycznej w I Rzeczpospolitej

Author(s): Małgorzata Dawidziak-Kładoczna / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The aim of this article is to identify the literature on political communication in Poland by the year 1795. The result of research on the legal notion variety of political communication are devoted to the development of lexis codes and statutes, the semantics of selected terms of political and constitutions and statutes. Linguists study the history and origins of the rhetorical style, the language of individual orators and the effectiveness of speech or politeness language.

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Projekty wzorcowej komunikacji językowej w sądach miejskich XVI wieku

Author(s): Józef Kość / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Bartłomiej Groicki and Paweł Szczerbic presented, in Polish, the principles of adapted Magdeburg law, which regulated legal proceedings and communication in the 16th-century municipal judiciary. Their ideas referring to language interaction were broad as they included the participants, space and time as well as text structures. Therefore, the codifiers created an optimal model of institutional communication used in courts which included discursive components and which they firmly introduced into jurisprudence. Codification proposed by Bartłomiej Groicki and Paweł Szczerbic was used during trials in municipal courts between the 16th and 18th centuries. Determining the extent to which that codification was used in courtroom communication is made possible thanks to surviving archived municipal books, compiled in many cities of the First Rzeczpospolita (Republic of Poland). However, the studies recreating the Old Polish language on the basis of these books would have to be aimed at text linguistics and pragmatics, which would include institutional parameters. Such analyses would result in recreating obligatory models of institutional communication used by Polish townspeople, which was influenced by German legislation.

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Korespondencja prywatna jako przyczynek do badań języka osobniczego (na podstawie listów prywatnych Henryka Sienkiewicza)

Author(s): Leonarda Mariak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article contains the analysis of individual properties of Henryk Sienkiewicz’s language based on the private correspondence addressed to his immediate family. The most important features of Sienkiewicz’s epistolary idiostyle are: emotionally marked lexical forms of colloquial provenance, represented mainly by idioms, colloquial lexis, especially diminutives, neologisms and terms of endearment. A peculiar element of Sienkiewicz’s writing is humor, sometimes also irony (self-irony).

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O kształtowaniu się stylu popularnonaukowego na przykładzie XVII-wiecznego dzieła Erazma Sykstusa „O cieplicach we Śkle”

Author(s): Joanna Okoniowa / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Article is devoted to the analysis of the seventeenth-century work by Erasmus Sixtus „O cieplicach we Śkle” („About baths at Śkło”), based on the first edition from 1617 and pays special attention to syncretism of the scientific and colloquial style. The observations concern the beginnings of scientific language in medicine and specifically in hydrotherapy.

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O kierunkach genologicznych transformacji – w poszukiwaniu zmian w przestrzeni kształtowania się komunikacji społecznej

Author(s): Danuta Ostaszewska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

This paper deals with research into the process of evolution of speech genres and attempts to reflect the stages of the transformation of forms of expression representing mass communication since the beginning of its functioning until the present day. Thus, the author focused on a press release as a genre that already appeared in the oldest Polish newspaper, in “Merkuriusz”. The observation covered two stages of the development of the newspaper – the beginning – the seventeenth century and the end: contemporary times. Such an approach towards the text material helped the author compile and compare the constitutive features of the seventeenth-century press messages with the properties which the contemporary definitions and studies ascribe to this genre, and which are important for its development. Conclusions reflecting the evolution of the studied genres are supported by the fact that these periods were milestones in the development of the Polish press – the analysis included to a large extent the specificity of the state of development of the formal and technical means: in the seventeenth century the invention of printing and modernization of post offices were the state-of-the-art technologies, while nowadays these are the technical revolution and the internet.

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O trudnościach interpretacyjnych tekstów naukowych i technicznych doby średniopolskiej

Author(s): Agnieszka Szczaus / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The paper investigates the interpretational challenges and research limitations faced by the historians of language who analyse the lexis of the scientific and technical texts of the Middle Polish period. It was established that such challenges stem from the following: 1) the necessity to have at hand specialised knowledge relating to natural sciences, which is rare among linguists; 2) the need to regard Middle Polish scientific from the perspective of past science, not the modern one; 3) lack of competence of the speakers of the centuries-old Polish; 4) the necessity to make use of lexicographical papers for research purposes; 5) incompleteness of written lexical historical material as preserved in old texts.

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Wyrażenia funkcyjne w średniowiecznej polszczyźnie z perspektywy składniowej

Author(s): Tomasz Mika,Agnieszka Słoboda / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article presents the author’s book „Wyrażenia funkcyjne w średniowiecznej polszczyźnie z perspektywy składniowej” (Mika, Słoboda, 2015). This monograph is a syntactic addendum to the lexical research carried out as a part of the project “Polish functional expressions in diachronic perspective”. The problems discussed in this book are not homogeneous. Their different types are described in the subsequent chapters: at first the authors remind basic methodological difficulties in description of functional expressions, especially those appearing when you want to consider functional expressions in terms of syntax, not lexis. Then, there are indicated the problems with medieval source material and related interpretation difficulties. In the next part of the book the authors suggest their own methodology: the tendencies identified in „Składnia średniowiecznej polszczyzny” (Krążyńska, Mika, Słoboda, 2015) determine the direction of the interpretation of the processes, which functional expressions are subordinated to and participate in. These tendencies are: 1. Analytic tendency (from holism to analytism); 2. The tendency to autonomize the language (the disconnection of language and reality); 3. The categorization (from lexical to categorial semantics expressed in a specific form); 4. The structurization (from apposition to syntactic structures); 5. The condensation of content (from a very pure content of syntactic units to the cumulation of content in syntactic units). The authors interpret selected linguistic processes in reference to these tendencies. The processes include inter alia: the coexistence of casual and prepositional forms, and the occurence of original particles as appositions of conjunctive function (which indicates analytical tendency); the introduction of elements expressing relation between events, and metatext elements (being, in the authors opinion, the symptom of autonomization); the process of transforming particles into connection indicators, leading to multifunctionality of conjunctions; the process of transforming object-related expressions into determinants of communicative intention (both processes are typical examples of formal categorization); the process of shaping of new categorial meanings of prepositional phrases, leading i.a. to the occurence of case government of verbs (being the effect of renewal of the categorial semantics): the process of shaping of correlated connection indicators and reported speech (seen these processes as the symptoms of structurization); the development of hypotaxis, being the symptom of the tendency to condensation of the content.

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Staroslověnské názvy nemocí a jejich protějšky v makedonštině (v porovnání s češtinou)

Author(s): Ilona Janyšková / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

The present paper deals with the etymological explanation of the Old Church Slavonic names of illnesses, their symptomes and their counterparts in the Macedonian language in comparison with the Czech language. These are words of native origin in most cases, usually of the Proto-Slavic age. Mentioned are some differences between the individual languages, especially in their semantics (cf OCS jędza ‘illness’ and M jанѕа, dialectal енѕа ‘fever, temperature’), in word-formation etc.

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Kobieta bez głosu. O powieści Christiny Dalcher „Vox”

Author(s): Małgorzata Kita / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The subject of the study is Vox (2018; Polish translation – 2019), the debut novel of Christina Dalcher, an American writer and linguist. The author presents the issues of interpersonal communication in a world in which some members of society (women) of a certain country have been allotted a daily word limit of 100 words. The novel concerns the problem of marginalization of a particular social group – determined by the criterion of biological sex – which confines them to the sphere of home, ultimately forcing women to withdraw from the public life. At the same time it touches upon a fundamental human characteristic: language and communication, which facilitate the creation of bonds in human societies. However, the curtailment of speech for one group has consequences for the communication process of the non-silenced group which has retained complete freedom of speech as well; after all, communication requires interaction and cooperation of at least two parties. The advantage of one party leads to the disappearance/destruction of dialogue, to authoritarian monologue. The novel is referred to as a feminist dystopia, a political novel, a novel of the Donald Trump era, a novel of the #MeToo era, a socially engaged, activist novel, a novel of manners, a linguistic thriller, a medical thriller. Each of these genological expressions directs the reading of Vox differently. Regardless of the readings, however, the novel remains a story about the premeditated atrophy of interpersonal communication.

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O pogranicznym charakterze Sienkiewiczowskiej publicystyki

Author(s): Magdalena Pietrzak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article is devoted to Henryk Sienkiewicz’s journalistic writing, shown from the perspective of stylistic and genre boundaries. Analyses of selected press statements have aimed to indicate the presence of stylistic elements characteristic of literature in journalistic texts and to show how, on the other hand, the journalistic experience (e.g. in the form of reports from painting exhibitions, correspondence from travels) has found its artistic rendering in Sienkiewicz’s literary works. The research material consists of texts representing Sienkiewicz’s most frequently employed journalistic genres: note, review and travel correspondence. The analyses have been formulated in their appropriate contexts, taking into account the state of 19th-century journalism, the genre consciousness of the time and Sienkiewicz’s literary output.

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„A ta piosenka jest zrobiona z tego miasta odpadków” – śmieci i resztki, mainstream i nisza w twórczości muzycznej Pablopavo

Author(s): Beata Kiszka-Pytel / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article touches upon the topic of cultural transformations, on the basis of the analysis of song lyrics written by Paweł Soltys, performing under the stage pseudonym Pablopavo. Moreover, it elaborates in more detail on the separate, interconnected and overlapping circles of issues, such as: the relationship between the mainstream and niche phenomena in culture, garbage, waste and remnants in culture, or money and the lack thereof in the world of wealth or nothingness. The observations lead to the conclusion that in his musical activity, the artist combines various, sometimes extreme social orders and worlds, including all kinds of phenomena taken from the mainstream and low art.

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České polonistické zájmy a vznik české univerzitní polonistiky

Author(s): Roman Madecki / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Badatelský zájem o polský jazyk, literaturu, dějiny a kulturu má v českém vědeckém prostředí dlouhou a bohatou tradici. Jeho počátky sahají do období českého národního obrození a jsou spjaty především se snahou o hlubší poznávání slovanského světa. Ten byl v této době vnímán jako blízký a přirozený kontext, v němž se utváří a rozvíjí také vlastní český národní život. Motivace tehdejších badatelů vycházela zejména z myšlenky slovanské vzájemnosti, která vyplývala ze složitého politického a národnostního postavení slovanských národů v rámci habsburské monarchie.68 Ve slovanském kontextu byla v centru pozornosti tehdejších českých intelektuálních elit především problematika ruská a polská, jež se stala spolu s národní filologií základem celé české slavistiky. Pro další vývoj českých slavistických, resp. polonistických studií byla významná skutečnost, že prvotní buditelsky a emotivně založené slovanofilství postupně získávalo kritický a vědecký charakter. Navíc ustupovalo pojetí Slovanů jako víceméně jednotného národa o několika kmenech a nářečích a začalo se prosazovat vnímání slovanského světa jako souboru svébytných a rozdílných národních kultur. Důsledkem změny paradigmatu byl také proces diferenciace a profilace slavistických bádání.

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THE PRAGMATICS OF COMPLIMENT EXPRESSIONS BETWEEN NATIVE SPEAKERS OF ENGLISH, RUSSIAN AND UKRAINIAN

Author(s): José Luis PEREA-HERNÁNDEZ,Anzhelika Solodka,Natalia Romanchuck,Zoya Oganesyan,Svitlana Kushnirenko / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Pragmatics has been a paramount part in the field of intercultural communication for linguists. It concerns the study of linguistic interaction between people and it analyzes conversation and the speech acts. The present article focuses on the speech acts as a way to express in universal ways and with appropriate knowledge and, namely, on the usage of compliment expressions. We have taken as a basis Manes’ definition of compliments as those speech acts which have the reflection and expression of cultural values because of their nature as judgments, over expressions of approval or admiration of another’s work, appearance or taste. The objective of compliment expressions is to establish or to reinforce solidarity. Many of the values reflected through compliments are personal appearance, new acquisitions, possessions, talents and skills. The conclusions that we have drawn are made on the results that we have got from the online survey that referred to the following variables: compliment form (syntactic patterns), tone used by speakers, compliment frequency, relationship between the compliment speaker and hearer, gender relationship, speakers’ age, and attributes praised. Participants consisted of native speakers of English interviewed in the United States and native speakers of Russian and Ukrainian from all over the Ukraine.

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Сложни думи и словосъчетания със значение ʻкоткаʼ в европейските езици и техните диалекти

Author(s): Iliyana Garavalova / Language(s): Slovak,English,Bulgarian,Romanian,French,Croatian,Russian,Czech,Polish,Slovenian,German,Serbian,Old Slavonic,Norwegian,Old Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The article is the result of the study on the upcoming linguo-geographic description of the names for the domestic cat, Felis domestica, in the European Linguistic Atlas, which was assigned to the Bulgarian Linguistic Commission. The aim of this scientific work is to present the variety of compound words and word combinations with the semantics of ʻcatʼ characteristic of the European languages and their dialects, in order to highlight some interesting trends shared not only by closely related but also by unrelated languages. I present a classification of the analyzed type of names, which is the result of tracing the semantic basis of their origin, as well as the etymology of the words and an analysis of their formal paradigms. In addition, parallels are drawn between the names for a cat and other objects from reality

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Унгарски заемки в роднинската терминология, представена в Общославянския лингвистичен атлас

Author(s): Kiril Kirilov / Language(s): Bulgarian,Hungarian Publication Year: 0

The study is dedicated to the Hungarian loanwords in the Slavic kinship terminology. The linguistic material is collected from Volume XI Degrees of Kinship prepared by the Bulgarian National Commission as part of the Slavic Linguistic Atlas. The object of analysis are the loanwords of Hungarian origin in the Slavic dialect kinship terminology. The aim of the research is to show the source of the borrowings, the particularities of their adaptation, dialects where they are found. Special attention is also paid to Slavic loanwords adopted in Hungarian that have later been reborrowed into various Slavic dialects.

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Замяна на езиковите табута с евфемизми в украински и полски посредством семантична деривация

Author(s): Olena Voytseva / Language(s): Bulgarian,Polish,Ukrainian Publication Year: 0

The article is devoted to the problem of semantic derivation in the field of euphemistic vocabulary. Euphemization is a dynamic phenomenon caused by linguistic and extra-linguistic factors. The replacement of linguistic taboos with euphemisms is based on the processes of secondary nomination, which involves the use of existing nominative means as new names of entities, processes, phenomena, actions. The creation of euphemistic vocabulary in Ukrainian and Polish is carried out through metonymic, metaphorical and functional transfers and generalization. Universal euphemisms in both languages arise due to the fact that most semantic models are formed by the same type of cultural codes, ones that are reflected in the language. Distinctive euphemistic nominations in Ukrainian and Polish define a specific view of the world, resulting from national and cultural factors and the historical development of the languages.

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