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Польские и русские глаголы, выражающие отрицательное отношение к труду (семантический и лингвокультурный аспекты)

Author(s): Gabriela Wilk / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The aim of the article is an analysis of verbs expressing negative attitude toward work in different varieties of the Polish and Russian languages. This study is based on a lexicographic material. The analyzed units are the results of the interpretative activity of man and reflect deviations from commonly accepted social norms. They denote actions where the subject is idle, wandering around, lives off others or is putting off work. The analysis of the gathered material shows that similar behaviors typical of a lazy person have been well established in the linguistic awareness of Poles and Russians.

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Strategie kształtowania postaw wobec uchodźcy we współczesnym polskim dyskursie katolickim

Author(s): Bernadetta Ciesek / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

For several months the public discourse has been centered around the category of the refugee/immigrant. For global societies, migration is by no means a new phenomenon; however, the mass influx of culturally foreign people and the dangers of that foreignness results in the emergence of new discourse distinguished on the basis of a thematic criterion. In humanist discourse, a newcomer arriving from a place which remains remote not only geographically but also culturally is designated as the Other. In the context of communication and its social outcomes, it is possible to differentiate between two mutually exclusive communication practices visible in the public sphere with regard to the Other: exclusion and tolerance. Subjects participating in the discourse (re)produce opinions and attitudes responsible for the shaping of the image of a visitor from the Middle East and their relationship with the Europeans. The subjects of the conservative discourse position the Other as a disruptive force destabilizing the moral and cultural way of life in Europe, bringing a promise of threat. However, in the discourse of “Tygodnik Powszechny,” those immigrants are perceived as equal to the Self. Both perceptions of reality and the attitudes of the subjects are connected by the fact that those perceptions and attitudes are created on the ideological level.

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Historia języka polskiego – subdyscyplina polimetodologiczna

Author(s): Bogdan Walczak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The author presents the history of scientific reflection on the history of the Polish language situated in the context of positivist, structuralist, communicative and cultural-cognitivist paradigm in turn. In the closing remarks he highlights the polymethodology of the Polish language history, proving that the scientific paradigms coexisting on that ground today might remain in a nonantagonistic complementary relation, due to the fact that each of them might dominate a certain fragment of the history of the language as a heterogenous and multiperspective discipline.

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Badania bilingwizmu (i wielojęzyczności) wybitnych nosicieli języka w przestrzeni języka polskiego: nowa subdomena historii języka?

Author(s): Bronisława Ligara / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The paper proposes that research on bilingualism of creators of literature – both their personalities and their texts in Polish and in other languages – be considered a separate subfield in the linguistic history of Polish. Some of the problems that emerge are: choice of the language for the creative output, the author’s participation in three communicative communities, transfer and exchange of elements from the space of one language/culture into the space of another language/culture, bilingual speech. We propose a reformulation of the attitude that researchers of Polish linguistic history currently take towards bilingualism of prominent authors: perception of the phenomenon as co-participation of bilingual authors in different cultures, and their contribution to the creation of cross-cultural and even trans-cultural discourse.

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Wykorzystywanie elektronicznych baz danych do badań nad dziejami słownictwa

Author(s): Ewelina Kwapień / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The paper presents possible usage of electronic tools like database to different kinds of research on the field of the history of language. The first part of the text is to present a select few websites being a result of work in database. They were designed to provide their usage not only for scientific and teaching purposes but also for the purpose of popularizing. The second part of the article is a presentation of different ways to use a database during the research on the vocabulary of the 19th century. Changes of meaning registered in lexicografical sources has been considered as a separate part of the analysis. History of semantic changes of the verb malować ( to paint) was an illustration of disadvantages of traditional analysis (including a charts in Word programme) and facilities offered by electronic tools.

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Elektroniczny słownik języka polskiego XVII i XVIII wieku IJP PAN

Author(s): Magdalena Majdak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Magdalena Majdak presents „Elektroniczny słownik języka polskiego XVII i XVIII wieku” which is being created in the Institute of Polish Language, Polish Academy of Sciences. She compares it with the previous version, and indicates the difference between them.

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Warsztat współczesnego leksykografa historycznego

Author(s): Ewa Deptuchowa / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

This paper treats on how the vocabulary of the ancient era of the written Polish has been analyzed. Its goals is showing the means available to a lexicographer carrying out research in the past century and pointing to the nowadays capabilities. Current technical measures make possible showing of an entire workspace of a researcher, what yields a possibility of verification of an analysis and taking up a discussion.

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Wybrane problemy semantyki historycznej. Definiowanie znaczeń w słowniku dawnej polszczyzny

Author(s): Włodzimierz Gruszczyński,Dorota Adamiec,Magdalena Majdak,Wiesław Morawski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The authors deal with the problem of reconstructing and defining the meanings of old lexical units in historical dictionaries. Those should be treated as bilingual since the language of a past epoch is nowadays extinct and foreign. Defining the meanings of old lexical units, should the lexicographer try to reconstruct the state of science of that time or refer to his present-day language competence? The authors, by means of numerous examples, present detailed problems with reconstruction of meanings, caused by difficulties with categorisation of designations. The conclusion is that definitions should comprise all the features of a designation appearing in historical language material.

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Kształtowanie się specjalistycznej odmiany języka na przykładzie leksyki z poradnika Piotra Krescencjusza

Author(s): Joanna Kamper-Warejko / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The agrotechnical work by Crescentius (1571) includes a wide range of specialist vocabulary – one of the most important elements of the specialist language. The development of science, commenced in the 16th century, became reflected in the slowly created nomenclature. The article attempts to show its evolution. The starting point became the names of plants. The material was compared against the traditional nomenclature of the earlier times, the Polish language of the 16th century and the contemporary nomenclature. The examined group of words evinces the continuity of terms appearing in the early stage of shaping specialist languages. They illustrate the state of knowledge in the discussed period of time, the range and sources of specialist lexis; they even constitute the evidence of changes taking place throughout history.

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Analiza porównawcza pola leksykalno-semantycznego ‘kobieta w relacji seksualnej’ w dobie staropolskiej i współczesności

Author(s): Dorota Kondratczyk-Przybylska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

This paper is an attempt at describing the sematic field ‘woman in sexual relation’. The basis for the excerption was the lexicographic material included in „Słownik staropolski” edited by S. Urbańczyk nad from Słowosieć – polish wordnet. The material obtained from this both references was subjected to a semic analysis discussed from the viewpoint of the semantic field theory as approached by Ryszard Tokarski. What was considered archisems was kobiecość (femininity) ([Human being+], [Childish–], [Male–]) and sexual relation [Sexual relation+]. The analysed vocabulary group was characterised and comparised in terms of hierarchical relations. Result of analysis of Old Polish and contemporary sematic field suggests existence of binary marked sems: [RELATIONSHIP+/–], [PAYMENT+/–], [NEGATIVE ASSESSMENT+/–].

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Odkrywanie znaczenia w tekstach dawnych

Author(s): Dorota Kozaryn / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

This paper refers to the problem of determining the meaning of words in old texts. On the example of the word rozszłapać that is to be found in the „Kronika, to jest historyja świata…” („The Chronicle or the history of the world…”) by Marcin Bielski (1564), a still imperfect procedure of finding the meaning, consisting in comparative reading of dictionaries, contextual reading and determining the etymology of a given word, has been shown.

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Słownik historyczny jako źródło do rekonstrukcji dawnych sposobów myślenia o świecie

Author(s): Beata Kuryłowicz / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

In this paper the author attempts to show the possibilities offered by the analysis of a historical dictionary in research on the old ways of perceiving, categorizing and evaluation of the world. The material illustration of the deliberations in question is „Nowy dykcjonarz” by Michał Abraham Troc, which is one of the most significant and important achievements of Polish eighteenth century lexicography. The sample analyses presented in the paper indicate the importance of a historic dictionary to explore the old, conventional ways of thinking about the world.

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Jednostka opisu języka dawnego

Author(s): Piotr Sobotka / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Piotr Sobotka proposes the term of ‘historical unit’ to describing the quasi-lexemes the ancient language. This paper discusses two basic methods of the reconstruction of historical units, i.e. both the internal reconstruction and comparative reconstruction. Examples discussed in the paper are markers of uninflected classes and that is the reason of the difficulty in functional categorizing these items. The paper brings some solutions to these problems in analysing of the utterance structures, especially thematic-rhematic structure of sentences.

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Cechy archaiczne i regionalne w odnalezionym fragmencie rękopisu filomackiego przekładu Koranu na język polski

Author(s): Joanna Kulwicka-Kamińska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

So far, research into the literary achievements of Vilnius-based Philomaths and Filarets has been conducted on the basis of various philological sources (particularly correspondence and individual authors’ works); however, it has not taken into account the translation of the Quran into Polish rendered by Fr Dionizy Chlewiński and Ignacy Domeyko. This resulted from the lack of awareness of the existence of such translation and the lack of sources to conduct studies in this respect. The subject of analysis in this paper is a recently found copy of the lost manuscript of the said two Philomaths from Vilnius. The paper attempts at a reconstruction of the unknown history of the translation and contains a preliminary historical and linguistic description of the newly found source text which is invaluable for contemporary Humanities.

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Gwara i dialekt w perspektywie historycznej

Author(s): Błażej Osowski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The paper verifies the 7 essential characteristics for understanding what it is that dialectology and historical dialectology: (1) geographic diversity, (2) social differentiation, (3) subject of study, (4) opposition ‘dialect-literary language’, (5) chronological aspect, (6) focus on Old Polish language, (7) irregularity of dialectal features. Author used the articles about the origins of Polish literary language. An additional aim of this article is to seek answers to the question: Does the history of dialects may be helpful in the diagnosis of the present situation?

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Między historią języka a dialektologią – słownictwo testamentów góralskich z XVII i XVIII wieku

Author(s): Maciej Rak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The following article concerns vocabulary in testaments from the Podhale region which were published by Kazimierz Dobrowolski in „Włościańskie rozporządzenie ostatniej woli na Podhalu w XVII i XVIII w.” (Kraków 1933). How it can be known, this type of texts is an important source for historical linguistic because they record the regional and colloquial lexis. We can see the same situation in testaments. The article contains a part of legal terminology, names of degrees of consanguinity and affinity, and the appellatives of currencies.

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Onomastyka literacka wobec tekstologii i teorii dyskursu – perspektywa historyczna

Author(s): Artur Rejter / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The subject of the paper are proper names appearing in Old-Polish idyll and noble poetry. Proper names in idyll and noble poetry prove certain similarities. In both domains appear topic names and – in different shape – realistic or authentic ones. In Old-Polish idyll the conventional proper names perform poetic function, constitute the context for described situations or created scenes, in which significant part concerns the body and sexual spheres of a human being life. On the other hand the noble discourse uses the topic names in the negative aspect and the background of the main idea of the discourse, which means the apology of life consistent with nature valorizing country life.

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W trosce o skuteczne nauczanie gramatyki historycznej języka polskiego

Author(s): Marcin Maciołek / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Marcin Maciołek in the article entitled „The Care for Efficient Teaching Polish Language Historical Grammar” discusses ways thanks to which in teaching phonetics and historical morphology of Polish one can reach intended didactic result: raise student’s interest for the subject and encourage them to individual work on discovering the past of Polish language. In author’s opinion to get that effect teacher must: 1) check what is the level of student’s knowledge; 2) give clear (strictly explained) methodological basis; 3) pick proper examples for analysis; 4) determine analytic procedure, form useful suggestions; 5) indicate resilience of discussed processes in dialects and contemporary language (or its sustenance in old evolutionary stages); compare with other Slavic languages; 6) not divide strictly for phonetics and morphology; 7) create friendly atmosphere during classes.

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Język jako archiwum kulturowe – konteksty śląskiej dydaktyki polonistycznej (na przykładzie „Dworzanina polskiego” Łukasza Górnickiego)

Author(s): Kinga Wąsińska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

This article was written in connection with the Silesian University lecturing on the subject called the language as a cultural archive. The author shows how to use the text “Dworzanin polski” Ł. Górnickiego that students know already the first year of Polish studies to come to a synthesis of knowledge of the history of literature, history, language and cultural history. The author proposes to once again look at the patterns imported from Italy about perfect courtier and based on the analysis of the text to find the determinants of the ancient court culture. Furthermore, the text aims to give students information about courtly manners, inventory of court entertainments with their characteristics and old formulas honorific politeness and courtly language, which should be compared with the recommendations of today’s savoir-vivre civilities. In addition, the author points out certain variety of literature types, like a conversation, a dialogue, speech, dedication and anecdote. All these proposals are designed to help lecturer attractive objects of linguistics and realize the student functionality and complexity of Polish studies.

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Summaries. Private correspondence as a source of material for linguistic research work

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Private letters belong to most interesting materials, as far as their language is concerned. This book presents an insight into contemporary methodological approaches to a linguistic treatment of these materials.

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