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Panchroniczne gniazdo słowotwórcze leksemu słowo

Author(s): Karolina Tomala / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2015

The article presents and analyzes a panchronic word-formative nest, whose center constitutes the lexeme słowo. Derivatives of verbs, nouns and adjectives have been analyzed here successively. Each section describes changes that have occurred over time in both the lexis belonging to the family of discussed words and the semantics of selected lexemes. As it turns out, throughout history the formative nest of the lexeme słowo has undergone transformations, which has been connected with part of the derivatives becoming obsolete and the structure of many others undergoing semantic changes.

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Zneviditeľnenie a zjemnenie: reflexie verejného používania maďarčiny u bratislavských viacjazyčných trojgeneračných rodín

Author(s): Lucia Satinská / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2016

On the basis of language biographies of multilingual three-generation families in Bratislava, the paper explores the communication strategies on the use of Hungarian in public. The research was conducted in the form of narrative interviews with members of five families. A total of 23 interviews were conducted. The use of a language in public is complementary influenced by language legislation, the social and political situation and individual experience. The obtained material is analysed at two levels: at the level of experience (reality of the subject) and narration (reality of the text). At the level of experience, the following strategies of avoiding conflicts have arisen from the described situations: 1) silence; 2) muting of the voice; 3) switching into Slovak; 4) switching into a “neutral” language (German); 5) responding in Slovak; and 6) preparation of children for negative attitudes. At the level of narration, the negative experience is refined using the following tools: 1) degrading the legitimacy of the attacker; 2) highlighting the “good deeds” of the members of the majority; 3) lapse of time; and 4) declared forgetting.

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The long journey of Milton’s “Paradise Lost” into the Slavic world

Author(s): Marián Andričík / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2021

The paper attempts to map translations of Milton’s Paradise Lost into Slavic languages and its place in their cultures from the first Russian and Polish editions to the latest Ukrainian and Slovak ones. The survey shows the shift in the translation method from the earliest prose renderings, usually from other translations, to newer editions with translations in verse. Due to typological differences between languages, especially in semantic density, some translations were substantially longer in comparison with the original. Various types of verse as a replacement of Milton’s blank verse were adopted, depending on the tradition of the target language. From the point of view of contemporary translation studies, corrections of Milton or omissions from the text due to the personal denomination of the translator, as we can see in some earlier Russian or Polish editions, are unacceptable. Attention is also paid to two Czech translations by Josef Jungmann (1811) and Josef Julius David (1911) that have served as a substitution for the non-existing Slovak translation up to the present. Stemming from a typological difference between English and Slavic languages, the paper raises prosodic, semantic, and semiotic problems of translation.

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MARTIN DJOVČOŠ – MÁRIA KUSÁ – EMÍLIA PEREZ (eds.): Translation, Interpreting and Culture: Old Dogmas, New Approaches

Author(s): Lenka Poľaková / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

Review of: LENKA POĽAKOVÁ - MARTIN DJOVČOŠ – MÁRIA KUSÁ – EMÍLIA PEREZ (eds.): Translation, Interpreting and Culture: Old Dogmas, New Approaches Berlin: Peter Lang, 2021. 286 pp. ISBN 978-3-631-83881-5

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The Influence of the Consonants of the Međimurje Dialect on the Pronunciation in the Croatian Standard Language

Author(s): Đuro Blažeka,Vladimir Legac / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

This paper discusses the problems that native speakers of the Međimurje dialect face when they speak the Croatian standard language. These speakers are Kajkavians. Kajkavians are speakers of one of the three major dialects of the Croatian language (the other two being Štokavians and Čajkavians). Among other things, the authors describe the problems of correct pronunciation of the palatal affricates č and ć, the tendency of Kajkavians to devoice consonants at the end of words, the softening of some consonants before front vowels, dropping of consonants in consonant clusters, etc. The authors also give some practical recipes for teachers teaching Croatian as a mother tongue in primary schools to help them teach their students to acquire correct pronunciation of consonants in the Croatian standard language. They also claim that the familiarity of the students with the differences between the consonants in the local speech of the Kajkavian dialect and the standard Croatian language might help them to learn foreign languages.

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Vyjadrenie metaforických temporálnych súvislostí v slovanskom jazykovom obraze sveta

Author(s): Maria Dobrikova / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 02/2023

The author analyses the metaphorical verbo-nominal constructions strácať čas (waste time) and zabíjať čas (kill time) in Slovak and Slavic languages. By pointing out the existence of their equivalents in other European languages used in the close area (Hungarian, German, Romanian, Italian), they conclude that the constructions are not exclusively bound to the Slavic environment and call them arealisms. They also examine this structural-semantic model from the aspect of phraseological theory and lexicographical practice, finding out that the lexicographical characteristics of the phrases strácať čas (waste time) and zabíjať čas (kill time) in the dictionaries of the various Slavic languages are not identical. The essence of the phenomenon of time in general is also approached through the views of ancient philosophers and Christian scholars.

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Miesto rusínčiny v rodine slovanských jazykov

Author(s): Júlia Dudášová-Kriššáková / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 02/2023

During last four decades, a new group of Slavonic languages was formed in Slavistics: Standard Slavonic Languages (славянские литературные микроязыки). This term was intruduced into Slavonic language science by a Russian Slavonist A. Duličenko and it is used to mark languages of ethnic minorities, which were codified at the end of the last century and at the beginning of this century after sociopolitical changes in Central, Southern and Eastern Europe and after fol-lowing desintegration of federated state formations into national languages, within which new minority languages were formed. We consider as Standard Slavonic micro-languages those ones, which have the status of standard languages and which were used in education, literature, theatre, media and ecclesiastical spheres. The oldest Slavonic micro-language is Vojvodine Ruthenianas a language of Vojvodian Ruthenians in Vojvodine in Serbia (1974). On the second place, there is (Carpathian) Ruthenian as a standard language of the Ruthenians in Carpatian region: in Slovakia (1995), in Poland (2009), in Carpathian Ukraine [there was not yet officially declared status of standard language) and in Hungary (revitalization is going on)], Kabushian language in Poland (2005), Bosnian language (1995), Montenegro language (2007). In western Poland, in region of Upper Silesia so called (Upper) Silesian „etnolekt“ is being formed, which is used as communication means in common communication, in literature and in some printed media. Commission also deals with the research problem of these Standard Slavonic microlanguages for language contacts at the International committee of Slavonists, which organizes international congresses of Slavists every five years.

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Reflexia osobnosti Antona Habovštiaka pri iniciovaní začiatkov projektu Slovníka slovenských nárečí

Author(s): Miloslav Smatana / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2024

The article focuses on the personality of the prominent Slovak linguist and dialectologist Anton Habovštiak, in the context of the beginnings of work on one of the key projects of Slovak dialectology – Slovník slovenských nárečí [Dictionary of Slovak Dialects]. It points out the connection and inspirations in solving the theoretical and methodological issues of this work with the principles of a regional dialect research and their application in the subsequent processing of the rich dictionary material, also against the background of the materials of the Bratislava conference on the tasks and problems of Slovak dialectology (1960).

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Josef Jungmann: teorie a praxe dopisu

Author(s): Lucie Saicová Římalová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2025

Josef Jungmann’s work offers three different sources of data for the analysis of author’s view of letters and epistolary communication: lexical material collected in author’s Czech-German dictionary, theoretical explanation of so-called epistolary style in Slovesnost (“Belles-lettres”), and author’s own correspondence. The relevant entries and lexical material from the dictionary reveal that letters were a relatively important genre in the given historical period and that they were relevant for a large variety of life situations. The theoretical explanation and the examples of letters in Slovesnost reveal that Jungmann’s theory of letter was focused on pragmatic aspects of epistolary communication. The key function of the letter was to maintain the relationship between the writer of the letter and the physically absent addresse. A sample analysis of Jungmann’s letters indicates that the relationship between the writer and the addressee were important in Jungmann’s own letters as well.

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Syntaktické osobitosti oravských nárečí

Author(s): Adriana Ferenčíková / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2024

The paper is based on the brief data on the syntax of the Orava dialects in Habovštiak’s monograph Oravské nárečia [Orava Dialects] (1965) and tries to detect some peculiar syntactic forms, the functioning of synonymic constructions with regard to their territorial distribution, frequency, stylistic characteristics and place on the temporal axis. The material base of the paper consists of samples of dialect texts published in Habovštiak’s monograph and his extensive anthology of dialect narratives Oravci o svojej minulosti [The Orava Inhabitants about Their Past] (1983). The results of the research indicate that, in comparison with neighbouring dialects, Orava dialects use syntactic constructions with the primary prepositions do, na, za to a larger extent, and that they also express the simile by means of the conjunctions sťa and že. The productive item of their syntactic system is the genitive of negation, as well as several kinds of infinitive constructions. A characteristic feature of all Orava dialects is the use of the negative form of the 2nd pers. sg. of the verb mať [to have] in the function of denying existence – as a synonym of the form ňejest it is the main element for expressing this meaning in the dialects of Upper Orava.

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Z frazeologických impulzov tvorby Antona Habovštiaka

Author(s): Viera Kováčová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2024

The works of A. Habovštiak focusing on dialectal phraseology, published in the 70s and 80s of the 20 th century, can still be considered the pinnacle of that line of scientific approach to dialectal phraseology, in which dialectal phraseology is investigated by the method of linguistic cartography in order to obtain an idea about its territorial division and thus supplement the knowledge about the division of the Slovak language territory by including the missing phraseological aspect. The dialectal phraseological material with which A. Habovštiak works gave an opportunity to explore also the multidimensional relationships of discussed phraseological units (form, motivation, imagery). The theory of phraseology in cooperation with dialectal theory helped and is currently helping to find answers to the questions that are related to these relationships. For the author of the article, the terminological question (the term tautonym) turned out to be particularly stimulating, in the context of the recorded conceptual variability of the term tautonym in the Slovak linguistic tradition and in view of the recently proposed implementation of the term dialectal phraseological tautonym/tautonyms into the terminological system linked to dialectal phraseology.

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Deictic motion verbs and anchoring the direction of motion in Estonian, Finnish and Czech

Author(s): Petra Hebedová / Language(s): English Issue: 34/2024

The aim of this paper is to contrast Estonian and Finnish deictic motion verbs (minema/mennä, tulema/tulla, viima/viedä, tooma/tuoda) with descriptions of the same motion situations in Czech, which does not have similar pairs of deictic motion verbs. The paper first describes Estonian and Finnish deictic motion verbs according to the literature and provides a short overview of motion verbs in Czech. The analysis is based on examples selected from two literary texts, one Estonian and one Finnish, and their translations. The comparison concentrates on different means of anchoring the direction of motion, that is, which part of the motion scene is selected as the landmark for translational motion. The paper shows that though Czech verb prefixes can in effect anchor the direction of motion to the speaker or to a location known to the speaker and addressee, the function of these prefixes is not directly comparable with the pairs of deictic motion verbs in Finnish and Estonian.

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"Vhor = hore, nahor, č. vzhůru". Anton Habovštiak ako textový lexikograf Hviezdoslavovej knižnice

Author(s): Mira Nábělková / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2024

The paper focuses on the specific part of the wide linguistic activity of Anton Habovštiak – his work in the field of text lexicography, connected with the edition called Hviezdoslavova knižnica [Hviezdoslav’s Library], which has not yet received due attention. In the beginning of the 2nd half of the 20th century A. Habovštiak prepared three literary glossaries serving readers of literary texts to solve their lexical problems with unfamiliar expressions (agnonyms). These "appended text dictionaries" that accompanied Slovak literary works of P. O. Hviezdoslav and Martin Kukučín were intended to help the Slovak but also the Czech readers understand unknown words in the frame of desired mutual reception of literary works and nurture of biliteracy in the Czech and Slovak cultural environments. Alongside the traditional dichotomy between "reading books in original" and "reading books in translation", in the Czech-Slovak context also the third way – reading books in the original language equipped with literary glossaries – appeared. The support of the Czech-Slovak and Slovak-Czech biliteracy alongside bilingualism represented a part of cultural policy and language planning that included the language management resulting in the specific peculiar form of lexicographical entries with both intralingual and interlingual explications of an unfamiliar word (by Slovak synonyms and Czech equivalents). A. Habovštiak, together with other linguists and cultural workers, became a textual lexicographer authoring appended dictionaries that represent a remarkable and still alive investment to the literary text lexicography accompanying classic Slovak literary works.

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ENVY AS A PSYCHOLOGICAL AND COGNITIVE PHENOMENON IN UKRAINIAN AND SLOVAK LINGUISTIC CONSCIOUSNESS (BASED ON THE ASSOCIATIVE EXPERIMENT)

Author(s): Andrea Grominova,Oleh Tyshchenko,Igor Korolyov,Myroslava Fabian / Language(s): English Issue: 90/2024

The complex psychological, sociocultural and semiotic phenomenon of ENVY is explored in the paper. It is regarded as a mental correlating factor of cultural signs and symbolic stereotypes, norms and values. Additionally, it serves as the element of cognitive and evaluative experience, ethical, and religious customs and beliefs, such as the naive model of the world in the magic texts, body and evaluative metaphors of up and down, the concepts of success, wealth, poverty, the domestic and the strange, etc. A linguistic-cognitive analysis of the conceptual sphere of ENVY has been conducted. It is based on the associative experiment on its stimuli reactions, their frequency as well as national and cultural specificity received from Ukrainian and Slovak respondents. The frame model of ENVY has been developed according to gender, associative imagery, evaluative and metaphoric features. The obtained results have been interpreted in cognitive, quantitative and qualitative terms, sustained by the proverbs and sayings actualizing the notion of ENVY. The empirical material has been modelled as corresponding subframes. Zones of their semantic interconnections with the concepts of HATRED, JEALOUSY and GREED have been identified.

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Dzienniki Emilii z Beniowskich Wróblewskiej z lat 1850–1886 jako źródło do badań językowo-kulturowych

Author(s): Zofia Sawaniewska-Mochowa / Language(s): Polish Issue: 97/2024

The article shows various research perspectives opening up for linguists and historians of culture due to analysis of the rich diaristic legacy of Emilia Wróblewska, stored in the Manuscripts Department of the Wroblewski Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences in Vilnius. The writings of a relatively little known author from the 19th-century Lithuania deserve multifaceted humanistic reflection and wider introduction to the wider scientific community. Thus, the aim of the current documentation and research project is presenting Wróblewska’s manuscripts in the form of a digital edition with a critical study, and showing the ideological, linguistic and literary aspects of women’s intimist literature written at the time of Partitions and domination of the Russian Empire.

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Лексическая вариативность в руськомовных переводах Żywotów Świętych Петра Скарги: житие свт. Афанасия Великого

Author(s): Galina Nikolaevna Sapozhnikova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2024

In order to clarify the textual history of manuscript copies of the Ruthenian Life of St Athanasius of Alexandria, translated from Piotr Skarga’s Żywoty Świętych, the article analyses the variety of the most frequent lexemes of the Life using methods of textual criticism. Variants of the seven considered lexemes of each of the 13 manuscript copies of the Life, grouped in tables, show the direction of lexical changes, as well as the interaction between manuscript copies of two different translations of the same Polish original. It is shown that the vocabulary of the manuscript copies Sof. 278, Sof. 279, KPL 370, KPL 371, CAM KDA 674 of the second more widespread translation must have been slightly edited according to the manuscript copy of NTŠ 322 (or a similar textual type) of the first translation. The manuscript copies EPARCH. 460, BN 12248 of the second translation contain traises of secondary interaction with a different type of texts. The data also shows the editing of lexems of the archetype Šept. 31, NTŠ 322 according to the manuscript copie of other translation. The results of the study of lexical variability complement and agree with the results of the analysis of the conflate readings and alternative textual variants found in the manuscript copies of St Athanasius’ Life, according to which additional variants of the text were used in a number of manuscript copies of the Life during the rewriting of the antigraph.

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Машинско и аудитивно препознавање словенских језика

Author(s): Jacek Kudera,Jovana Stevanović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2024

This paper presents a comparison of auditory and machine-based identification of linguistic origins. Two studies were conducted to assess the ability of lay listeners and a state-of-the-art machine approach to identify Slavic L1 from delexicalized speech samples. The first study involved 228 native speakers of the four Slavic languages (Bulgarian, Czech, Polish and Russian) who had not received any prior training in Slavic philology, phonetics, linguistics, or forensic science. Their task was to identify the linguistic origins of speakers when exposed to limited phonetic cues. The stimuli consisted of meaningless logatomes to control for the lexical information. The second study employed machinebased identification of a spoken language, based on two distinct approaches: (1) formant structure of phonetic signal and (2) a neural network and vector representation of speech samples. The data showed that Slavic native speakers, even when exposed to limited auditory cues, are able to identify speakers’ L1s. Interestingly, in the context of the Bulgarian language, the machine-based identification method performed better than the lay listeners. The results of the experiments provide insight into the advantages of hybrid approaches in investigations related to LADO (Language Analysis for the Determination of Origin). Furthermore, the outcomes of this comparison may contribute to the debate on the involvement of native speakers in L1 identification procedures for closely related languages.

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Slavų kalbų salos šiaurės rytų aukštaičių (ŠRA) areale: kalbiniai ir kultūriniai kontekstai

Author(s): Asta Balčiūnienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 2/2024

The Northeastern Aukštaitijan (NEA) sub-dialect area analysed in this paper is traditionally characterised by numerous linguistic and cultural links. For a relatively long time, people of different nationalities (Lithuanian, Latvian, Polish, Russian, Jewish), speaking their own ethnic languages, lived in this area side by side. After analysing the available data, one can state that, in the early twenty-first century, the Lithuanian language occupies the position of the strongest language variety in all the subdialect areas under discussion. For various socio-cultural reasons, local Slavs adopt the local (but usually not standard) variety of the Lithuanian language and, when speaking Lithuanian, they retain some of the less noticeable characteristics of their native languages. The loss of language as one of the main indicators of national identity is a gradual process: from the active use by the rural community, it proceeds to the home/family domain, and finally, to the last phase of use: the internal language. Since Slavic speakers have very limited opportunities to develop social contacts locally in their mother tongues, Russian-speaking members of local communities get intensively integrated into the local Lithuanian-speaking community. Thus, it can be predicted that the Russian-language islands at Papilỹs and Vabalniñkas subdialect areas may disappear quite quickly. In the early twenty-first century, the Antašavà (Daršiškiai) subdialect area ̃ is to be considered linguistically homogeneous: it is dominated by the Lithuanian language regiolect.

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Profesor Walery Czekman (Valerijus Čekmonas) w świetle jego ponad 25-letniej korespondencji

Author(s): Elżbieta Smułkowa / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2024

Professor Elzbieta Smulkova’s memories of the Vilnius University professor Valerijus Chekmonas are based on materials from personal correspondence that continued over many years. Cooperation in the field of Polish and Belarusian studies was very fruitful, although in their course scientists were more than once faced with the need to solve complex issues.

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Conjunctions in Polish sign language dictionaries and signed texts translated from Polish

Author(s): Monika Kozub / Language(s): English Issue: 21/2024

This study conducts a comparative analysis of conjunctions catalogued in Polish Sign Language (PJM) dictionaries, from historical to contemporary editions, and those used in actual PJM texts translated from Polish. The analysis includes dictionaries from the earliest known Słownik mimiczny dla głuchoniemych i osób z nimi styczność mających (1879) to the contemporary online Korpusowy słownik polskiego języka migowego UW (2016). The main focus of this article is to examine the frequency of certain PJM conjunctions in texts translated by an all-Deaf team. This is exemplified by the multimedia adaptation of the fifth-grade primary school textbook Jutro pójdę w świat 5 (2016), in which all texts are translated into PJM. The results aim to bridge the gap between lexicographical records and actual language use in the deaf community, and to highlight the dynamics of PJM development.

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