ПОЛЕВОЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ СРЕДИ ВЕНГРОВ И ЧЕХОВ В ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОЙ ХОРВАТИИ

Author(s): Gleb P. Pilipenko,Sergei Borisov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 4/2019

The paper deals with the first results of the linguistic field research to the central regions of Croatia carried out by the researchers of the Institute of Slavic studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences in May 2019. During the field work narratives from informants on Czech and Hungarian languages were recorded. The collected material is analyzed from the point of view of contact linguistics, dialectology and sociolinguistics. The authors give a brief review of the current language situation, publish the transcribed samples of narratives in Czech and Hungarian, including some contact elements (borrowings from Croatian language, as well as cases of code-switching).

Neue Deutungen altsorbischer Orts- und Stammesnamen

Author(s): Walter Wenzel / Language(s): German Issue: 2/2020

There are still names in the Old Sorbian linguistic area, for which the explanations up until now have proved unsatisfactory. Amongst these are the six place names and two tribe names discussed in the article, some of which appeared in sources over a thousand years ago, for example Nessuci, Selpoli and Chozimi. They are very important for the study of the history of the Sorbian language, settlement and culture. Thus, the oldest evidence of the place name of Leuthen documents the earliest proof of the Lower Sorbian sound shift from e to o, cf. Old Lower Sorbian *Ľutoḿe sodło ‘site, settlement of L’utom’. The place name Pautzsch, Old Sorbian *Budč ‘settlement of Budk’ provides proof, together with many other examples, of the immigration of Old West Sorbian tribes from Bohemia and Moravia. The proper name contained in Nessuci, Old Sorbian *Nesudici ‘People of Nesud or Nesuda’, a defence name, gives us an insight into the beliefs of the Old Slavs. Their interpersonal relationships are illuminated by Mockzig, Old Sorbian *Mokrosuky, freely translated, ‘village of the sons of dogs’, an uncouth nickname.

Richard Bígl: Vývoj lužickosrbského časování a slovotvorby.

Author(s): Fabian Kaulfürst / Language(s): Sorbian languages Issue: 2/2020

Katja Brankačkec, František Martínek, Anna Paap: Lehnprägungen im Tschechischen und Sorbischen. Eine diachrone, korpusbasierte Analyse ausgewählter Lexeme und Präfixe.

Author(s): Roland Marti / Language(s): German Issue: 2/2020

K některým slovenským a českým prezentacím metafor

Author(s): Karel Sekvent / Language(s): Czech Issue: 43-44/2020

Metaphors are traditionally divided into lexicalized and stylistic. Linguists agree in seeing the relationship of similarity of phenomena as the source of both types. Opinions diverge on whether metaphors are based on a transfer of meaning or a transfer of denomination, and this question therefore seems irrelevant. Not distinguishing between lexicalized and stylistic metaphors and understanding them as a uniform, undifferentiated phenomenon is methodologically ineffective. It hides the danger of omitting some important metaphorical techniques. The following functions of metaphor formation can be distinguished: 1. Denomination of an unnamed phenomenon. 2. Alternative neutral denomination of an already named phenomenon. 3. Alternative marked denomination of a named phenomenon. 4. Conventional figurative denomination of a phenomenon. 5. Innovative figurative denomination of a phenomenon. The resulting metaphors can be divided into two groups: polysemic metaphors (types 1 to 3) – denomination of a phenomenon after similar phenomena (further divided into marked and neutral), and synonymic metaphors (types 4 and 5) – figurative reformulations of denominations (further divided into conventional and inventive).

NAZWISKA Z FORMANTEM -YK/-CZYK NA BIAŁOSTOCCZYŹNIE. UWAGI INTERPRETACYJNE

Author(s): Michał Mordań / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2020

This paper concerns the interpretation problems accompanying the contemporary surnames with the formative -yk/-czyk (on the example of the Białystok region). Its aim is to present various manners of explaining the origin of anthroponyms with this suffix. As the analysis has shown, the complexity of the problems involved in determining the etymology of the discussed surnames is manifested mainly on the structural plane and regards anthroponyms coming from first names (Dziemiańczyk, Tomczyk), appellative surnames (Gołowaczyk, Kulawczyk), surnames coined based on expressions indicating a profession or function (Atamańczyk, Tokarczyk), and ones coined based on place names (Majdańczyk, Nurczyk).

Bezmyślny język. Zakłócenia zjawisk poznawczych u osób z autyzmem

Author(s): Andrzej Kominek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 01/2021

In the presented paper, I am making an attempt to demonstrate the most important, in my opinion, characteristics of the language used by people with autism as ones arising directly from disrupted or completely different cognitive processes taking place in their minds. Such individuals lack, in the first place, the fundamental cognitive skill being the awareness of their own and other people’s mental acts. The absence or insufficiency of the theory of mind gives rise to disorders in acquiring the linguistic worldview, inability to decode figurative meanings, failure to use langue in order to maintain contact, and failure to speak of language itself, and many more. Autistic people are characterised by the metonymic cognitive style, which uses the potential of the so-called systemising skills. Instead of thinking of other people, what to say to them and what should be said to them, people with autism think of the things that do not require familiarity with the theory of mind and are not as complex as humans.

O interpunkcji zdań z frazami bezokolicznikowymi konotowanymi przez niż i zamiast

Author(s): Michał Machura / Language(s): Polish Issue: 01/2021

This paper is dedicated to the punctuation of sentences with infinitive phrases connoted by niż (than) and zamiast (instead). Some language users, including linguists, interpret them as clausal phrases, while others – as nonclausal ones, which obviously influences punctuation: presence or absence of a comma. However, as a result of a syntactic analysis, it has been found that in sentences such as: Lepiej zapobiegać niż leczyć (It is better to prevent than to treat), Wolę jeździć na rowerze niż pływać (I’d rather cycle than swim), Powinieneś mnie podwieźć zamiast zmuszać do podróży autobusem (You should give me a ride instead of making me go by bus) and Zamiast się uczyć poszedł na dyskotekę (Instead of learning, he went to the disco), the infinitives occurring in the Polish sentences after niż and zamiast are not functionally equivalent to the infinitive form nor are they contextually equivalent to complex predicates, and therefore there are no grounds for separating the phrases from the remaining part of the statement with a comma.

O zwokalizowanych i niezwokalizowanych formach wyrazów ze/z i we/w

Author(s): Zbigniew Bronk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 01/2021

This paper discusses the conditions of using the vocalised variants (ze and we) of the lexemes Z and W as regards their co-occurrence with numeral forms on the basis of corpus data.

Nieparlamentarna komunikacja w Sejmie Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej w roku 2019

Author(s): Kalina Maria Taczkowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 01/2021

This paper discusses the undesired language behaviours of Members of the Polish Parliament at the end of one and the beginning of the next term of office in 2019. Based on shorthand notes of Sejm’s sessions, a list of the most common violations of the official character of the parliamentary language has been compiled. Various variants of discrediting, labelling, types of violations of the principles of language ethics and verbal etiquette have been distinguished in the contents and grouped. Characteristics of the language of contemporary parliamentary debates and discussions have been identified based on the Sejm discourse analysis.

Nadzwyczajni i totalni w polskim życiu publicznym. O połączeniach nadzwyczajna kasta i totalna opozycja pochodzących z języka polityki

Author(s): Agnieszka Rosińska-Mamej,Dorota Połowniak-Wawrzonek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 01/2021

Ludzie, prowadząc działalność polityczną, posługują się „specyficznym językiem spraw publicznych”. Język ten będziemy w niniejszym artykule nazywać językiem polityki.

JAK MOŻNA BADAĆ POTOCZNĄ ŚWIADOMOŚĆ JĘZYKOWĄ

Author(s): Joanna Lustanski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 02/2021

This paper presents the characteristics of the so-called folk linguistic awareness based on the assumptions of D.R. Preston and the American school of folk linguistics. This type of awareness is characterised by the following distinguishing features: explicit availability, degree of accuracy, level of detail, and ability to control various language variants. These determinants, which can be exemplified by the substance of the Polish language and the language used by the Polish community abroad, had not been used in the Polish research on linguistic awareness before.

ADAPTACJA FONETYCZNA I GRAFEMICZNA NAZWISK I IMION POLSKICH WE WSPÓŁCZESNYM JĘZYKU JAPOŃSKIM

Author(s): Kenji Miura / Language(s): Polish Issue: 02/2021

While summarising the observations about the phonetic and graphemic adaptations of Polish last and first names in the Japanese language, one can notice that the source form and the target form of such an adaptation differ from each other to a large extent. The main cause of this situation is the discrepancy between the phonological systems of both languages. In simple terms, many Polish consonants do not have equivalents in Japanese and must be rendered using substitute equivalents. Another issue here is the principal foreignness of Polish last names to an average Japanese language user. They are long, do not resemble any patterns of more universal last or first names, since words of this kind are always connected with their native language, culture, and tradition.

AKSJOLOGICZNA ANALIZA SŁOWA GŁUCHY W JĘZYKU POLSKIM (NA PODSTAWIE MATERIAŁU KORPUSOWEGO)

Author(s): Wiktor Eźlakowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 02/2021

Słowo głuchy obecne jest w języku polskim od bardzo dawna, tak samo zresztą jak i sami Głusi. I słowo, i ludzie funkcjonują wśród polskiej społeczności od wieków [Czajkowska-Kisil 2014, 25]. Ale jakie nastawienie mają użytkownicy języka polskiego do tego słowa? Nie chodzi tutaj o nastawienie świadome, o odpowiedź na pytanie Co sądzi Pan/ /Pani o słowie głuchy? Czy jest ono pozytywne czy negatywne? Ciekawsze okazać się może nastawienie nieświadome, ukryte w danych leksykograficznych oraz korpusowych języka polskiego. Aby do niego dotrzeć, trzeba przeanalizować słowniki języka polskiego oraz słowniki etymologiczne. Niezbędna okaże się też analiza Narodowego Korpusu Języka Polskiego oraz przeprowadzenie testów mających na celu wydobycie wartościowania w nim zawartego.

The humorous dimension of intertextual relations in contemporary Slovak creolized media text

Author(s): Irina Dulebová,Linda Krajchovichova / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

In the article, we focused on the aspect of humour in the contemporary Slovak media discourse through the prism of the humorous potential of intertextuality. In order to grasp manifestations of intertextuality and understand how the intertextual joke functions, we turned to the concept of verbal and non-verbal precedent phenomenon (as the intertextual code of the linguo-cultural society) established in the modern Russian scholarship. Through the covers of the popular Slovak weekly .tyždeň from 2014-2019 (in total 271 issues of which 90 have an intertextual nature, and 62 of 90 "intertextual covers" can be characterized as "intertextual jokes"), we analyze what types of precedent phenomena are most commonly used in the recent Slovak creolized text and what methods of working with intertext are applied in order to achieve the intertextual joke. We have come to the conclusion that "the effect of defeated expectation" and the creation of the inconsistency of the connotative meaning of the precedent phenomenon and the situation (context) in which it is used, are the most frequent methods of achieving the intertextual joke. It was interesting to discover that for the deciphering of intellectual "intertextual riddles" with a humorous effect, Slovak authors predominantly provide the Slovak reader with precedent phenomena connected not with the Slovak, but with the European or worldwide cultural space, or that the visual precedent phenomena are more dominant over the verbal precedent phenomena in conveying the intertextual jokes in the creolized texts.

Między lękiem a fascynacją. Pojęcie powietrza w dziejach polszczyzny

Author(s): Aleksandra Janowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 03/2021

This paper, which proposes a historical overview, is dedicated to the notion of <powietrze> (air) and its lexical equivalent in the Polish language. This notion has undergone numerous changes over time; it has formed through direct human experience on the one hand and through the Christian and Slavic traditions as well as scientific knowledge overlapping on the other hand. This notion has always been important to the human being, it has been commonly referred to in metaphors and similes. In the historical analysis, two basic senses of powietrze (air) were taken into consideration: ‘place’ and ‘substance’. In both cases, there has always been a clearly ambivalent attitude to the human being, who sees threats on the one hand and feels that air guarantees life on the other hand.

Nokaut jest tu nieunikniony jak zmarszczki po sześćdziesiątce. Kilka uwag o konstrukcjach porównawczych w mówionych wariantach wypowiedzi dziennikarza sportowego Andrzeja Kostyry

Author(s): Mariusz Koper / Language(s): Polish Issue: 04/2021

In this paper, an analysis of selected issues related to comparative formations occurring in utterances by Andrzej Kostyra, a sports journalist, are presented. Simple and then complex comparatives have been analysed. As regards the semantic analysis, semantic fields of comparative components have been presented and their functions have been identified and assessed subjectively.

Czy grupa może być średniowalna? Głos w sporze o nowy termin w matematyce

Author(s): Magdalena Smoleń-Wawrzusiszyn / Language(s): Polish Issue: 04/2021

Przedmiotem rozważań w niniejszym artykule jest funkcjonujący od co najmniej dekady w żargonie matematycznym termin grupa średniowalna. Został on zaproponowany jako krótszy wariant czteroelementowej nazwy grupa dopuszczająca średnią niezmienniczą, będącej polskim ekwiwalentem angielskojęzycznej frazy amenable group. Asumptem do podjęcia tego tematu była prośba jednego z przedstawicieli środowiska matematyków o ocenę normatywną neologizmu średniowalny, który stał się obiektem sporu i dość emocjonalnej wymiany poglądów. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest analiza zagadnienia z perspektywy lingwistycznej oraz uzasadnienie argumentów przedstawionych matematykom do rozważenia w spornej dla nich kwestii. W szerszej perspektywie badawczej podjęty problem stanowi studium przypadku z zakresu dyskutowanej w lingwistyce normatywnej problematyki, jaką jest status zapożyczeń (zwłaszcza angielskich) w polszczyźnie, w szczególności zaś – status terminów obcojęzycznych w polskich językach specjalistycznych. [...]

Przemysław E. Gębal, Władysław T. Miodunka: Dydaktyka i metodyka nauczania języka polskiego jako obcego

Author(s): Marta Piasecka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 04/2021

The review of: PRZEMYSŁAW E. GĘBAL, WŁADYSŁAW T. MIODUNKA, DYDAKTYKA I METODYKA NAUCZANIA JĘZYKA POLSKIEGO JAKO OBCEGO, Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Warszawa 2020, ss. 454

Teresa Iglikowska (1926–2021)

Author(s): Elżbieta Wierzbicka-Piotrowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 04/2021

19 stycznia 2021 roku odeszła od nas Pani Teresa Iglikowska, która tworzyła podwaliny rodzącej się w połowie XX wieku warszawskiej glottodydaktyki polonistycznej, autorka cennych prac z tej dziedziny, zbiorów ćwiczeń, a także współautorka pierwszego podręcznika języka polskiego dla cudzoziemców opracowanego metodycznie z myślą o niezaawansowanych, czyli używając dzisiejszej terminologii – przeznaczonego dla poziomu A1. Była mistrzem akademickiej dydaktyki, nauczycielem wielu pokoleń polonistów zagranicznych, którzy dziś są pracownikami naukowymi wydziałów slawistycznych na uniwersytetach europejskich, amerykańskich i azjatyckich, tłumaczami polskiej literatury, autorami monografi i poświęconych polskiej kulturze i historii. [...]